Unit18（第53講—第55講）
本課主要句型
1. Now it is hard to visualize a map that does not feature north at the top， but this was not always so.
本句中it做形式主語（formal subject），to visualize a map……。是真正的主語（real subject）。用it 做形式主語， 主要是因?yàn)橹髡Z較長，謂語較短，于是不定式常放在謂語的后面。例如：
1）It is necessary to tell him the news as soon as possible.（盡快把這消息告訴他是很必要的。）
2）It took us 30 minutes to get there by bus.（坐公共汽車到那兒花了我們30分鐘時(shí)間。）
3）It made us very angry to see him talk to the old man in such an impolite manner.（看到他以如此不禮貌的方式與那位老人談話，我們非常氣憤。）
4）How much did it cost you to send the parcel express？（速遞這個(gè)包裹花了你多少錢？）
請翻譯下列句子，注意用做形式主語：
1）掌握一門外語不是一件容易的事。
2）能來參加這個(gè)晚宴是我們的榮幸。
3）我們不幫助他們是錯(cuò)誤的。
4）他們拒絕采納這個(gè)建議是不明智的。
上面的四個(gè)句子可以翻譯為：
1） It is not easy to master a foreign language.
2） It is our honor to be present at this dinner party.
3） It was a mistake for us not to help them.
4） It is unwise of them to turn sown the suggestion.
Visualize是一個(gè)動詞，意思是 imagine （想像）。在詞匯部分我們講到過－ize是動詞后綴。常用在形容詞后面構(gòu)成動詞，如：localize（局部化，地方化）， urbanize （城市化），nationalize （使國有化）， finalize（后定下來）visualize 這個(gè)動詞，我們在第四單元中已經(jīng)學(xué)過，請把下面兩個(gè)句子譯成英語，注意使用 visualize：
1）我難以想像等待著我的將會是什么。
2）一整天，他都在想像著將在教堂舉行的婚禮。
這兩句話可以譯為：
1） I cannot visualize what is waiting for me.
2） He has been visualizing the wedding ceremony to be held at the church for the whole day.
……this was not always so中的 so 是個(gè)代詞，意思是“如此，這樣”，如：
1）――I think you made the wrong decision.
――Is that so？ （是這樣嗎？）
2）It is not necessary to find out why it is so.（去了解為什么如此是沒有必要的。）
3）I believe so.（我相信是這樣。）
2. The oldest known map in the accepted sense of the word was drawn about 3，800BC， and represents the river Euphrates flowing through northern Mesopotamia， Irag.
本句中的known是過去分詞做形容詞用，意思是“已知的”，在某些語境中，known意為“的”。如：
1）This is the most dangerous substance known to man.（這是人類已知的危險(xiǎn)的物質(zhì)。）
2）It has become a well known holiday resort.（這兒已成為的度假勝地。）
in the…sense of the word 意思是“就這個(gè)詞的…意義上而言”，如：
1）It is a miracle in the true sense of the word.（這是真正的奇跡。）
2）That is an adventure in every sense of the word.（那才叫冒險(xiǎn)。）
sense是個(gè)常用詞，請看下面的句子，注意sense的詞意。
1） He has a great sense of humor.（他很有幽默感。）
2） There is some common sense in what he says.（他所說的話有些道理。）
3） What's the sense of doing that since it is already late？（既然已經(jīng)晚了，做那件事還有什么意義呢？）
4） She came to her senses after a blood transfusion. （輸血之后，他蘇醒過來。）
5） In a sense what he said is true.（在某種意義上說，他說的話是正確的。）
6） Her explanation doesn't make any sense.（她的解釋講不通。）
7） I cannot make sense of what has written.（她寫的東西我弄不懂。）
3. This and others that followed it， were little more than rough sketches of localized features； it was not until many centuries later that the ancient Greeks placed the science of map-making on a sound-footing.
