51. The best evidence for the layered-mantle thesis is the well-established fact that volcanic rocks found on oceanic islands，islands believed to result from mantle plumes arising from the lower mantle，are composed of material fundamentally different from that of the mid-ocean ridge system， whose source，most geologists contend，is the upper mantle. (5 -)
對(duì)于地幔分層論點(diǎn)來(lái)說(shuō)，的證據(jù)乃這樣一個(gè)確認(rèn)的事實(shí)，即在那些海洋島嶼——這些島嶼據(jù)信是源于由下層地幔升上來(lái)的地幔柱狀溶巖流(mantle plume)——上發(fā)現(xiàn)的火山巖石，是由與海洋中部山脊系統(tǒng)的物質(zhì)根本不同的物質(zhì)構(gòu)成的，而這一海洋中部山脊系統(tǒng)的成因，大多數(shù)地質(zhì)學(xué)家論辯道，為上部地幔。
難句類型：復(fù)雜修飾、插入語(yǔ)
解釋：本句前面的主干并不算難，即the evidence is the fact that,難就難在fact之后說(shuō)明fact 的同位語(yǔ)從句。此從句中既有大段插入語(yǔ)，又有從句，較為難讀。同位語(yǔ)從句的主語(yǔ)是volcanic rocks，主語(yǔ)后面的found on oceanic islands是分詞修飾volcanic rocks的;islands后面又有一個(gè)說(shuō)明islands的同位語(yǔ)islands believed to result from mantle plumes arising from the lower mantle,此同位語(yǔ)實(shí)際起到一個(gè)分隔主謂的同位語(yǔ)的作用。其后是謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞are composed/of fundamentally different from that of the midocean ridge system, whose source, most geologists contend, is the upper mantle。
句中有一些專有詞匯。如果拋開(kāi)文章不說(shuō)，單看這一個(gè)句子，則句首的layered mantle thesis就難以理解。但是如果讀者能夠讀懂句子的大致意思，看到layered mantle thesisr最有力證據(jù)就是其材料fundamentally different from… the upper mantle,這應(yīng)該可以推測(cè)出，既然不同于上層地幔，則這個(gè)理論一定是在說(shuō)地幔有不同的層面。
意群訓(xùn)練：The best evidence for the layered-mantle thesis is the well-established fact that volcanic rocks found on oceanic islands，islands believed to result from mantle plumes arising from the lower mantle，are composed of material fundamentally different from that of the mid-ocean ridge system， whose source，most geologists contend，is the upper mantle.
52. Some geologists，however，on the basis of observations concerning mantle xenoliths， argue that the mantle is not layered，but that heterogeneity is created by fluids rich in "incompatible elements" (elements tending toward liquid rather than solid state)percolating upward and transforming portions of the upper mantle irregularly，according to the vagaries of the fluids’ pathways. (4+)
但是，某些地質(zhì)學(xué)家，以對(duì)地幔捕虜巖體(xenolith)所作的觀察為依據(jù)，指出地幔并非是分層排列的，相反，地幔的異質(zhì)性是由那些富含“不相容成分”的流質(zhì)構(gòu)成的，這些成分趨向于流體而非固體的狀態(tài)，自下而上滲透擴(kuò)散，并依照這些流質(zhì)流向的任意性，不規(guī)則地將上部地幔的某些部分予以改變。
難句類型：復(fù)雜修飾、插入語(yǔ)
解釋：本句的主句中有一個(gè)長(zhǎng)插入語(yǔ)however,on the basis of observations concerning mantle xenoliths,割裂了主謂，但句子的主要難度還是在that引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句中，從句中有由but 所連接的兩個(gè)句子，一起延續(xù)到句末。首選是rich in incompatible elements修飾fluids;后面又有一個(gè)同位語(yǔ)和一個(gè)分詞結(jié)構(gòu)，都是修飾incompatible elements的，最后還有一個(gè)狀語(yǔ)來(lái)修飾那個(gè)分詞結(jié)構(gòu)，層層修飾，比較復(fù)雜。
意群訓(xùn)練：Some geologists，however，on the basis of observations concerning mantle xenoliths， argue that the mantle is not layered，but that heterogeneity is created by fluids rich in "incompatible elements" (elements tending toward liquid rather than solid state)percolating upward and transforming portions of the upper mantle irregularly，according to the vagaries of the fluids’ pathways.
