知識(shí)總結(jié)歸納
（一）定語(yǔ)從句的結(jié)構(gòu)：在復(fù)合句中，修飾某個(gè)名詞或代詞的句子（做這個(gè)名詞或代詞的定語(yǔ)）叫定語(yǔ)從句，定語(yǔ)從句一般放在被修飾的名詞或代詞后面，被修飾的名詞或代詞叫做定語(yǔ)從句的先行詞，它與定語(yǔ)從句之間要有一個(gè)詞連接，這個(gè)詞指代先行詞的內(nèi)容叫做關(guān)系詞（關(guān)系代詞或關(guān)系副詞：that, which, who, whose, when, where, why）。先行詞在定語(yǔ)從句中充當(dāng)主語(yǔ)，賓語(yǔ)，時(shí)間，地點(diǎn)，原因狀語(yǔ)。
結(jié)構(gòu)：先行詞+關(guān)系詞+定語(yǔ)從句。
1. There she saw a wall of water that was quickly advancing towards her.
2. In Japan, someone who sees another person making the gesture will think it means money.
3. A theme park is a collection of rides, exhibitions or other attractions that are based on a common theme.
4. The park has a conservation center that helps protect marine animals and their habitats in the rivers and coastal waters of Asia.
5. Visitors can go on exciting rides where they can feel what it is like to do the things they have seen their heroes do in the movie.
6. Oprah Winfrey is a black woman whose rise to fame is an inspiring story.
（二）定語(yǔ)從句分為限定性定語(yǔ)從句和非限定性定語(yǔ)從句：
限定性定語(yǔ)從句：從句對(duì)先行詞進(jìn)行必要的描述或說(shuō)明，缺少它，則句義顯得不完整，從句與先行詞緊密相連。
非限定性定語(yǔ)從句：對(duì)先行詞進(jìn)行補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明，解釋，它與先行詞之間有逗號(hào)隔開。
1. Before she could move, she heard a loud noise, which grew to a terrible roar.
2. Tree after tree went down, cut down by the water, which must have been three meters deep.
3. Flora, whose beautiful hair and dress were all cold and wet, started crying.
4. Their talk includes rhythm and rhyming words as well as tongue twisters, which often make the audience applaud.
（三）關(guān)系詞前面可以根據(jù)定語(yǔ)從句的內(nèi)容加上一些介詞，這些關(guān)系詞在介詞后面常用which 或whom.
1. There was a man with whom I would have to work together and finally the manager of the company.
2. Many people who saw the film were afraid to swim in the sea when they remembered the scenes in which people were eaten by the shark.
知識(shí)重點(diǎn)與難點(diǎn)
（一）當(dāng)先行詞有級(jí)，序數(shù)詞修飾，是不定代詞，或是all, no, only等形式時(shí)，關(guān)系代詞一般用that，而不能用which。
1. The Titanic was the largest ship that had ever been built at that time.
2. There is one thing that keeps worrying me.
（二）當(dāng)先行詞是表示時(shí)間，地點(diǎn)，原因的詞時(shí)，關(guān)系詞用when, where, why 還有which, that
1. I’m very glad to return to my hometown where I had lived for 10 years.
2. This is my hometown which I used to talk about to you.
3. I think I can understand the reason why he didn’t tell the truth to me.
4. No one believes the reason that he gave us about his absence at the meeting.
（三）定語(yǔ)從句的簡(jiǎn)化表達(dá)：
1. The man who is sitting on the platform is a professor from Wuhan University.
2. The letter that was mailed last night will reach him tomorrow.
3. The question that is being discussed is very important.
4. You are welcome to a party to be given in our class at 7:45.
說(shuō)明：以上的定語(yǔ)從句部分可以用更加簡(jiǎn)單的非謂語(yǔ)形式表達(dá)出來(lái)：
1. The man sitting on the platform is a professor from Wuhan University.
2. The letter mailed last night will reach him tomorrow.
3. The question being discussed is very important.
4. You are welcome to a party to be given in our class at 7:45.
說(shuō)明：修飾一個(gè)名詞除了后面用定語(yǔ)從句以外，還可以用非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞形式：doing短語(yǔ)，done短語(yǔ)，being done短語(yǔ)，to be done短語(yǔ)修飾。其結(jié)構(gòu)和意思如下：
1. 被修飾名詞+doing短語(yǔ)： 正在做….的人/正在發(fā)生的事。
2. 被修飾名詞+ done短語(yǔ)： 被…..的人/事
3. 被修飾名詞+being done短語(yǔ)：正在被…..的人/事
4. 被修飾名詞+ to be done短語(yǔ)：將要被…..的人/事
（1）Do you know the man talking to my sister ?