本句中的前一個(gè)it是代指上句中的the oldest known map. Little more than 的意思是 almost no more than（只不過是）。請注意下列句子中的little的意思：
1） He is little better than a bookworm. （他簡直跟書呆子差不多。）
2） That is little short of open scorn.（那簡直就是公然藐視。）
It was not until…that…。是一個(gè)常見的強(qiáng)調(diào)句型，意思是“直到…才”。如：
1） It was not until the cat emerged from behind the bushes that I noticed it.（直到貓從灌木后面出來，我才注意到它。）
2） It was not until he called me that I realized there was a meeting in the afternoon.（直到他給我打電話我才想起下午有個(gè)會。）
3） It was not until several weeks later that the stolen car was found.（幾個(gè)星期以后那輛失竊的汽車才被找到。）
請翻譯下列句子，注意使用上述句型。
1）直到20世紀(jì)60年代人類才實(shí)現(xiàn)登上月球的夢想。
2）直到昨天他才被告知真相。
3）直到媽媽來幼兒園接他，那孩子才停止哭泣。
這三個(gè)句子可以翻譯為：
1） It was not until the 1960S that man realized the dream of landing on the moon.
2） It was not until yesterday that he was told the truth.
3） It was not until mother came to the kinder-garter to collect him that the boy stopped crying.
place sth. on a sound footing 意思是“把…置于堅(jiān)實(shí)的基礎(chǔ)上”。
4. The last great scientist of the classical period， he was the first to draw a map that was based on all available knowledge， rather than guess or imagination.
The last great scientist of the classical period， 在本句中做同位語，對主語he作進(jìn)一步的補(bǔ)充說明。
Be based on 意思是“以……為基礎(chǔ)”。
Guess在句中做名詞用，意思是“推測，猜想”。
Rather than在本句中的意思相當(dāng)于instead of “而不是”。
1）I have used some simple words rather than the difficult ones.（我用了一些簡單詞匯而不是難詞。）
2）He bought two books rather than one.（他買了兩本書而不是一本。）
3）Rather than go back on his word， he kept his promise.（他沒有食言，而是言而有信。）
5. Given the state of knowledge of those times， he got things wrong， ……
在第十五單元中，我們學(xué)過given這個(gè)介詞，意思是“考慮到”，在本句中g(shù)iven仍是這個(gè)意思，請?jiān)倏磧蓚€(gè)例句：
1）Given the poor working condition， you cannot expect the workers to be very efficient.（考慮到工作條件差，你不能指望工人們的效率很高。
2）Given the bad weather， we have to change our plan.（基于天氣不好，我們得改變計(jì)劃。）
Times在本句中的意思是“時(shí)代”，如：
1）The times are different， women are now equal to man.（時(shí)代不同了，現(xiàn)在男女平等了。）
2）In modern times， the development of science and technology is accelerating.（近代科學(xué)技術(shù)在加速發(fā)展。）
3）In the difficult times， many people died of hunger.（在那限難時(shí)世，許多人因饑餓而死。）
6. …since Ptolemy had calculated wrongly the size of the Atlantic and was unaware that the pacific ocean existed.
本句中的since引導(dǎo)的是一個(gè)原因狀語從句，如：
1）Since so many people are absent， we'd better put off the meeting.（既然如此多的人缺席，我們好將此會延期。）
2）I won't blame you since you know nothing about it.（既然你對此一無所知，我就不會怪你。）
Unaware與aware一樣是形容詞，其用法也與aware相同，be unaware of…， be unaware that…。
1）I was unaware of his presence.（我沒注意到他在場。）
2）He was unaware that he had been followed.（他不知道他被跟蹤了。）
7. The reason for this was that he decided to orientate the map in the direction of the pole star since Polaris was the immovable guiding light in which the voyagers of the era placed their trust.