53. Fallois proposed that Proust had tried to begin a novel in 1908, abandoned it for what was to be a long demonstration of Saint-Beuve’s blindness to the real nature of great writing , found the essay giving rise to personal memories and fictional developments ,and allowed these to take over it a steadily developing novel. (5 -)
F認(rèn)為，P在1908年試圖開(kāi)始寫一部小說(shuō)，又為了寫一部批判S-B的 偉大作品的真正本質(zhì)的視而不見(jiàn)的長(zhǎng)篇的證明而放棄了這部小說(shuō)，其后又發(fā)現(xiàn)這一論文又勾起了其個(gè)人記憶及小說(shuō)情節(jié)的萌生，使得后者取而代之形成了一部穩(wěn)定展開(kāi)的小說(shuō)。
難句類型：復(fù)雜修飾、抽象詞
解釋：本句來(lái)自歷來(lái)被GRE考生尊稱為所有GRE文科文章中難度第一的普魯斯特的追憶似水年華，這篇文章的難度遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)高于現(xiàn)在計(jì)算機(jī)考試的題目。普魯斯特是公認(rèn)的意識(shí)流小說(shuō)的先驅(qū)，據(jù)筆者推測(cè)，本文的原作者必定是研究普魯斯特的大家，因此其文章必然帶有思維的跳躍，、不連貫性、時(shí)空顛倒等意識(shí)流手法：經(jīng)過(guò)ETS的改編后，雖然可讀性略有嗇，然積重難返、無(wú)法救藥，于是墮落成一篇流水帳文章。從本句的結(jié)構(gòu)來(lái)看，也可以表現(xiàn)作者的這種敘事風(fēng)格：本句從that引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句開(kāi)始，實(shí)際上是以普魯斯特的意識(shí)流向?yàn)榫€索，以列舉的方式描述其動(dòng)機(jī)的變化，從一開(kāi)始的寫別的小說(shuō)，其英文為Prout had tried to…, abandoned…,found…,and allowed..。但是因?yàn)閍bandoned之后的狀語(yǔ)for…的結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜、用詞抽象，所以這個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)不太容易被看出來(lái)。Blindness在此不是指真盲，而是指缺乏辨認(rèn)能力difficult to discern, make out,or discover,視而不見(jiàn)。Give rise to 這個(gè)詞組的意思是引起，使發(fā)生。
意群訓(xùn)練：Fallois proposed that Proust had tried to begin a novel in 1908, abandoned it for what was to be a long demonstration of Saint-Beuve’s blindness to the real nature of great writing , found the essay giving rise to personal memories and fictional developments ,and allowed these to take over in a steadily developing novel.
54. The very richness and complexity of the meaningful relationships that kept presenting and rearranging themselves on all levels，from abstract intelligence to profound dreamy feelings， made it difficult for Proust to set them out coherently. (5)
各種有意義的聯(lián)系在所有的層次上，自抽象的理性至深刻的夢(mèng)幻般的情感，層出不窮并不斷重新組合排列;正是這些有意義的聯(lián)系的豐富性和復(fù)雜性，致使普魯斯特難于將它們錯(cuò)落有致地安排好。
難句類型：復(fù)雜修飾、插入語(yǔ)、抽象詞
解釋：請(qǐng)?jiān)徆P者在此所做中文翻譯的艱澀難懂，為了讓讀者能夠更好地理解句子的結(jié)構(gòu)，本書盡量把中文翻譯與英文原文的語(yǔ)序相對(duì)應(yīng)，而且盡可能的不用意譯。為了達(dá)到這個(gè)目的，可以說(shuō)絞盡腦汁，但本句之難懂也全非筆者之故，原文作者使用了大量的抽象詞。本句仍然來(lái)自于上面說(shuō)過(guò)的這篇關(guān)于普魯斯特的文章。句中的主語(yǔ)是The very richness and complexity,其后的修飾成分長(zhǎng)達(dá)三行，of the meaningful relationships that kept presenting and rearranging themselves on all levels from abstract intelligence to profound dreamy feelings,其中還夾雜著插入語(yǔ)，有效地分開(kāi)了主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)。其實(shí)本句雖然結(jié)構(gòu)也比較復(fù)雜，但是不見(jiàn)得比前面的句子復(fù)雜得多，其真正的難點(diǎn)，還在于句子中大量的抽象詞的使用。由于筆者在附錄中所提到的原因，抽象詞可以嚴(yán)重地占據(jù)大腦資源，因此帶有大量的抽象詞的結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜的句子就更為難懂，比如本句就是一個(gè)很好的例子，復(fù)雜修飾與抽象詞狼狽為*，句意另人難以理解。
意群訓(xùn)練：The very richness and complexity of the meaningful relationships that kept presenting and rearranging themselves on all levels，from abstract intelligence to profound dreamy feelings， made it difficult for Proust to set them out coherently.