（2）The “crazy” gesture, moving the index finger in a circle in front of the ear, means “you have a phone call” in Brazil.
（3）Did you see that car being repaired ?
（4）In a camera, the lens must be focused on the object to be photographed.
（5）The students to attend the meeting will arrive here tomorrow.
（6）Goods imported from abroad are not always better than those made in China.
（7）The Yellow River, said to be “the mother river” runs across China like a huge dragon.
總結(jié)：以上做定語(yǔ)的那些短語(yǔ)就是英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法中所說(shuō)的分詞，不定式的各種形式作定語(yǔ)。
1. 這些短語(yǔ)作定語(yǔ)應(yīng)放在被修飾名詞的后面。如果單獨(dú)一個(gè)V-ing或V-ed形式作定語(yǔ)，則可以放在被修飾名詞前面。
2. 分詞作定語(yǔ)時(shí)，其動(dòng)作應(yīng)與全句動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生。V-ing表示主動(dòng)意義和正在做，V-ed表示被動(dòng)意義。being done表示正在被做的
3. 不定式作定語(yǔ)表示將要發(fā)生的，to be done表示將要被做的
【典型例題】
[例1] Friendship is needed by all, _____ plays an important role in people’s lives.
A. which B. that C. who D. it
分析：_____ plays an important role in people’s lives為非限定性定語(yǔ)從句修飾先行詞Friendship用which連接定語(yǔ)從句。
答案：A
[例2] Uncle Li _____ I worked three years ago has retired now.
A. who B. whom C. with whom D. to whom
分析：_____ I worked three years ago作為定語(yǔ)從句修飾先行詞Uncle Li，從句完整的表達(dá)是：I worked with Uncle Li three years ago. 所以關(guān)系詞前應(yīng)加上介詞with。
答案：C
[例3] Is this the reason _____ at the meeting for his carelessness in his work ?
A. he explained B. what he explained C. how he explained D. why he explained
分析：定語(yǔ)從句_____ at the meeting for his carelessness in his work修飾先行詞the reason指“他在會(huì)上就他工作中的粗心解釋的原因。先行詞在從句中做賓語(yǔ)。
答案：A
[例4] Teachers, _____ work is rather hard, are being better paid than before.
A. who B. that C. which D. whose
分析：非限定性定語(yǔ)從句_____ work is rather hard修飾先行詞teachers, 它與從句中的work是從屬關(guān)系，關(guān)系詞用whose
答案：D
[例5 ] The Olympic Games , _____ in 776 BC, didn’t included women players until 1912.
A. first playing B. to be first played
C. first played D. to be first playing
分析：公元前776年被首次舉行的奧運(yùn)會(huì)，直到1912年才容納女運(yùn)動(dòng)員。_____in 776 BC做定語(yǔ)修飾The Olympic Games，指過去的內(nèi)容，表示被動(dòng)。用done做定語(yǔ)。
答案：C
[例6] The houses _____ for the teachers and the construction work will start soon.
A. built B. to be built C. to build D. being built
分析：根據(jù)句意房子即將開工。_____ for the teachers and the construction work修飾The houses應(yīng)為The houses The houses將要為教師和施工修建的房子。
答案：B
[例7] How many of us_____, a meeting that is not important to us would be interested in the discussion?
A. attended B. attending C. to attend D. have attended
分析：根據(jù)句意：比如說(shuō)，我們當(dāng)中參加一個(gè)對(duì)我們毫不重要的會(huì)議的人會(huì)有多少人對(duì)這個(gè)討論感興趣呢？_____, say, a meeting that is not important to us修飾How many of us做定語(yǔ)。與全句動(dòng)作同步.
答案：B
[例8] She has three children, _____ is working in Australia.