本句中，that引導(dǎo)的是一個(gè)表語從句。表語從句的結(jié)構(gòu)為：
主語+連系動詞+表語從句。表語從句也可用where， why， how引導(dǎo)。如：
1） The reason for his absence was that he was ill.（他缺席的原因是他病了。）
2） That was why I hated it.（這就是我不喜歡這個(gè)的原因。）
3） That is how he cheated people.（他就是用這種方式騙人的。）
Which所引導(dǎo)的是一個(gè)定語從句修飾guiding light限定性定語從句如果修飾“物”，關(guān)系代詞that和which都可用，但在介詞的后面只能用which，在口語中一般把介詞放到從句后部去，這時(shí)則可以用that.如：
1） This is the question about which we had a discussion last night.（這就是我們昨晚討論的問題。）
This is the question that we. Had a discussion about last night.
2） This is the fact on which we base our opinion.（我們的觀點(diǎn)就是建立在這個(gè)事實(shí)之上的。）
This is the fact that we base our opinion on.
Trust在句中做名詞用，place （put） trust in sb/sth 信任某人（某事）。
1）I don't have any trust in him.（我對他一點(diǎn)也不信任。）
2）Have some trust in the future everything will be OK.（對未來有點(diǎn)信心吧，一切都會好起來。）
3） The old lady placed great trust in her grandson.（那位老太太對她孫子非常信任。）
8. North at the top remained the accepted arrangement until the early Middle Ages， when the church began to interfere seriously with the advance of science.
本句中when引導(dǎo)一個(gè)由逗號把前面句子隔開的句子，其意思相當(dāng)于at the time.如：
1） The party has been put off until next week， when we can get better prepared.（晚會被推遲到下周，那時(shí)我們能準(zhǔn)備得更好些。）
2） We will wait have until 6， when the manager can spare us a few minutes.（我們在這兒等到6點(diǎn)，那時(shí)經(jīng)理就能給我們幾分鐘了。）
Interfere with意思是“妨礙”，如：
1） Bad dietary habits often interfere with health.（不良的飲食習(xí)慣常常妨礙健康。）
2） The interests of the two countries do not interfere with each other.（這兩國相互間沒有利害沖突。）
9. Once again， north assumed its rightful place at the top of maps.
在第十五單元的Text B中，我們已經(jīng)學(xué)過assume這個(gè)詞
It has long been assumed that aggression is caused by male hormones.（長期以來，人們認(rèn)定好斗是由男性荷爾蒙引起的。）
在本句中assume的意思是acquire（獲得，取得）
請注意下列例句中assume的意思：
1）I assume the misunderstanding will be cleared up.（我認(rèn)定這誤會會消除。）
2）He assumed the report to be unreliable.（他猜那報(bào)告不可靠。）
3） Farmers will have a good harvest ， assuming that the weather is favorable.（假如風(fēng)調(diào)雨順，農(nóng)民將會有好收成。）
4） Who will assume the costs of running a school？ （誰來負(fù)擔(dān)開設(shè)一所學(xué)校的費(fèi)用？）
5） He assumed a leading position last May.（去年五月，他擔(dān)任領(lǐng)導(dǎo)職務(wù)。）
6） Hitler assumed power in 1933.（*于1933年奪得政權(quán)。）
7） He assumed full control of the company.（他完全控制了這家公司。）
本課主要詞組
1. in the sense of 2. more than
3. be based on 4. rather than
5. attempt to do sth 6. in the form of
7. in search of 8. at the top
9. in the direction of 10. place trust in
11. interfere with 12. in accordance with
13. from…point of view 14. reliance on
Text B You Have a Choice
短語表達(dá)
1. side by side
They are sitting side by side.
We walked side by side along the river.
2. be seated
Please be seated， I will fix you a cup of coffee.
The hostess was seated with the guests when I hurried in.
3. ahead of
The boy is running ahead of his classmates.
I believe we can finish the work ahead of time.
4. be certain of
I cannot be certain of the time of their arrival.
Can you be certain of the truth of his utterance？
5. bring about
The new policy is sure to bring about a lot of changes.
What Father said has brought about a profound change in his personality.
6. account for
This excuse cannot account for your absence.
Her explanation doesn't account for the failure.
7. regardless of
All of you will be given a chance regardless of your age and sex.
Regardless of which method you choose， the result will be the same.
8. make a difference
Whether he comes or not will not make any difference.
I hope my participation will make a difference.