55. But those of who hoped, with Kolb, that Kolb’s newly published complete edition of Proust’s correspondence for 1909 would document the process in greater detail are disappointed. (4)
但是我們當(dāng)中的那些希望(也算上K本人)K新出版的P1909年書信的全集能夠更加詳細(xì)的記錄下這一過(guò)程的人都大失所望。
難句類型：復(fù)雜修飾、插入語(yǔ)
解釋：本句中從句套從句，致使主語(yǔ)those of us與謂語(yǔ)的距離很遠(yuǎn)，而且中間的成分又極多，使得句子很難讀懂。修飾主語(yǔ)those of us的定語(yǔ)從句who hoped之中又套了一個(gè)賓語(yǔ)從句，賓語(yǔ)從句的主語(yǔ)complete edition又被一前一后的兩個(gè)定語(yǔ)所修飾，之后才依次是賓語(yǔ)從句的謂語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)：主句的系動(dòng)詞、表語(yǔ)。
意群訓(xùn)練：But those of us who hoped, with Kolb, that Kolb’s newly published complete edition of Proust’s correspondence for 1909 would document the process in greater detail are disappointed.
56. Now we must also examine the culture as we Mexican Americans have experienced it , passing from a sovereign people to compatriots with newly arriving settlers to , finally ，a conquered people – a charter minority on our own land. (5 -)
現(xiàn)在我們必須也按照我們墨西哥裔的美國(guó)人的經(jīng)歷來(lái)審視這個(gè)文化，我們的經(jīng)歷是從一個(gè)主權(quán)的民族變成了新來(lái)的定居者的同胞，在最終淪落成為一個(gè)被征服的民族——在我們自己的土地上的契約的少數(shù)民族。
難句類型：復(fù)雜修飾、插入語(yǔ)、固定搭配
解釋：主句中的as we Mexican Americans have experienced it 是examine的狀語(yǔ)，說(shuō)明審視的角度;后面直至句尾的分詞結(jié)構(gòu)又是experience的狀語(yǔ)，詳述了經(jīng)歷的具體過(guò)程。就是這個(gè)分詞有些難懂，因?yàn)槲覀兪熘慕Y(jié)構(gòu)是from…to…沒(méi)有見(jiàn)過(guò)，也沒(méi)有想到過(guò)后面居然還有一個(gè)to,因此看到這個(gè)套了一個(gè)插入語(yǔ)的newly arriving settlers to , finally, a conquered people的時(shí)候頭腦發(fā)生混亂，不明所以、不知所措。這里的to還是與前面的from搭配的，也就是說(shuō)，原文的結(jié)構(gòu)是from…to…to…
意群訓(xùn)練：Now we must also examine the culture as we Mexican Americans have experienced it , passing from a sovereign people to compatriots with newly arriving settlers to , finally ，a conquered people – a charter minority on our own land.
57. It is possible to make specific complementary DNA’s (cDNA’s)that can serve as molecular probes to seek out the messenger RNA’s (mRNA’s)of the peptide hormones. If brain cells are making the hormones，the cells will contain these Mrna’S. If the products the brain cells make resemble the hormones but are not identical to them，then the cDNA’s should still bind tothese mRNA’s，but should not bind as tightly as they would to mRNA’s for the true hormones. (4)
科學(xué)家可以制造出特異的(specific)互補(bǔ)DNA’s(cDNA’s)，以此作為分子探子(molecular probe)，探覓出肽激素的信使RNA’s(mRNA’s)。如果大腦正在制造著肽激素，則細(xì)胞就會(huì)含有這些信使RNA’s.假若細(xì)胞所制造的產(chǎn)品類似于肽激素但并非與這些肽激素全然相同，那么，互補(bǔ)cDNA’s應(yīng)仍然和這些信使mDNA’s粘結(jié)的程度。含有這些mRNA’s的腦細(xì)胞然后就可以被分離開(kāi)來(lái)，研究者可對(duì)其信使RNA’s進(jìn)行解碼，以確定它們的蛋白質(zhì)產(chǎn)品究竟是什么，并確定這些蛋白質(zhì)產(chǎn)品在何種程度上類似于真正的肽激素。
難句類型：易混詞
解釋：與其他的難句不同的是，心上的英文不止一句。筆者之所以在本句中不設(shè)標(biāo)志和翻譯，是因?yàn)檫@三句話從結(jié)構(gòu)和意思上來(lái)說(shuō)并不難。然而很少有人能夠真正的一次把這段話讀清楚，原因在于兩個(gè)容易混淆的單詞cDNA’s和mRNA’s在文中交替出現(xiàn)，而且相互作用;再加上brain cell和hormones從中搗亂，更難讀清楚原文的意思。原文的主要意思如下：可以用cDNA’s來(lái)探測(cè)mRNA’s。如果腦細(xì)胞產(chǎn)生了荷爾蒙，則其中必有mRNA’s意味著可用cDNA探測(cè)荷爾蒙。如果腦細(xì)胞制造的不是真荷爾蒙，則可以用cDNA’s與其中的mRNA’s附著的情況來(lái)確定此荷爾蒙的真假。
意群訓(xùn)練：It is possible to make specific complementary DNA’s (cDNA’s)that can serve as molecular probes to seek out the messenger RNA’s (mRNA’s)of the peptide hormones. If brain cells are making the hormones，the cells will contain these Mrna’S. If the products the brain cells make resemble the hormones but are not identical to them，then the cDNA’s should still bind tothese mRNA’s，but should not bind as tightly as they would to mRNA’s for the true hormones.
