40.Petroleum Geology and Other Sciences.
40、石油地質(zhì)學(xué)與其它科學(xué)、
1. Petroleum geology is the application of geology (the study of rocks) to the exploration for and production of oil and gas. Geology itself is firmly based on chemistry, physics, and biology, involving the application of essentially abstract concepts to observed data. In the past these data were basically observation and subjective, but they are now increasingly physical and chemical, and therefore more objective. Geology, in general, and petroleum geology, in particular, still rely on value judgements based on experience and an assessment of validity among the data presented.
1、石油地質(zhì)學(xué)是地質(zhì)學(xué)(巖石研究)在油氣勘探開發(fā)和生產(chǎn)中的應(yīng)用。地質(zhì)學(xué)本身是以化學(xué)、物理和生物學(xué)為基礎(chǔ)，應(yīng)用其基本的抽象理論概念來解釋觀察到的資料。在過去，這些資料主要憑主觀觀察獲取?，F(xiàn)在借助物理和化學(xué)手段，因而更具客觀性。從根本上講，地質(zhì)學(xué)和石油地質(zhì)學(xué)，仍然特別依賴于基于經(jīng)驗(yàn)的數(shù)值判斷和對現(xiàn)有資料的有效性評估。
2. The application of chemistry to the study of rocks (geochemistry) has many uses in petroleum geology. Detailed knowledge of the mineralogical composition of rocks is important at many levels. In the early stages of exploration certain general conclusions as to the distribution and quality of potential reservoir could be made from their gross lithology. For example, the porosity of sandstones tends to be facies related, whereas in carbonate rocks this is generally not so. Detailed knowledge of the mineralogy of reservoirs enables estimates to be made of the rate at which they may lose porosity during burial, and this detailed mineralogical information is essential for the accurate interpretation of geophysical well logs through reservoirs. Knowledge of the chemistry of pore fluids and their effect on the stability of minerals can be used to predict where porosity may be destroyed by cementation, preserved in its original form, or enhanced by solution of minerals by formation waters.
2、化學(xué)應(yīng)用到石油地質(zhì)的巖石研究(地球化學(xué))中有許多作用。巖石礦物組分的詳細(xì)資料在許多方面很重要。在勘探早期，就潛在儲(chǔ)層的分布和質(zhì)量我們可以從總的巖性得出某些通用的結(jié)論。例如，砂巖孔隙度一般與相有關(guān)，而一般在碳酸鹽巖中則并非如此。儲(chǔ)層礦物學(xué)的詳細(xì)知識(shí)可以幫助我們估計(jì)出在埋藏過程中孔隙度損失的速率。這樣詳細(xì)的礦物組分資料對于準(zhǔn)確地解釋儲(chǔ)層地球物理測井非常必要。了解孔隙流體的化學(xué)組成及其對巖石穩(wěn)定性的影響，有助于預(yù)測哪些地區(qū)孔隙度因膠結(jié)作用而變差，哪些地區(qū)孔隙度保持不變，哪些地區(qū)孔隙度因地層水的溶蝕作用而提高。
3. Organic chemistry is involved both in the analysis of oil and gas and in the study of the diagenesis of the plant and animal tissues in sediments and the way in which the resultant organic compound, kerogen, generates petroleum.
3、有機(jī)化學(xué)則可應(yīng)用于分析原油和天然氣，研究沉積物中植物和動(dòng)物組織的成巖作用，研究動(dòng)植物組織轉(zhuǎn)化為合成有機(jī)化合物，揭示由此而生成的有機(jī)化合物干酪根生成石油的方式。
4. The application of physics to the study of rocks (geophysics) is very important in petroleum geology. In its broadest application geophysics makes a major contribution to understanding the earth's crust and, especially through the application of modern plate tectonic theory, the genesis and petroleum potential of sedimentary basins. More specially, physical concepts are required to understand folds, faults, and diapirs, and hence their roles in petroleum entrapment.