A. who B. one of whom C. one of them D. none of them
分析：非限定性定語(yǔ)從句__ is working in Australia修飾先行詞three children，根據(jù)從句中的is判斷，是說(shuō)：三個(gè)孩子中的一個(gè)在澳大利亞工作。
答案：B
【模擬試題】
1. Susan is the very girl _____ the good deed.
A. whom I think did B. whom I think she did
C. who I think did D. I think who did
2. Luckily, the poor boy had enough money _____ he could buy a train ticket.
A. by which B. on which C. with which D. for which
3. The book _____ he devoted much time is to come out next month.
A. where B. which C. to which D. on which
4. The day came finally _____ I was given an opportunity to act in the play.
A. when B. in that C. which D. in which
5. 1. Don’t you think the question _____ tomorrow is of great importance.
A. being discussed B. discussed
C. to be discussed D. to discuss
6. The food _____ at the moment is for the dinner party.
A. cooked B. to be cooked C. is being cooked D. being cooked
7. Do you know the teacher _____ under the big tree ?
A. read B. reads C. reading D. being read
【試題答案】
1. C Susan 正是我認(rèn)為作了好事的那位女孩。先行詞the very girl在從句中做think的賓語(yǔ)，同時(shí)又是后面賓語(yǔ)從句did the good deed.的主語(yǔ)，所以關(guān)系詞不能用whom
2. C 定語(yǔ)從句_____ he could buy a train ticket.修飾先行詞money：用這筆錢買火車票。關(guān)系詞前面需要加介詞：with
3. C 定語(yǔ)從句_____ he devoted much time意思是：他把大量的時(shí)間都投入在這本書上了。devote….to sth.關(guān)系詞前加介詞：to
4. A 定語(yǔ)從句_____ I was given an opportunity to act in the play修飾先行詞the day ：先行詞the day在從句中做時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)：在這一天我得到了扮演一個(gè)角色的機(jī)會(huì)。
5. C 短語(yǔ)_____ tomorrow做定語(yǔ)修飾the question，根據(jù)表達(dá)的內(nèi)容：明天即將被討論的問題。應(yīng)當(dāng)用不定式的被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)做定語(yǔ)。
6. D 短語(yǔ)_____ at the moment做the food的定語(yǔ),表示：正在做的食物。Being done 做定語(yǔ)表示：正在被……的……。
7. C 現(xiàn)在分詞短語(yǔ)reading under the big tree做定語(yǔ)修飾the teacher 表示：正在大樹下看書的那位老師。
（一）定語(yǔ)從句的結(jié)構(gòu)：在復(fù)合句中，修飾某個(gè)名詞或代詞的句子（做這個(gè)名詞或代詞的定語(yǔ)）叫定語(yǔ)從句，定語(yǔ)從句一般放在被修飾的名詞或代詞后面，被修飾的名詞或代詞叫做定語(yǔ)從句的先行詞，它與定語(yǔ)從句之間要有一個(gè)詞連接，這個(gè)詞指代先行詞的內(nèi)容叫做關(guān)系詞（關(guān)系代詞或關(guān)系副詞：that, which, who, whose, when, where, why）。先行詞在定語(yǔ)從句中充當(dāng)主語(yǔ)，賓語(yǔ)，時(shí)間，地點(diǎn)，原因狀語(yǔ)。
結(jié)構(gòu)：先行詞+關(guān)系詞+定語(yǔ)從句。
1. There she saw a wall of water that was quickly advancing towards her.
2. In Japan, someone who sees another person making the gesture will think it means money.
3. A theme park is a collection of rides, exhibitions or other attractions that are based on a common theme.
4. The park has a conservation center that helps protect marine animals and their habitats in the rivers and coastal waters of Asia.
5. Visitors can go on exciting rides where they can feel what it is like to do the things they have seen their heroes do in the movie.
6. Oprah Winfrey is a black woman whose rise to fame is an inspiring story.
（二）定語(yǔ)從句分為限定性定語(yǔ)從句和非限定性定語(yǔ)從句：
限定性定語(yǔ)從句：從句對(duì)先行詞進(jìn)行必要的描述或說(shuō)明，缺少它，則句義顯得不完整，從句與先行詞緊密相連。
非限定性定語(yǔ)從句：對(duì)先行詞進(jìn)行補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明，解釋，它與先行詞之間有逗號(hào)隔開。
1. Before she could move, she heard a loud noise, which grew to a terrible roar.
2. Tree after tree went down, cut down by the water, which must have been three meters deep.
3. Flora, whose beautiful hair and dress were all cold and wet, started crying.
4. Their talk includes rhythm and rhyming words as well as tongue twisters, which often make the audience applaud.
（三）關(guān)系詞前面可以根據(jù)定語(yǔ)從句的內(nèi)容加上一些介詞，這些關(guān)系詞在介詞后面常用which 或whom.