58. The molecular approach to detecting peptide hormones using cDNA probes should also be much faster than the immunological method because it can take years of tedious purificationsto isolate peptide hormones and then develop antiserums to them. (4)
采用cDNA探子來(lái)測(cè)定肽激素的這一分子生物學(xué)方法同時(shí)也應(yīng)該比免疫學(xué)的方法速度來(lái)得快，因?yàn)閷?duì)于免疫的方法來(lái)說(shuō)，需耗費(fèi)好幾年枯燥的提純進(jìn)程，方能將肽素分離了出來(lái)，然后再培養(yǎng)出針對(duì)它們的抗血清。
難句類型：復(fù)雜修飾、易混指代
解釋：主語(yǔ)后的修飾成分同樣隔開(kāi)了主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)，但本句的難度主要在because從句中。按照一般的習(xí)慣，作為從句主語(yǔ)的it應(yīng)該指主句的主語(yǔ)，但本句的主句是一個(gè)比較結(jié)構(gòu)，A should be faster than B because it…,此處it也可以指B。但是因?yàn)檫@種指代不符合和我們以前所形成的習(xí)慣，所以閱讀現(xiàn)場(chǎng)不得不邊讀邊根據(jù)句意來(lái)判斷，這就增加了閱讀理解的難度?，F(xiàn)場(chǎng)閱讀時(shí)，類似antiserums的這種專有名詞不必理會(huì)，僅需從詞頭anti推出這是一個(gè)反p荷爾蒙的東西即可。
意群訓(xùn)練：The molecular approach to detecting peptide hormones using cDNA probes should also be much faster than the immunological method because it can take years of tedious purificationsto isolate peptide hormones and then develop antiserums to them.
59. Nevertheless, researchers of the Pleistocene epoch have developed all sorts of more or less fanciful model schemes of how they would have arranged the Ice Age had they been in charge of events.(3+)
然而，研究P時(shí)代的研究者發(fā)展除了各種各樣的或多或少有些奇怪思想的模型系統(tǒng)，用來(lái)顯示如果由他們來(lái)決定地質(zhì)事件的話他們將會(huì)如何安排冰川紀(jì)。
難句類型：復(fù)雜修飾、倒裝、修辭
解釋：句末的由how引導(dǎo)的名詞性從句中包括了雙重的倒裝，正常的語(yǔ)序本來(lái)是：If they had been in charge of events, they would have arranged the Ice Age in certain model schemes。本句中由于arrange的方式被提前，就造成了arrange的動(dòng)作執(zhí)行者也要提前，前面的if they had been 則必須后置;這樣一來(lái)又造成了if被省略，成為had they been的倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)。
另外，作者為了表達(dá)其對(duì)于這些研究者的模型的負(fù)態(tài)度，并炫耀其幽默感，在本句中使用了虛擬語(yǔ)氣，并使用了fanciful這個(gè)詞以表示這些研究的不負(fù)責(zé)任、異想天開(kāi)的幼童心理。
意群訓(xùn)練：Nevertheless, researchers of the Pleistocene epoch have developed all sorts of more or less fanciful model schemes of how they would have arranged the Ice Age had they been in charge of events.
60. This succession was based primarily on a series of deposits and events not directly related toglacial and interglacial periods，rather than on the more usual modern method of studying biological remains found in interglacial beds themselves interstratified within glacial deposits. (4)
這一序列演替(succession)所依據(jù)的，主要是一系列與冰川期和間冰期并不直接相關(guān)的地質(zhì)沉積物和地質(zhì)事件，而不是依據(jù)更為普遍的現(xiàn)代方法，去研究間冰層(interglacial bed)中所發(fā)現(xiàn)的生物殘留物，而這些間冰層本身又在冰川沉積物發(fā)生間層化(interstatified)。
難句類型：復(fù)雜修飾、省略、易淆指代
解釋：句子中的rather than 之后省略了與前面重復(fù)的being based,直接加上了介詞on。Modern method后面的部分都是修飾method的。其中的remains既可以作動(dòng)詞也可以作名詞，此處是名詞的用法，biological remains指的是類似于動(dòng)物化石之類的遺跡。讀到這里我們看到了句子的難點(diǎn)，themselves既可以指前面離得很遠(yuǎn)的modern method(當(dāng)然，在語(yǔ)法上來(lái)講單復(fù)數(shù)不一致)，也可以指前面離得較遠(yuǎn)的biological remains，亦可以指緊挨著的interglacial beds，到底是指代哪一個(gè)，只有通過(guò)理解句意，才能確定在此處指biological remains。
意群訓(xùn)練：This succession was based primarily on a series of deposits and events not directly related toglacial and interglacial periods，rather than on the more usual modern method of studying biological remains found in interglacial beds themselves interstratified within glacial deposits.
