成考專(zhuān)升本英語(yǔ)同義詞辨析二

字號(hào):

close 比較普通,有時(shí)可以和shut互換使用,但它更強(qiáng)調(diào)"不讓某人或某物進(jìn)入或通過(guò)"的意思,有時(shí)有"不接納"的意思,但通常表示"關(guān)閉"這一動(dòng)作
    It's Sunday, so all the shops are closed.
    今天是星期天,所以這些店鋪都關(guān)門(mén)了。
    I felt sure I would never be able to close the case again.
    我肯定沒(méi)有辦法再把箱子關(guān)上了。
    shut 與 close 的含義差別在于,shut僅表示"關(guān)閉"之狀態(tài),不包含"不讓進(jìn)入"或"不接納"的意思
    As soon as he opens the gate from the outside, he comes into the garden and waits until the gate shuts.
    它一旦從外面把門(mén)打開(kāi),便走進(jìn)園子里等著關(guān)門(mén)。
    在某些習(xí)語(yǔ)中,只有 shut 而不用close.
    Shut up!
    住口!
    He found every road to the accomplishment of his desire shut against him.
    他發(fā)現(xiàn)通向?qū)崿F(xiàn)自己愿望的所有道路都被堵死了。
    He shut his eyes to the severs reality.
    對(duì)于這嚴(yán)峻的現(xiàn)實(shí),他是閉著眼睛不肯看的。
    accompany attend escort convoy
    意思都含"與人結(jié)伴同行"或"伴隨某物".
    accompany 指"與人結(jié)伴, 做伴", 常含有彼此之間關(guān)系平等之意, 如:
    He -nied her to the theater.
    他陪她去劇院。
    attend 意為"隨侍"、"隨從" 等解, 如:
    Some students attended Prof. Jones on a field trip.
    一些學(xué)生隨瓊斯教授去野外郊游。
    escort 和 convoy 意為"以警衛(wèi)等身份陪伴", 如:
    This merchant ship was convoyed by a destroyer.
    這艘商船由一驅(qū)逐艦護(hù)航。
    escort 還指禮節(jié)上的"尊重或獻(xiàn)殷勤", 如:
    He escorted a lady to a party.
    他陪一位女士赴宴。
    accurate correct exact
    均含"正確的"意思。
    accurate 表示"準(zhǔn)確的",精確的",指"通過(guò)努力, 使事情達(dá)到正確", 如:
    She gave an accurate account of the accident.
    她對(duì)事故做了準(zhǔn)確的描述。
    correct 為一般用語(yǔ), 指"正確的", 如:
    He gave correct answers to the questions.
    他對(duì)這些問(wèn)題提出了正確的答案。
    exact 表示"確切的","精確無(wú)誤的",指"與事實(shí)完全相符", 如:
    His answer is quite exact.
    他的回答完全正確。
    enough,sufficient,adequate這三個(gè)詞都表示"足夠的"或"充分的".其中只有enough可以用作副詞或名詞,含義仍為"足夠的".
    enough和sufficient在含義上幾乎沒(méi)有差異,只是enough的用法較多,這兩個(gè)詞都表示"完全滿(mǎn)足需要,而且既不多余,也不缺少".
    adequate雖然也表示"足夠的"、"充分的",但是和另二詞之間有著比較明顯的細(xì)微差異,因?yàn)檫@個(gè)詞的內(nèi)涵是:對(duì)于必不可少的東西在數(shù)量上應(yīng)當(dāng)是合理的、公平的或不苛刻的。Five men will be quite enough (or sufficient)。這句話說(shuō)的是:5個(gè)人就十分充足了, 再多給一個(gè)人就沒(méi)有必要了His wages are adequate to support three people. 這句話說(shuō)的是:他的工資夠養(yǎng)活3個(gè)人的。即這些錢(qián)養(yǎng)活3個(gè)人夠得上一般生活水平,并不苛刻??梢?jiàn)其差異非常細(xì)微。詞義差別越細(xì)微,表意越準(zhǔn)確。例如:"我為他干了3小時(shí)的活,他付給我20英鎊。我覺(jué)得那20英鎊的工錢(qián)是足夠了的".這兩句話在英譯時(shí),其中的"足夠的"必須用adequate,因?yàn)檫@里說(shuō)的"足夠"包含了"公平、合理"的意思。故這兩句可譯為:I worked for him three hours, and he paid me 20 pounds. I think the 20 pounds are adequate for my work. 此外, 應(yīng)注意下面例句中enough的各種用法
    I like to be a professional singer, but I don't think I have a good enough voice.