1. There was a man with whom I would have to work together and finally the manager of the company.
2. Many people who saw the film were afraid to swim in the sea when they remembered the scenes in which people were eaten by the shark.
知識(shí)重點(diǎn)與難點(diǎn)
（一）當(dāng)先行詞有級(jí)，序數(shù)詞修飾，是不定代詞，或是all, no, only等形式時(shí)，關(guān)系代詞一般用that，而不能用which。
1. The Titanic was the largest ship that had ever been built at that time.
2. There is one thing that keeps worrying me.
（二）當(dāng)先行詞是表示時(shí)間，地點(diǎn)，原因的詞時(shí)，關(guān)系詞用when, where, why 還有which, that
1. I’m very glad to return to my hometown where I had lived for 10 years.
2. This is my hometown which I used to talk about to you.
3. I think I can understand the reason why he didn’t tell the truth to me.
4. No one believes the reason that he gave us about his absence at the meeting.
（三）定語(yǔ)從句的簡(jiǎn)化表達(dá)：
1. The man who is sitting on the platform is a professor from Wuhan University.
2. The letter that was mailed last night will reach him tomorrow.
3. The question that is being discussed is very important.
4. You are welcome to a party to be given in our class at 7:45.
說(shuō)明：以上的定語(yǔ)從句部分可以用更加簡(jiǎn)單的非謂語(yǔ)形式表達(dá)出來(lái)：
1. The man sitting on the platform is a professor from Wuhan University.
2. The letter mailed last night will reach him tomorrow.
3. The question being discussed is very important.
4. You are welcome to a party to be given in our class at 7:45.
說(shuō)明：修飾一個(gè)名詞除了后面用定語(yǔ)從句以外，還可以用非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞形式：doing短語(yǔ)，done短語(yǔ)，being done短語(yǔ)，to be done短語(yǔ)修飾。其結(jié)構(gòu)和意思如下：
1. 被修飾名詞+doing短語(yǔ)： 正在做….的人/正在發(fā)生的事。
2. 被修飾名詞+ done短語(yǔ)： 被…..的人/事
3. 被修飾名詞+being done短語(yǔ)：正在被…..的人/事
4. 被修飾名詞+ to be done短語(yǔ)：將要被…..的人/事
（1）Do you know the man talking to my sister ?
（2）The “crazy” gesture, moving the index finger in a circle in front of the ear, means “you have a phone call” in Brazil.
（3）Did you see that car being repaired ?
（4）In a camera, the lens must be focused on the object to be photographed.
（5）The students to attend the meeting will arrive here tomorrow.
（6）Goods imported from abroad are not always better than those made in China.
（7）The Yellow River, said to be “the mother river” runs across China like a huge dragon.
總結(jié)：以上做定語(yǔ)的那些短語(yǔ)就是英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法中所說(shuō)的分詞，不定式的各種形式作定語(yǔ)。
1. 這些短語(yǔ)作定語(yǔ)應(yīng)放在被修飾名詞的后面。如果單獨(dú)一個(gè)V-ing或V-ed形式作定語(yǔ)，則可以放在被修飾名詞前面。
2. 分詞作定語(yǔ)時(shí)，其動(dòng)作應(yīng)與全句動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生。V-ing表示主動(dòng)意義和正在做，V-ed表示被動(dòng)意義。being done表示正在被做的
3. 不定式作定語(yǔ)表示將要發(fā)生的，to be done表示將要被做的
【典型例題】
[例1] Friendship is needed by all, _____ plays an important role in people’s lives.
A. which B. that C. who D. it
分析：_____ plays an important role in people’s lives為非限定性定語(yǔ)從句修飾先行詞Friendship用which連接定語(yǔ)從句。
答案：A
[例2] Uncle Li _____ I worked three years ago has retired now.
A. who B. whom C. with whom D. to whom
分析：_____ I worked three years ago作為定語(yǔ)從句修飾先行詞Uncle Li，從句完整的表達(dá)是：I worked with Uncle Li three years ago. 所以關(guān)系詞前應(yīng)加上介詞with。
答案：C
[例3] Is this the reason _____ at the meeting for his carelessness in his work ?