9. lead to
Excessive smoking may lead to lung cancer.
The misunderstanding led to a bad quarrel.
10. pull out of
The train pulled out of the station at 10：00.
When do you think the car will pull out of the garage？
11. for sure
I don't know for sure who will be in charge of this department.
He couldn't tell for sure what was in the distance.
12. apply to
It is hard to apply the rule to real work.
It is necessary that the theory be applied to practice.
13. deal with
He is hard to deal with.
I have no idea how to deal with this situation.
本課主要句型
1. Now it is hard to visualize a map that does not feature north at the top， but this was not always so.
本句中it做形式主語（formal subject），to visualize a map……。是真正的主語（real subject）。用it 做形式主語， 主要是因?yàn)橹髡Z較長，謂語較短，于是不定式常放在謂語的后面。例如：
1）It is necessary to tell him the news as soon as possible.（盡快把這消息告訴他是很必要的。）
2）It took us 30 minutes to get there by bus.（坐公共汽車到那兒花了我們30分鐘時(shí)間。）
3）It made us very angry to see him talk to the old man in such an impolite manner.（看到他以如此不禮貌的方式與那位老人談話，我們非常氣憤。）
4）How much did it cost you to send the parcel express？（速遞這個(gè)包裹花了你多少錢？）
請翻譯下列句子，注意用做形式主語：
1）掌握一門外語不是一件容易的事。
2）能來參加這個(gè)晚宴是我們的榮幸。
3）我們不幫助他們是錯(cuò)誤的。
4）他們拒絕采納這個(gè)建議是不明智的。
上面的四個(gè)句子可以翻譯為：
1） It is not easy to master a foreign language.
2） It is our honor to be present at this dinner party.
3） It was a mistake for us not to help them.
4） It is unwise of them to turn sown the suggestion.
Visualize是一個(gè)動詞，意思是 imagine （想像）。在詞匯部分我們講到過－ize是動詞后綴。常用在形容詞后面構(gòu)成動詞，如：localize（局部化，地方化）， urbanize （城市化），nationalize （使國有化）， finalize（后定下來）visualize 這個(gè)動詞，我們在第四單元中已經(jīng)學(xué)過，請把下面兩個(gè)句子譯成英語，注意使用 visualize：
1）我難以想像等待著我的將會是什么。
2）一整天，他都在想像著將在教堂舉行的婚禮。
這兩句話可以譯為：
1） I cannot visualize what is waiting for me.
2） He has been visualizing the wedding ceremony to be held at the church for the whole day.
……this was not always so中的 so 是個(gè)代詞，意思是“如此，這樣”，如：
1）――I think you made the wrong decision.
――Is that so？ （是這樣嗎？）
2）It is not necessary to find out why it is so.（去了解為什么如此是沒有必要的。）
3）I believe so.（我相信是這樣。）
2. The oldest known map in the accepted sense of the word was drawn about 3，800BC， and represents the river Euphrates flowing through northern Mesopotamia， Irag.
本句中的known是過去分詞做形容詞用，意思是“已知的”，在某些語境中，known意為“的”。如：
1）This is the most dangerous substance known to man.（這是人類已知的危險(xiǎn)的物質(zhì)。）
2）It has become a well known holiday resort.（這兒已成為的度假勝地。）
in the…sense of the word 意思是“就這個(gè)詞的…意義上而言”，如：
1）It is a miracle in the true sense of the word.（這是真正的奇跡。）
2）That is an adventure in every sense of the word.（那才叫冒險(xiǎn)。）
sense是個(gè)常用詞，請看下面的句子，注意sense的詞意。
1） He has a great sense of humor.（他很有幽默感。）
2） There is some common sense in what he says.（他所說的話有些道理。）
3） What's the sense of doing that since it is already late？（既然已經(jīng)晚了，做那件事還有什么意義呢？）
4） She came to her senses after a blood transfusion. （輸血之后，他蘇醒過來。）
5） In a sense what he said is true.（在某種意義上說，他說的話是正確的。）
6） Her explanation doesn't make any sense.（她的解釋講不通。）
7） I cannot make sense of what has written.（她寫的東西我弄不懂。）
3. This and others that followed it， were little more than rough sketches of localized features； it was not until many centuries later that the ancient Greeks placed the science of map-making on a sound-footing.