4、在石油地質(zhì)中，將物理應(yīng)用到巖石研究(地球物理)中很重要。地球物理的廣泛應(yīng)用對于了解地殼，尤其是應(yīng)用了現(xiàn)代板塊構(gòu)造理論后，對于了解沉積盆地的成因和潛在石油資源作出了重要貢獻(xiàn)。更為特別的是，在理解褶皺、斷層和底辟以及它們在石油圈閉過程中的作用時(shí)需要物理概念。
40、石油地質(zhì)學(xué)與其它科學(xué)、
1. Petroleum geology is the application of geology (the study of rocks) to the exploration for and production of oil and gas. Geology itself is firmly based on chemistry, physics, and biology, involving the application of essentially abstract concepts to observed data. In the past these data were basically observation and subjective, but they are now increasingly physical and chemical, and therefore more objective. Geology, in general, and petroleum geology, in particular, still rely on value judgements based on experience and an assessment of validity among the data presented.
1、石油地質(zhì)學(xué)是地質(zhì)學(xué)(巖石研究)在油氣勘探開發(fā)和生產(chǎn)中的應(yīng)用。地質(zhì)學(xué)本身是以化學(xué)、物理和生物學(xué)為基礎(chǔ)，應(yīng)用其基本的抽象理論概念來解釋觀察到的資料。在過去，這些資料主要憑主觀觀察獲取?，F(xiàn)在借助物理和化學(xué)手段，因而更具客觀性。從根本上講，地質(zhì)學(xué)和石油地質(zhì)學(xué)，仍然特別依賴于基于經(jīng)驗(yàn)的數(shù)值判斷和對現(xiàn)有資料的有效性評估。
2. The application of chemistry to the study of rocks (geochemistry) has many uses in petroleum geology. Detailed knowledge of the mineralogical composition of rocks is important at many levels. In the early stages of exploration certain general conclusions as to the distribution and quality of potential reservoir could be made from their gross lithology. For example, the porosity of sandstones tends to be facies related, whereas in carbonate rocks this is generally not so. Detailed knowledge of the mineralogy of reservoirs enables estimates to be made of the rate at which they may lose porosity during burial, and this detailed mineralogical information is essential for the accurate interpretation of geophysical well logs through reservoirs. Knowledge of the chemistry of pore fluids and their effect on the stability of minerals can be used to predict where porosity may be destroyed by cementation, preserved in its original form, or enhanced by solution of minerals by formation waters.
2、化學(xué)應(yīng)用到石油地質(zhì)的巖石研究(地球化學(xué))中有許多作用。巖石礦物組分的詳細(xì)資料在許多方面很重要。在勘探早期，就潛在儲(chǔ)層的分布和質(zhì)量我們可以從總的巖性得出某些通用的結(jié)論。例如，砂巖孔隙度一般與相有關(guān)，而一般在碳酸鹽巖中則并非如此。儲(chǔ)層礦物學(xué)的詳細(xì)知識(shí)可以幫助我們估計(jì)出在埋藏過程中孔隙度損失的速率。這樣詳細(xì)的礦物組分資料對于準(zhǔn)確地解釋儲(chǔ)層地球物理測井非常必要。了解孔隙流體的化學(xué)組成及其對巖石穩(wěn)定性的影響，有助于預(yù)測哪些地區(qū)孔隙度因膠結(jié)作用而變差，哪些地區(qū)孔隙度保持不變，哪些地區(qū)孔隙度因地層水的溶蝕作用而提高。
3. Organic chemistry is involved both in the analysis of oil and gas and in the study of the diagenesis of the plant and animal tissues in sediments and the way in which the resultant organic compound, kerogen, generates petroleum.
3、有機(jī)化學(xué)則可應(yīng)用于分析原油和天然氣，研究沉積物中植物和動(dòng)物組織的成巖作用，研究動(dòng)植物組織轉(zhuǎn)化為合成有機(jī)化合物，揭示由此而生成的有機(jī)化合物干酪根生成石油的方式。
4. The application of physics to the study of rocks (geophysics) is very important in petroleum geology. In its broadest application geophysics makes a major contribution to understanding the earth's crust and, especially through the application of modern plate tectonic theory, the genesis and petroleum potential of sedimentary basins. More specially, physical concepts are required to understand folds, faults, and diapirs, and hence their roles in petroleum entrapment.
4、在石油地質(zhì)中，將物理應(yīng)用到巖石研究(地球物理)中很重要。地球物理的廣泛應(yīng)用對于了解地殼，尤其是應(yīng)用了現(xiàn)代板塊構(gòu)造理論后，對于了解沉積盆地的成因和潛在石油資源作出了重要貢獻(xiàn)。更為特別的是，在理解褶皺、斷層和底辟以及它們在石油圈閉過程中的作用時(shí)需要物理概念。