自考英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法復(fù)習(xí)資料(2)

字號(hào):

(3)賓語(yǔ)從句
    1. 定義:用作賓語(yǔ)的從句叫賓語(yǔ)從句。
    2. 構(gòu)成:關(guān)聯(lián)詞+簡(jiǎn)單句
    3. 引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句的關(guān)聯(lián)詞有三類:
    (1)從屬連詞that.如:
    He told us that he felt ill. 他對(duì)我們說(shuō)他感到不舒服。
    I know he has returned. 我知道他已經(jīng)回來(lái)了。
    注:that在引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句時(shí)也并不是任何情況下都可以省略。在以下情況下,that不能省略。
    1. Everybody could see what happened and that Tom was frightened.(and連接兩個(gè)賓語(yǔ)從句,that賓語(yǔ)從句放在and的后面時(shí),that不能省略)
    大家都會(huì)看出所發(fā)生的事情并知道Tom非常害怕。
    2.I know nothing about him except that he is from the south.(that引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句作介詞賓語(yǔ)時(shí),that不能省略)
    對(duì)他我一無(wú)所知,只知道他是南方人。
    3.That he ever said such a thing I simply don't believe. (that從句位于句首時(shí),that不可省略。)
    我簡(jiǎn)直不相信他曾說(shuō)過(guò)這樣的話。
    4. We decided, in view of his special circumstances, that we would admit him for a probationary period. (主句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞與that從句之間有插入語(yǔ),that不可省略。)
    鑒于他的特殊情況,我們決定應(yīng)允他一段試用期。
    (2)從屬連詞if/whether.如:
    I doubt whether he will succeed. 我懷疑他是否會(huì)成功。
    I don't know if you can help me. 我不知道你能否幫助我。
    (3)連接代詞who, whom, whose, what, which, whoever, whatever, whichever
    連接副詞 where, when, how, why.
    如:
    Who or what he was, Martin never learned.
    他是什么人?他是干什么的?馬丁根本不知道。
    I wonder what he's writing to me about. 我不知道他要給我寫信說(shuō)什么事。
    I'll tell you why I asked you to come. 我會(huì)告訴你我為什么要你來(lái)。
    You may do what you will. 你可做任何你想做的事。
    (1)介詞賓語(yǔ)從句
    賓語(yǔ)從句也可用作介詞的賓語(yǔ)。如:
    He was deeply displeased by what had occurred that day.
    他對(duì)那天發(fā)生的事感到很不快。
    I walked over to where she sat. 我走向她坐的地方。
    I am curious as to what he will say. 我很想知道他要說(shuō)什么。
    Your success will largely depend upon what you do and how you do it.
    你是否成功將主要取決于你做什么和怎樣做。
    有時(shí)介詞可以省略。如:
    I don't care (for) who marries him. 我不管誰(shuí)跟他結(jié)婚。
    Be careful (as to) how you do that. 你要注意做這件事的方式。
    解釋:
    1.如果賓語(yǔ)從句后還有賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ),則用it作形式賓語(yǔ),而將賓語(yǔ)從句后置。如:
    We thought it strange that Xiao Wang did not come yesterday.
    我們認(rèn)為小王昨天沒來(lái)是奇怪的。
    He has made it clear that he will not give in.
    他已表明他不會(huì)屈服。
    2.作介詞的賓語(yǔ):連詞that引導(dǎo)的名詞性從句很少作介詞的賓語(yǔ),只用在except, but, in后。其他一些介詞的賓語(yǔ)從句如果由連詞that引導(dǎo),則需用it先行一步,作形式賓語(yǔ)。如:
    He is a good student except that he is careless.
    他是一個(gè)好學(xué)生,只是有點(diǎn)粗心。
    You may rely on it that I shall help you. 你可以指望我會(huì)幫助你的。
    介詞賓語(yǔ)不可以用which來(lái)引導(dǎo),而要用what來(lái)引導(dǎo)。如:
    Are you sorry for what you've done?
    你為你所做的一切感到內(nèi)疚嗎?
    3.某些形容詞或過(guò)去分詞后常接賓語(yǔ)從句,這類形容詞或過(guò)去分詞有sure, glad, certain, pleased, happy, afraid, surprised, satisfied等,連詞that可省略。如:
    I am not sure what I ought to do.
    我不能確定我該做什么。
    I'm afraid you don,t understand what I said.
    恐怕你沒領(lǐng)會(huì)我說(shuō)的意思。
    I'm surprised that I didn,t see all that before.
    我好奇怪,我以前沒看到過(guò)。
    Mother was very pleased her daughter had passed the exams.
    媽媽為她的女兒通過(guò)了考試而感到高興。
    4.連詞whether (…or not)或if引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句
    if和whether引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句可以互換使用,但whether常和or not連用,if一般不與or not連用。如:
    I wonder whether it is true or not. 我不知它是真是假。
    用if引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句如果會(huì)引起歧義,應(yīng)避免使用if而用wheter.試比較:
    Please let me know if you want to go.
    Please let me know whether you want to go.
    if從句可理解為賓語(yǔ)從句,意為“請(qǐng)告訴我你是否想去”;此句又可理解為條件狀語(yǔ)從句意為“如果你想去的話,請(qǐng)告訴我一聲”。
    5.賓語(yǔ)從句的否定轉(zhuǎn)移。在think, believe, suppose, expect等動(dòng)詞后的賓語(yǔ)從句,有時(shí)謂語(yǔ)盡管是否定意思,卻不用否定形式,而將think等動(dòng)詞變?yōu)榉穸ㄐ问健H纾?BR>    I don't think you are right. 我認(rèn)為你錯(cuò)了。
    I don't believe they have finished their work yet. 我相信他們還未完成他們的工作。
    I don't suppose he cares, does he? 我想他不在意,是嗎?
    6. 賓語(yǔ)從句的時(shí)態(tài)變化規(guī)律:
    (1)當(dāng)主句是一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)時(shí),從句可根據(jù)需要用任何時(shí)態(tài)。
    (2)當(dāng)主句是一般過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài)時(shí),從句只能使用過(guò)去范圍內(nèi)的任何時(shí)態(tài)。但客觀真理除外。如:
    The teacher said that the earth goes round the sun.
    老師說(shuō)地球繞著太陽(yáng)運(yùn)行。