A. he explained B. what he explained C. how he explained D. why he explained
分析：定語(yǔ)從句_____ at the meeting for his carelessness in his work修飾先行詞the reason指“他在會(huì)上就他工作中的粗心解釋的原因。先行詞在從句中做賓語(yǔ)。
答案：A
[例4] Teachers, _____ work is rather hard, are being better paid than before.
A. who B. that C. which D. whose
分析：非限定性定語(yǔ)從句_____ work is rather hard修飾先行詞teachers, 它與從句中的work是從屬關(guān)系，關(guān)系詞用whose
答案：D
[例5 ] The Olympic Games , _____ in 776 BC, didn’t included women players until 1912.
A. first playing B. to be first played
C. first played D. to be first playing
分析：公元前776年被首次舉行的奧運(yùn)會(huì)，直到1912年才容納女運(yùn)動(dòng)員。_____in 776 BC做定語(yǔ)修飾The Olympic Games，指過去的內(nèi)容，表示被動(dòng)。用done做定語(yǔ)。
答案：C
[例6] The houses _____ for the teachers and the construction work will start soon.
A. built B. to be built C. to build D. being built
分析：根據(jù)句意房子即將開工。_____ for the teachers and the construction work修飾The houses應(yīng)為The houses The houses將要為教師和施工修建的房子。
答案：B
[例7] How many of us_____, a meeting that is not important to us would be interested in the discussion?
A. attended B. attending C. to attend D. have attended
分析：根據(jù)句意：比如說(shuō)，我們當(dāng)中參加一個(gè)對(duì)我們毫不重要的會(huì)議的人會(huì)有多少人對(duì)這個(gè)討論感興趣呢？_____, say, a meeting that is not important to us修飾How many of us做定語(yǔ)。與全句動(dòng)作同步.
答案：B
[例8] She has three children, _____ is working in Australia.
A. who B. one of whom C. one of them D. none of them
分析：非限定性定語(yǔ)從句__ is working in Australia修飾先行詞three children，根據(jù)從句中的is判斷，是說(shuō)：三個(gè)孩子中的一個(gè)在澳大利亞工作。
答案：B
【模擬試題】
1. Susan is the very girl _____ the good deed.
A. whom I think did B. whom I think she did
C. who I think did D. I think who did
2. Luckily, the poor boy had enough money _____ he could buy a train ticket.
A. by which B. on which C. with which D. for which
3. The book _____ he devoted much time is to come out next month.
A. where B. which C. to which D. on which
4. The day came finally _____ I was given an opportunity to act in the play.
A. when B. in that C. which D. in which
5. 1. Don’t you think the question _____ tomorrow is of great importance.
A. being discussed B. discussed
C. to be discussed D. to discuss
6. The food _____ at the moment is for the dinner party.
A. cooked B. to be cooked C. is being cooked D. being cooked
7. Do you know the teacher _____ under the big tree ?
A. read B. reads C. reading D. being read
【試題答案】
1. C Susan 正是我認(rèn)為作了好事的那位女孩。先行詞the very girl在從句中做think的賓語(yǔ)，同時(shí)又是后面賓語(yǔ)從句did the good deed.的主語(yǔ)，所以關(guān)系詞不能用whom
2. C 定語(yǔ)從句_____ he could buy a train ticket.修飾先行詞money：用這筆錢買火車票。關(guān)系詞前面需要加介詞：with
3. C 定語(yǔ)從句_____ he devoted much time意思是：他把大量的時(shí)間都投入在這本書上了。devote….to sth.關(guān)系詞前加介詞：to
4. A 定語(yǔ)從句_____ I was given an opportunity to act in the play修飾先行詞the day ：先行詞the day在從句中做時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)：在這一天我得到了扮演一個(gè)角色的機(jī)會(huì)。
5. C 短語(yǔ)_____ tomorrow做定語(yǔ)修飾the question，根據(jù)表達(dá)的內(nèi)容：明天即將被討論的問題。應(yīng)當(dāng)用不定式的被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)做定語(yǔ)。
6. D 短語(yǔ)_____ at the moment做the food的定語(yǔ),表示：正在做的食物。Being done 做定語(yǔ)表示：正在被……的……。
7. C 現(xiàn)在分詞短語(yǔ)reading under the big tree做定語(yǔ)修飾the teacher 表示：正在大樹下看書的那位老師。