對(duì)于地幔分層論點(diǎn)來(lái)說(shuō)，的證據(jù)乃這樣一個(gè)確認(rèn)的事實(shí)，即在那些海洋島嶼——這些島嶼據(jù)信是源于由下層地幔升上來(lái)的地幔柱狀溶巖流(mantle plume)——上發(fā)現(xiàn)的火山巖石，是由與海洋中部山脊系統(tǒng)的物質(zhì)根本不同的物質(zhì)構(gòu)成的，而這一海洋中部山脊系統(tǒng)的成因，大多數(shù)地質(zhì)學(xué)家論辯道，為上部地幔。
難句類型：復(fù)雜修飾、插入語(yǔ)
解釋：本句前面的主干并不算難，即the evidence is the fact that,難就難在fact之后說(shuō)明fact 的同位語(yǔ)從句。此從句中既有大段插入語(yǔ)，又有從句，較為難讀。同位語(yǔ)從句的主語(yǔ)是volcanic rocks，主語(yǔ)后面的found on oceanic islands是分詞修飾volcanic rocks的;islands后面又有一個(gè)說(shuō)明islands的同位語(yǔ)islands believed to result from mantle plumes arising from the lower mantle,此同位語(yǔ)實(shí)際起到一個(gè)分隔主謂的同位語(yǔ)的作用。其后是謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞are composed/of fundamentally different from that of the midocean ridge system, whose source, most geologists contend, is the upper mantle。
句中有一些專有詞匯。如果拋開(kāi)文章不說(shuō)，單看這一個(gè)句子，則句首的layered mantle thesis就難以理解。但是如果讀者能夠讀懂句子的大致意思，看到layered mantle thesisr最有力證據(jù)就是其材料fundamentally different from… the upper mantle,這應(yīng)該可以推測(cè)出，既然不同于上層地幔，則這個(gè)理論一定是在說(shuō)地幔有不同的層面。
意群訓(xùn)練：The best evidence for the layered-mantle thesis is the well-established fact that volcanic rocks found on oceanic islands，islands believed to result from mantle plumes arising from the lower mantle，are composed of material fundamentally different from that of the mid-ocean ridge system， whose source，most geologists contend，is the upper mantle.
52. Some geologists，however，on the basis of observations concerning mantle xenoliths， argue that the mantle is not layered，but that heterogeneity is created by fluids rich in "incompatible elements" (elements tending toward liquid rather than solid state)percolating upward and transforming portions of the upper mantle irregularly，according to the vagaries of the fluids’ pathways. (4+)
但是，某些地質(zhì)學(xué)家，以對(duì)地幔捕虜巖體(xenolith)所作的觀察為依據(jù)，指出地幔并非是分層排列的，相反，地幔的異質(zhì)性是由那些富含“不相容成分”的流質(zhì)構(gòu)成的，這些成分趨向于流體而非固體的狀態(tài)，自下而上滲透擴(kuò)散，并依照這些流質(zhì)流向的任意性，不規(guī)則地將上部地幔的某些部分予以改變。
難句類型：復(fù)雜修飾、插入語(yǔ)
解釋：本句的主句中有一個(gè)長(zhǎng)插入語(yǔ)however,on the basis of observations concerning mantle xenoliths,割裂了主謂，但句子的主要難度還是在that引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句中，從句中有由but 所連接的兩個(gè)句子，一起延續(xù)到句末。首選是rich in incompatible elements修飾fluids;后面又有一個(gè)同位語(yǔ)和一個(gè)分詞結(jié)構(gòu)，都是修飾incompatible elements的，最后還有一個(gè)狀語(yǔ)來(lái)修飾那個(gè)分詞結(jié)構(gòu)，層層修飾，比較復(fù)雜。
意群訓(xùn)練：Some geologists，however，on the basis of observations concerning mantle xenoliths， argue that the mantle is not layered，but that heterogeneity is created by fluids rich in "incompatible elements" (elements tending toward liquid rather than solid state)percolating upward and transforming portions of the upper mantle irregularly，according to the vagaries of the fluids’ pathways.
