詞義的選擇
一詞多義和一詞多類是英漢兩種語言都有的一種語言現(xiàn)象。因此，在平日的翻譯聯(lián)系和考驗(yàn)測(cè)試中，大家在弄清原文句子結(jié)構(gòu)后，須注意選擇和確定句中關(guān)鍵詞的詞類和詞義，以保證譯文的質(zhì)量。
通常從三方面來考慮詞義選擇：
a 根據(jù)詞在句中的詞類來選擇詞義
例：Censorship is for the good of society as a whole. Like the law, it contributes to the common good.
譯文：審查是為了整個(gè)社會(huì)的利益。它像法律一樣維護(hù)公眾利益。
分析：本句中"like"作介詞，意為"像......一樣"。但"like"作動(dòng)詞用，則意為"喜歡；想要"。如：He likes films with happy endings.
b 根據(jù)上下文和詞在句中的搭配關(guān)系選擇詞義
例：（出自1994年研英真題文章頭一句）According to the new school of scientists, technology is an overlooked force in expanding the horizons of scientific knowledge.
譯文：新學(xué)派的科學(xué)家們認(rèn)為，技術(shù)在擴(kuò)大科學(xué)知識(shí)范圍過程中是一種被忽視的力量。
分析：school前面有定冠詞the，后面有scientists, 回到原文中看它不能簡單翻譯成"學(xué)校"，有些朋友可能就像popo頭一次接觸它時(shí)那樣不知道school還有"學(xué)派"的意思。它是一詞多義的。如：different schools of thought 各種不同的思想派系；the Impressionistic School 印象派。
注意：當(dāng)我們看到如different schools of thought這樣的短語時(shí)要格外注意它的單復(fù)數(shù)情況，如果是復(fù)數(shù)，則一定記得在譯文中加上"各種"等表示復(fù)數(shù)的字眼。
c 有些英語名詞須根據(jù)其數(shù)來選擇詞義
例：The parcel you post must be well packed .Inadequate packing can mean delay,damage or loss at your expense.
譯文：你寄的郵包必須妥善包裝。包裝不妥會(huì)引起單個(gè)、損壞或丟失，而使你蒙受損失。
分析：在at one's expense 或at the expense of 中的expense 只能用單數(shù)，意為"歸...付費(fèi)（或負(fù)擔(dān)）"，"在損害（或犧牲）......的情況下"。如：Those who try to profit at the expense of others will come to no good end.(企圖損人利己的人不會(huì)有好下場(chǎng))。"expense"作復(fù)數(shù)用，意為"開支，經(jīng)費(fèi)"，如：The government will provide you with financial support to cover your expenses during your stay abroad.(政府將向你提供經(jīng)濟(jì)資助以支付你在國外的費(fèi)用。)
【作業(yè)】
1 請(qǐng)把紅色字體的句子翻譯成中文。 （黑體處為上下文）
When an invention is made，inventor has three possible courses of action open to him: he can give the invention to the world by publishing it ,keep the idea secret, or patent it .Secrecy obviously evaporates once the invention is sold or used ,and there is always the risk that in the meantime another inventor ,working quite independently, will make and patent the same discovery .A granted patent is the result of a bargain struck between an inventor and the state ,by means of which the inventor gets a limited period of monopoly and publishes full details of his invention to the public after that period terminates. Once the monopoly period comes to an end , all those details of the invention pass into the public domain .
2請(qǐng)用四步翻譯法對(duì)下面句子進(jìn)行結(jié)構(gòu)分析和句子劃分. (來自1994年真題)
Galileo's greatest glory was that in 1609 he was the first person to turn the newly invented telescope on the heavens to prove that planets revolve around the sun rather than around the Earth.
3請(qǐng)將上面的句子推敲詞義并翻譯成中文。 （請(qǐng)?zhí)貏e注意glory的翻譯。）
答案：1 一項(xiàng)批準(zhǔn)了的專利是發(fā)明者與國家協(xié)議成交的結(jié)果。通過這種協(xié)議發(fā)明者獲得一段時(shí)間的壟斷權(quán)。這段時(shí)期已過，就得把發(fā)明的細(xì)節(jié)公諸于世。
2 結(jié)構(gòu)分析：這是個(gè)多重復(fù)合句。主句是主系表結(jié)構(gòu)Galileo's greatest glory was that……，其中that 引導(dǎo)表語從句。表語從句后面有兩個(gè)不定式：一是to turn……，它修飾前面的名詞person,所以是定語；二是to prove,它修飾動(dòng)詞turn,所以做狀語。prove 后面的that 從句顯然是賓語從句。
句子劃分：Galileo's greatest glory was/that in 1609 he was the first person /to turn the newly invented telescope on the heavens to prove /that planets revolve around /the sun rather than around the Earth.