    我想當(dāng)個(gè)職業(yè)歌唱家,但是我覺(jué)得我的嗓子不夠好。
    A day may begin well enough, but suddenly everything seems to get out of control.
    一天的開(kāi)端可能好得很,但突然一切似乎都失去了控制。
    The currents of air that the walls of the ship direct upwards, as well as in line of its course are enough to give the great bird with its immense wings sufficent sustenance and progress.
    沿著船壁向上引導(dǎo)的以及與航行方向一致的氣流足以給這種長(zhǎng)有特大翅膀的大鳥(niǎo)以充分的支撐力和前進(jìn)力。
    Our vicar is always raising money for one cause or another, but he has never managed to get enough money to have the church clock repaired.
    我們的牧師老是為這事或那事籌募款項(xiàng),但是從來(lái)也沒(méi)能募集到足夠把教堂大鐘修復(fù)起來(lái)的錢(qián)。
    The problem set for society is not the virtues of the type so much as its adequacy for its function, and here grave difficulties arise. He refuses to consider sufficiently the wants of the customer, who must buy, not the thing he desires but the thingthe English Gentleman wants to sell. He attends inadequately to technological development.
    向社會(huì)提出的問(wèn)題,與其說(shuō)是這號(hào)人的德行問(wèn)題,毋寧說(shuō)是他們是否能勝任其職責(zé)的問(wèn)題,于是便出現(xiàn)了嚴(yán)重的困難。他們不肯充分考慮顧客的需要, 顧客不得不買(mǎi)的不是自己想要買(mǎi)的東西,而是英國(guó)紳士所要賣(mài)的。他們對(duì)技術(shù)的發(fā)展并不給予充分的注意。
    The majority of the patients attending the medical outpatients departments of our hospitals feel that they have not received adequate treatment unless they are able to carry home with them some tangible remedy in the shape of a bottle of medicine, abox of pills, or a small jar of ointment,…
    在醫(yī)院門(mén)診部就醫(yī)的大多數(shù)病人認(rèn)為,如果他們不能帶一些實(shí)實(shí)在在的藥物,如一瓶藥水、一盒藥丸、一小瓶藥膏回家的話,他們就沒(méi)得到充分的治療……
    enough sufficient adequate
    意思都含"充分的"、"足夠的".
    enough 系常用詞, ??膳c sufficient 互換, 它除表示"足以滿(mǎn)足需要的"外, 還含有"數(shù)量很多使人感到心滿(mǎn)意足的"的意思, 如:
    We have enough money to spend.
    我們有足夠的錢(qián)花。
    sufficient 用于正式文體中, 指"分量或數(shù)量足以滿(mǎn)足需要的", 如:
    The food is sufficient for a week.
    食物足夠一周用。
    adequate 指"足夠符合特定(有時(shí)可指最低)的資格、分量、才能等"著重"符合一個(gè)客觀要求或標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的", 如:
    To be healthy one must have an adequate diet.
    一個(gè)人想要健康, 必須有足夠的規(guī)定飲食。
    advance promote progress proceed
    都含有"前進(jìn)"的意思。
    advance 指"向某一目標(biāo)或方向前進(jìn)的運(yùn)動(dòng)或效果, 并常強(qiáng)調(diào)前進(jìn)的終點(diǎn)", 如:
    Our soldiers advanced bravely against the enemy.
    我們的士兵勇敢地向敵人挺進(jìn)。
    promote 作"提升"解時(shí)可與advance 通用; 它強(qiáng)調(diào)"促使某種事業(yè)向前發(fā)展以達(dá)到預(yù)期的結(jié)果, 并側(cè)重于對(duì)該人或事物(尤指公開(kāi)性質(zhì))的贊助和鼓勵(lì)", 如:
    John was promoted [advanced] from a clerk to a manager.
    約翰由職員晉升為經(jīng)理。
    A sound forest economy promotes the prosperity of agriculture and rural life.