53. Fallois proposed that Proust had tried to begin a novel in 1908, abandoned it for what was to be a long demonstration of Saint-Beuve’s blindness to the real nature of great writing , found the essay giving rise to personal memories and fictional developments ,and allowed these to take over it a steadily developing novel. (5 -)
F認(rèn)為，P在1908年試圖開(kāi)始寫一部小說(shuō)，又為了寫一部批判S-B的 偉大作品的真正本質(zhì)的視而不見(jiàn)的長(zhǎng)篇的證明而放棄了這部小說(shuō)，其后又發(fā)現(xiàn)這一論文又勾起了其個(gè)人記憶及小說(shuō)情節(jié)的萌生，使得后者取而代之形成了一部穩(wěn)定展開(kāi)的小說(shuō)。
難句類型：復(fù)雜修飾、抽象詞
解釋：本句來(lái)自歷來(lái)被GRE考生尊稱為所有GRE文科文章中難度第一的普魯斯特的追憶似水年華，這篇文章的難度遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)高于現(xiàn)在計(jì)算機(jī)考試的題目。普魯斯特是公認(rèn)的意識(shí)流小說(shuō)的先驅(qū)，據(jù)筆者推測(cè)，本文的原作者必定是研究普魯斯特的大家，因此其文章必然帶有思維的跳躍，、不連貫性、時(shí)空顛倒等意識(shí)流手法：經(jīng)過(guò)ETS的改編后，雖然可讀性略有嗇，然積重難返、無(wú)法救藥，于是墮落成一篇流水帳文章。從本句的結(jié)構(gòu)來(lái)看，也可以表現(xiàn)作者的這種敘事風(fēng)格：本句從that引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句開(kāi)始，實(shí)際上是以普魯斯特的意識(shí)流向?yàn)榫€索，以列舉的方式描述其動(dòng)機(jī)的變化，從一開(kāi)始的寫別的小說(shuō)，其英文為Prout had tried to…, abandoned…,found…,and allowed..。但是因?yàn)閍bandoned之后的狀語(yǔ)for…的結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜、用詞抽象，所以這個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)不太容易被看出來(lái)。Blindness在此不是指真盲，而是指缺乏辨認(rèn)能力difficult to discern, make out,or discover,視而不見(jiàn)。Give rise to 這個(gè)詞組的意思是引起，使發(fā)生。
意群訓(xùn)練：Fallois proposed that Proust had tried to begin a novel in 1908, abandoned it for what was to be a long demonstration of Saint-Beuve’s blindness to the real nature of great writing , found the essay giving rise to personal memories and fictional developments ,and allowed these to take over in a steadily developing novel.
54. The very richness and complexity of the meaningful relationships that kept presenting and rearranging themselves on all levels，from abstract intelligence to profound dreamy feelings， made it difficult for Proust to set them out coherently. (5)
各種有意義的聯(lián)系在所有的層次上，自抽象的理性至深刻的夢(mèng)幻般的情感，層出不窮并不斷重新組合排列;正是這些有意義的聯(lián)系的豐富性和復(fù)雜性，致使普魯斯特難于將它們錯(cuò)落有致地安排好。
難句類型：復(fù)雜修飾、插入語(yǔ)、抽象詞
解釋：請(qǐng)?jiān)徆P者在此所做中文翻譯的艱澀難懂，為了讓讀者能夠更好地理解句子的結(jié)構(gòu)，本書盡量把中文翻譯與英文原文的語(yǔ)序相對(duì)應(yīng)，而且盡可能的不用意譯。為了達(dá)到這個(gè)目的，可以說(shuō)絞盡腦汁，但本句之難懂也全非筆者之故，原文作者使用了大量的抽象詞。本句仍然來(lái)自于上面說(shuō)過(guò)的這篇關(guān)于普魯斯特的文章。句中的主語(yǔ)是The very richness and complexity,其后的修飾成分長(zhǎng)達(dá)三行，of the meaningful relationships that kept presenting and rearranging themselves on all levels from abstract intelligence to profound dreamy feelings,其中還夾雜著插入語(yǔ)，有效地分開(kāi)了主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)。其實(shí)本句雖然結(jié)構(gòu)也比較復(fù)雜，但是不見(jiàn)得比前面的句子復(fù)雜得多，其真正的難點(diǎn)，還在于句子中大量的抽象詞的使用。由于筆者在附錄中所提到的原因，抽象詞可以嚴(yán)重地占據(jù)大腦資源，因此帶有大量的抽象詞的結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜的句子就更為難懂，比如本句就是一個(gè)很好的例子，復(fù)雜修飾與抽象詞狼狽為*，句意另人難以理解。
意群訓(xùn)練：The very richness and complexity of the meaningful relationships that kept presenting and rearranging themselves on all levels，from abstract intelligence to profound dreamy feelings， made it difficult for Proust to set them out coherently.
55. But those of who hoped, with Kolb, that Kolb’s newly published complete edition of Proust’s correspondence for 1909 would document the process in greater detail are disappointed. (4)
但是我們當(dāng)中的那些希望(也算上K本人)K新出版的P1909年書信的全集能夠更加詳細(xì)的記錄下這一過(guò)程的人都大失所望。
難句類型：復(fù)雜修飾、插入語(yǔ)
解釋：本句中從句套從句，致使主語(yǔ)those of us與謂語(yǔ)的距離很遠(yuǎn)，而且中間的成分又極多，使得句子很難讀懂。修飾主語(yǔ)those of us的定語(yǔ)從句who hoped之中又套了一個(gè)賓語(yǔ)從句，賓語(yǔ)從句的主語(yǔ)complete edition又被一前一后的兩個(gè)定語(yǔ)所修飾，之后才依次是賓語(yǔ)從句的謂語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)：主句的系動(dòng)詞、表語(yǔ)。
意群訓(xùn)練：But those of us who hoped, with Kolb, that Kolb’s newly published complete edition of Proust’s correspondence for 1909 would document the process in greater detail are disappointed.