3 伽利略最偉大的成就是，1609年他是第一個(gè)把新發(fā)明的望遠(yuǎn)鏡對(duì)準(zhǔn)太空的人，以證明行星圍繞太陽轉(zhuǎn)，而不是圍繞地球。
一詞多義和一詞多類是英漢兩種語言都有的一種語言現(xiàn)象。因此，在平日的翻譯聯(lián)系和考驗(yàn)測(cè)試中，大家在弄清原文句子結(jié)構(gòu)后，須注意選擇和確定句中關(guān)鍵詞的詞類和詞義，以保證譯文的質(zhì)量。
通常從三方面來考慮詞義選擇：
a 根據(jù)詞在句中的詞類來選擇詞義
例：Censorship is for the good of society as a whole. Like the law, it contributes to the common good.
譯文：審查是為了整個(gè)社會(huì)的利益。它像法律一樣維護(hù)公眾利益。
分析：本句中"like"作介詞，意為"像......一樣"。但"like"作動(dòng)詞用，則意為"喜歡；想要"。如：He likes films with happy endings.
b 根據(jù)上下文和詞在句中的搭配關(guān)系選擇詞義
例：（出自1994年研英真題文章頭一句）According to the new school of scientists, technology is an overlooked force in expanding the horizons of scientific knowledge.
譯文：新學(xué)派的科學(xué)家們認(rèn)為，技術(shù)在擴(kuò)大科學(xué)知識(shí)范圍過程中是一種被忽視的力量。
分析：school前面有定冠詞the，后面有scientists, 回到原文中看它不能簡單翻譯成"學(xué)校"，有些朋友可能就像popo頭一次接觸它時(shí)那樣不知道school還有"學(xué)派"的意思。它是一詞多義的。如：different schools of thought 各種不同的思想派系；the Impressionistic School 印象派。
注意：當(dāng)我們看到如different schools of thought這樣的短語時(shí)要格外注意它的單復(fù)數(shù)情況，如果是復(fù)數(shù)，則一定記得在譯文中加上"各種"等表示復(fù)數(shù)的字眼。
c 有些英語名詞須根據(jù)其數(shù)來選擇詞義
例：The parcel you post must be well packed .Inadequate packing can mean delay,damage or loss at your expense.
譯文：你寄的郵包必須妥善包裝。包裝不妥會(huì)引起單個(gè)、損壞或丟失，而使你蒙受損失。
分析：在at one's expense 或at the expense of 中的expense 只能用單數(shù)，意為"歸...付費(fèi)（或負(fù)擔(dān)）"，"在損害（或犧牲）......的情況下"。如：Those who try to profit at the expense of others will come to no good end.(企圖損人利己的人不會(huì)有好下場(chǎng))。"expense"作復(fù)數(shù)用，意為"開支，經(jīng)費(fèi)"，如：The government will provide you with financial support to cover your expenses during your stay abroad.(政府將向你提供經(jīng)濟(jì)資助以支付你在國外的費(fèi)用。)
【作業(yè)】
1 請(qǐng)把紅色字體的句子翻譯成中文。 （黑體處為上下文）
When an invention is made，inventor has three possible courses of action open to him: he can give the invention to the world by publishing it ,keep the idea secret, or patent it .Secrecy obviously evaporates once the invention is sold or used ,and there is always the risk that in the meantime another inventor ,working quite independently, will make and patent the same discovery .A granted patent is the result of a bargain struck between an inventor and the state ,by means of which the inventor gets a limited period of monopoly and publishes full details of his invention to the public after that period terminates. Once the monopoly period comes to an end , all those details of the invention pass into the public domain .
2請(qǐng)用四步翻譯法對(duì)下面句子進(jìn)行結(jié)構(gòu)分析和句子劃分. (來自1994年真題)
Galileo's greatest glory was that in 1609 he was the first person to turn the newly invented telescope on the heavens to prove that planets revolve around the sun rather than around the Earth.
3請(qǐng)將上面的句子推敲詞義并翻譯成中文。 （請(qǐng)?zhí)貏e注意glory的翻譯。）
答案：1 一項(xiàng)批準(zhǔn)了的專利是發(fā)明者與國家協(xié)議成交的結(jié)果。通過這種協(xié)議發(fā)明者獲得一段時(shí)間的壟斷權(quán)。這段時(shí)期已過，就得把發(fā)明的細(xì)節(jié)公諸于世。
2 結(jié)構(gòu)分析：這是個(gè)多重復(fù)合句。主句是主系表結(jié)構(gòu)Galileo's greatest glory was that……，其中that 引導(dǎo)表語從句。表語從句后面有兩個(gè)不定式：一是to turn……，它修飾前面的名詞person,所以是定語；二是to prove,它修飾動(dòng)詞turn,所以做狀語。prove 后面的that 從句顯然是賓語從句。
句子劃分：Galileo's greatest glory was/that in 1609 he was the first person /to turn the newly invented telescope on the heavens to prove /that planets revolve around /the sun rather than around the Earth.
3 伽利略最偉大的成就是，1609年他是第一個(gè)把新發(fā)明的望遠(yuǎn)鏡對(duì)準(zhǔn)太空的人，以證明行星圍繞太陽轉(zhuǎn)，而不是圍繞地球。