    完善的森林經(jīng)濟(jì)可以促進(jìn)農(nóng)業(yè)和農(nóng)村生活的興旺與繁榮。
    progress 則指"穩(wěn)定、經(jīng)常的進(jìn)步", 這種進(jìn)步可能有間隔, 常用于抽象事物, 如:
    Our research work is progressing steadily.
    我們的研究工作正在穩(wěn)步地取得進(jìn)展。
    proceed 多指"繼續(xù)前進(jìn)", 如:
    This being done, let's proceed to the next.
    這項(xiàng)工作已做完了, 讓我們干下一個(gè)
    business commerce trade profession occupation
    的含義都與"職業(yè)"、"生意"有關(guān)。
    business 是常用語(yǔ), 含義很廣, 通常指"生意"、"行業(yè)", 表示"為圖利(常指為個(gè)人謀利)而做的工作", 如:
    do business with many countries
    與許多國(guó)家做生意。
    commerce 多指"商品交易", 特指"國(guó)與國(guó)之間的商業(yè)往來(lái)", 如:
    international commerce
    國(guó)際貿(mào)易 trade指"買(mǎi)賣(mài)或貨物交換", 常用于"國(guó)內(nèi)外之間的交易", 也指"行業(yè)", 特別是"手工業(yè)", 如:War affects trade.
    戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)影響貿(mào)易。
    profession 指"需受過(guò)特殊教育和訓(xùn)練的腦力勞動(dòng)者的職業(yè)", 如:
    He is a doctor by profession.
    他的職業(yè)是醫(yī)生。
    occupation 指訓(xùn)練有素的"某人經(jīng)常從事的工作或做工作, 但它不強(qiáng)調(diào)某人此時(shí)此地是否仍作此工作或者領(lǐng)工資與否, 如:
    He has no fixed occupation.
    他沒(méi)有固定職業(yè)。
    occurrence event incident
    都含"事件"的意思。
    occurrence系常用詞, 指"任何發(fā)生的事件", 如:
    an unforeseenoccurrence
    預(yù)料不到的事。
    event 指"有重要意義的歷史事件"、"重大事件", 如:
    Graduation from university is an event in life.
    大學(xué)畢業(yè)是人生中的大事。
    incident指"事件", 尤指"比較不重要的小事件", 如:
    an ordinary incident
    普通小事。
    matter,affair,thing,concern,business這組名詞都有"事情"的意思。
    matter 所表示的"事情"在含意上比較模糊,通常指客觀存在的或有待處理的問(wèn)題
    Education in the wilderness is not a matter of monetary means.
    荒涼地區(qū)的教育不是錢(qián)財(cái)問(wèn)題。
    affair 以單數(shù)形式出現(xiàn)時(shí),通常指一般的"事情",而以復(fù)數(shù)形式出現(xiàn)時(shí),通常指重大的"事情".不管單、復(fù)數(shù)這個(gè)詞所表示的"事情"都包含著"在進(jìn)行中"、"處在過(guò)程中"或"交易、交往"的意思。
    Having found out that his wife had an affair with another man, the poor man wanted to kill himself.
    那個(gè)可憐的男人由于發(fā)現(xiàn)他的妻子與另一個(gè)男子有私情而想自殺。
    Convenience is, however, in all affairs of life, an execrable test of value.
    然而,在生活的一切事務(wù)中投合是可惡的實(shí)用準(zhǔn)則。
    thing 在含義上比 matter 還要模糊,有時(shí)為了含糊其詞而有意用 thing.如:I hope things'll be better in the future.
    The most frightening thing of all was that not a sound could be heard.
    最為嚇人的事情是一點(diǎn)聲音也聽(tīng)不到。
    business 所表示的"事情"或"事務(wù)"多與"職務(wù)"有關(guān),有時(shí)這個(gè)詞指強(qiáng)加的"任務(wù)".口語(yǔ)中的"None of your business!"(這不是你的事!)以及"Mind your own business!"(多管閑事?。苣苷f(shuō)明 business 的這種含義
    Be that as it may, the nerve poison does its business with man far more quickly than the blood poison.
    盡管如此,神經(jīng)毒液毒殺人類(lèi)比血毒液快得多。
    如果想表示個(gè)人的或者與個(gè)人有直接關(guān)系的"事情",用 concern,這與concern 在用作動(dòng)詞所表示的"關(guān)心"有聯(lián)系
    It's no concern of mine.