56. Now we must also examine the culture as we Mexican Americans have experienced it , passing from a sovereign people to compatriots with newly arriving settlers to , finally ，a conquered people – a charter minority on our own land. (5 -)
現(xiàn)在我們必須也按照我們墨西哥裔的美國(guó)人的經(jīng)歷來(lái)審視這個(gè)文化，我們的經(jīng)歷是從一個(gè)主權(quán)的民族變成了新來(lái)的定居者的同胞，在最終淪落成為一個(gè)被征服的民族——在我們自己的土地上的契約的少數(shù)民族。
難句類型：復(fù)雜修飾、插入語(yǔ)、固定搭配
解釋：主句中的as we Mexican Americans have experienced it 是examine的狀語(yǔ)，說(shuō)明審視的角度;后面直至句尾的分詞結(jié)構(gòu)又是experience的狀語(yǔ)，詳述了經(jīng)歷的具體過(guò)程。就是這個(gè)分詞有些難懂，因?yàn)槲覀兪熘慕Y(jié)構(gòu)是from…to…沒(méi)有見(jiàn)過(guò)，也沒(méi)有想到過(guò)后面居然還有一個(gè)to,因此看到這個(gè)套了一個(gè)插入語(yǔ)的newly arriving settlers to , finally, a conquered people的時(shí)候頭腦發(fā)生混亂，不明所以、不知所措。這里的to還是與前面的from搭配的，也就是說(shuō)，原文的結(jié)構(gòu)是from…to…to…
意群訓(xùn)練：Now we must also examine the culture as we Mexican Americans have experienced it , passing from a sovereign people to compatriots with newly arriving settlers to , finally ，a conquered people – a charter minority on our own land.
57. It is possible to make specific complementary DNA’s (cDNA’s)that can serve as molecular probes to seek out the messenger RNA’s (mRNA’s)of the peptide hormones. If brain cells are making the hormones，the cells will contain these Mrna’S. If the products the brain cells make resemble the hormones but are not identical to them，then the cDNA’s should still bind tothese mRNA’s，but should not bind as tightly as they would to mRNA’s for the true hormones. (4)
科學(xué)家可以制造出特異的(specific)互補(bǔ)DNA’s(cDNA’s)，以此作為分子探子(molecular probe)，探覓出肽激素的信使RNA’s(mRNA’s)。如果大腦正在制造著肽激素，則細(xì)胞就會(huì)含有這些信使RNA’s.假若細(xì)胞所制造的產(chǎn)品類似于肽激素但并非與這些肽激素全然相同，那么，互補(bǔ)cDNA’s應(yīng)仍然和這些信使mDNA’s粘結(jié)的程度。含有這些mRNA’s的腦細(xì)胞然后就可以被分離開(kāi)來(lái)，研究者可對(duì)其信使RNA’s進(jìn)行解碼，以確定它們的蛋白質(zhì)產(chǎn)品究竟是什么，并確定這些蛋白質(zhì)產(chǎn)品在何種程度上類似于真正的肽激素。
難句類型：易混詞
解釋：與其他的難句不同的是，心上的英文不止一句。筆者之所以在本句中不設(shè)標(biāo)志和翻譯，是因?yàn)檫@三句話從結(jié)構(gòu)和意思上來(lái)說(shuō)并不難。然而很少有人能夠真正的一次把這段話讀清楚，原因在于兩個(gè)容易混淆的單詞cDNA’s和mRNA’s在文中交替出現(xiàn)，而且相互作用;再加上brain cell和hormones從中搗亂，更難讀清楚原文的意思。原文的主要意思如下：可以用cDNA’s來(lái)探測(cè)mRNA’s。如果腦細(xì)胞產(chǎn)生了荷爾蒙，則其中必有mRNA’s意味著可用cDNA探測(cè)荷爾蒙。如果腦細(xì)胞制造的不是真荷爾蒙，則可以用cDNA’s與其中的mRNA’s附著的情況來(lái)確定此荷爾蒙的真假。
意群訓(xùn)練：It is possible to make specific complementary DNA’s (cDNA’s)that can serve as molecular probes to seek out the messenger RNA’s (mRNA’s)of the peptide hormones. If brain cells are making the hormones，the cells will contain these Mrna’S. If the products the brain cells make resemble the hormones but are not identical to them，then the cDNA’s should still bind tothese mRNA’s，but should not bind as tightly as they would to mRNA’s for the true hormones.
58. The molecular approach to detecting peptide hormones using cDNA probes should also be much faster than the immunological method because it can take years of tedious purificationsto isolate peptide hormones and then develop antiserums to them. (4)
采用cDNA探子來(lái)測(cè)定肽激素的這一分子生物學(xué)方法同時(shí)也應(yīng)該比免疫學(xué)的方法速度來(lái)得快，因?yàn)閷?duì)于免疫的方法來(lái)說(shuō)，需耗費(fèi)好幾年枯燥的提純進(jìn)程，方能將肽素分離了出來(lái)，然后再培養(yǎng)出針對(duì)它們的抗血清。
難句類型：復(fù)雜修飾、易混指代
解釋：主語(yǔ)后的修飾成分同樣隔開(kāi)了主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)，但本句的難度主要在because從句中。按照一般的習(xí)慣，作為從句主語(yǔ)的it應(yīng)該指主句的主語(yǔ)，但本句的主句是一個(gè)比較結(jié)構(gòu)，A should be faster than B because it…,此處it也可以指B。但是因?yàn)檫@種指代不符合和我們以前所形成的習(xí)慣，所以閱讀現(xiàn)場(chǎng)不得不邊讀邊根據(jù)句意來(lái)判斷，這就增加了閱讀理解的難度?，F(xiàn)場(chǎng)閱讀時(shí)，類似antiserums的這種專有名詞不必理會(huì)，僅需從詞頭anti推出這是一個(gè)反p荷爾蒙的東西即可。
意群訓(xùn)練：The molecular approach to detecting peptide hormones using cDNA probes should also be much faster than the immunological method because it can take years of tedious purificationsto isolate peptide hormones and then develop antiserums to them.
59. Nevertheless, researchers of the Pleistocene epoch have developed all sorts of more or less fanciful model schemes of how they would have arranged the Ice Age had they been in charge of events.(3+)
然而，研究P時(shí)代的研究者發(fā)展除了各種各樣的或多或少有些奇怪思想的模型系統(tǒng)，用來(lái)顯示如果由他們來(lái)決定地質(zhì)事件的話他們將會(huì)如何安排冰川紀(jì)。
難句類型：復(fù)雜修飾、倒裝、修辭
解釋：句末的由how引導(dǎo)的名詞性從句中包括了雙重的倒裝，正常的語(yǔ)序本來(lái)是：If they had been in charge of events, they would have arranged the Ice Age in certain model schemes。本句中由于arrange的方式被提前，就造成了arrange的動(dòng)作執(zhí)行者也要提前，前面的if they had been 則必須后置;這樣一來(lái)又造成了if被省略，成為had they been的倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)。
另外，作者為了表達(dá)其對(duì)于這些研究者的模型的負(fù)態(tài)度，并炫耀其幽默感，在本句中使用了虛擬語(yǔ)氣，并使用了fanciful這個(gè)詞以表示這些研究的不負(fù)責(zé)任、異想天開(kāi)的幼童心理。
意群訓(xùn)練：Nevertheless, researchers of the Pleistocene epoch have developed all sorts of more or less fanciful model schemes of how they would have arranged the Ice Age had they been in charge of events.
60. This succession was based primarily on a series of deposits and events not directly related toglacial and interglacial periods，rather than on the more usual modern method of studying biological remains found in interglacial beds themselves interstratified within glacial deposits. (4)
這一序列演替(succession)所依據(jù)的，主要是一系列與冰川期和間冰期并不直接相關(guān)的地質(zhì)沉積物和地質(zhì)事件，而不是依據(jù)更為普遍的現(xiàn)代方法，去研究間冰層(interglacial bed)中所發(fā)現(xiàn)的生物殘留物，而這些間冰層本身又在冰川沉積物發(fā)生間層化(interstatified)。
難句類型：復(fù)雜修飾、省略、易淆指代
解釋：句子中的rather than 之后省略了與前面重復(fù)的being based,直接加上了介詞on。Modern method后面的部分都是修飾method的。其中的remains既可以作動(dòng)詞也可以作名詞，此處是名詞的用法，biological remains指的是類似于動(dòng)物化石之類的遺跡。讀到這里我們看到了句子的難點(diǎn)，themselves既可以指前面離得很遠(yuǎn)的modern method(當(dāng)然，在語(yǔ)法上來(lái)講單復(fù)數(shù)不一致)，也可以指前面離得較遠(yuǎn)的biological remains，亦可以指緊挨著的interglacial beds，到底是指代哪一個(gè)，只有通過(guò)理解句意，才能確定在此處指biological remains。
意群訓(xùn)練：This succession was based primarily on a series of deposits and events not directly related toglacial and interglacial periods，rather than on the more usual modern method of studying biological remains found in interglacial beds themselves interstratified within glacial deposits.