    這不關(guān)我的事。
    affect,influence,touch,impress,sway,move動(dòng)詞的一般含義為使人或能作出反應(yīng)的物產(chǎn)生或受到影響。
    affect 的賓語(yǔ)是物時(shí),它包含著足以引起反應(yīng)的刺激,有時(shí)包含一定的改變。
    The slight change of weather can affect her delicate health
    天氣稍有變化就會(huì)影響她那脆弱而嬌嫩的身體。
    當(dāng)affect的賓語(yǔ)是人時(shí),它表示引起心智上或感情上的影響,即感動(dòng)
    He was in no way affected by their misery.
    他們的慘狀一點(diǎn)也沒(méi)打動(dòng)他的心。
    We are lucky in that only the lower fields, which make up a very small proportion of our farm, are affected by flooding,…
    我們的運(yùn)氣好,因?yàn)橹挥姓嘉覀冝r(nóng)場(chǎng)極少部分的較低的田地受到洪水的影響。
    influence 所表示的影響包含著"力量",比如"他是個(gè)有影響的人物".有時(shí)它包含著"誘使"的意思。
    They, having first persuaded themselves, contrive to influence their neighbours.
    他們首先自己信服了之后,便設(shè)法誘使鄰居
    No one can avoid being influenced by advertisments.
    誰(shuí)也不能避免受到廣告的影響。
    In the organization of industrial life the influence of the factory upon the physiological and mental state of the workers has been neglected.
    在工業(yè)生活的組織中,工廠對(duì)工人的生理和心理狀態(tài)上的影響完全被忽視了。
    touch 所表示的"感動(dòng)"有些象漢語(yǔ)的"感觸",它總含有密切接觸的意思。此外,touch在表示使人或物受到影響或感動(dòng)時(shí),總有如下的內(nèi)涵:激發(fā)、攪起、傷害等等。
    I do not wish to do anything which may touch your credit
    我不想做任何會(huì)影響你的榮譽(yù)的事情。
    Parents would be greatly surprised and deeply touched if they realized how belief their children usually have in their character and infallibility. …
    如果父母意識(shí)到孩子通常多么相信父母的品格和父母的絕對(duì)正確,他們會(huì)大大震驚和深深被感動(dòng)的……
    impress 通常用于表示深受"感動(dòng)",而且把所看到的東西,銘記在心。
    but I could not conceal the fact that I was impressed by the size of the diamonds.……
    但是我掩蓋不了這一事實(shí),那些鉆石之大給我留下了深刻的印象。
    sway 的原義同上
    pretend feign assume affect
    都含"假裝"的意思。
    pretend 指"感覺(jué)到某事, 而在言行上裝出是真的", 如:
    pretend not to hear
    假裝沒(méi)聽(tīng)見(jiàn)。
    feign 指"精心裝有或裝作", 如:
    feign deafness
    裝聾。
    assume 指"裝出有某種感情的樣子, 以掩飾其真正的感情", 如:
    She assumed a look of sorrow.
    她假裝著悲傷的樣子。
    affect 指"為達(dá)到某種效果而假裝有某種特征或情感", 如:
    affect a British accent
    裝英國(guó)腔。
    affect effect influence
    作為動(dòng)詞, 都含"影響"的意思。
    affect 指"產(chǎn)生的影響之大足以引起反應(yīng)",著重"影響"的動(dòng)作, 有時(shí)含有"對(duì)……產(chǎn)生不利影響"的意思, 如:
    This article will affect my thinking.
    這篇文章將會(huì)影響我的思想。
    effect 指"實(shí)現(xiàn)"、"達(dá)成",著重"造成"一種特殊的效果, 如:
    This book effected a change in my opinion.
    這本書(shū)使我的看法起了變化。
    influence 指"通過(guò)說(shuō)服、舉例等對(duì)行動(dòng)、思想、性格等產(chǎn)生不易覺(jué)察到的,潛移默化的影響", 如:
    Influenced by a high-school biology teacher, he took up the study of medicine.
    在一位中學(xué)生物教師的影響下, 他從事醫(yī)學(xué)研究。
    give grant present confer
    都含"給"的意思。
    give 系常用詞, 指"給予"、"授予"、"贈(zèng)送"、"提供"等, 如:
    I gave him a book.
    我給他一本書(shū)。
    另外它還有引伸意義, 如:
    A clock gives time.
    鐘報(bào)時(shí)。