本句中的前一個(gè)it是代指上句中的the oldest known map. Little more than 的意思是 almost no more than（只不過是）。請注意下列句子中的little的意思：
1） He is little better than a bookworm. （他簡直跟書呆子差不多。）
2） That is little short of open scorn.（那簡直就是公然藐視。）
It was not until…that…。是一個(gè)常見的強(qiáng)調(diào)句型，意思是“直到…才”。如：
1） It was not until the cat emerged from behind the bushes that I noticed it.（直到貓從灌木后面出來，我才注意到它。）
2） It was not until he called me that I realized there was a meeting in the afternoon.（直到他給我打電話我才想起下午有個(gè)會。）
3） It was not until several weeks later that the stolen car was found.（幾個(gè)星期以后那輛失竊的汽車才被找到。）
請翻譯下列句子，注意使用上述句型。
1）直到20世紀(jì)60年代人類才實(shí)現(xiàn)登上月球的夢想。
2）直到昨天他才被告知真相。
3）直到媽媽來幼兒園接他，那孩子才停止哭泣。
這三個(gè)句子可以翻譯為：
1） It was not until the 1960S that man realized the dream of landing on the moon.
2） It was not until yesterday that he was told the truth.
3） It was not until mother came to the kinder-garter to collect him that the boy stopped crying.
place sth. on a sound footing 意思是“把…置于堅(jiān)實(shí)的基礎(chǔ)上”。
4. The last great scientist of the classical period， he was the first to draw a map that was based on all available knowledge， rather than guess or imagination.
The last great scientist of the classical period， 在本句中做同位語，對主語he作進(jìn)一步的補(bǔ)充說明。
Be based on 意思是“以……為基礎(chǔ)”。
Guess在句中做名詞用，意思是“推測，猜想”。
Rather than在本句中的意思相當(dāng)于instead of “而不是”。
1）I have used some simple words rather than the difficult ones.（我用了一些簡單詞匯而不是難詞。）
2）He bought two books rather than one.（他買了兩本書而不是一本。）
3）Rather than go back on his word， he kept his promise.（他沒有食言，而是言而有信。）
5. Given the state of knowledge of those times， he got things wrong， ……
在第十五單元中，我們學(xué)過given這個(gè)介詞，意思是“考慮到”，在本句中g(shù)iven仍是這個(gè)意思，請?jiān)倏磧蓚€(gè)例句：
1）Given the poor working condition， you cannot expect the workers to be very efficient.（考慮到工作條件差，你不能指望工人們的效率很高。
2）Given the bad weather， we have to change our plan.（基于天氣不好，我們得改變計(jì)劃。）
Times在本句中的意思是“時(shí)代”，如：
1）The times are different， women are now equal to man.（時(shí)代不同了，現(xiàn)在男女平等了。）
2）In modern times， the development of science and technology is accelerating.（近代科學(xué)技術(shù)在加速發(fā)展。）
3）In the difficult times， many people died of hunger.（在那限難時(shí)世，許多人因饑餓而死。）
6. …since Ptolemy had calculated wrongly the size of the Atlantic and was unaware that the pacific ocean existed.
本句中的since引導(dǎo)的是一個(gè)原因狀語從句，如：
1）Since so many people are absent， we'd better put off the meeting.（既然如此多的人缺席，我們好將此會延期。）
2）I won't blame you since you know nothing about it.（既然你對此一無所知，我就不會怪你。）
Unaware與aware一樣是形容詞，其用法也與aware相同，be unaware of…， be unaware that…。
1）I was unaware of his presence.（我沒注意到他在場。）
2）He was unaware that he had been followed.（他不知道他被跟蹤了。）
7. The reason for this was that he decided to orientate the map in the direction of the pole star since Polaris was the immovable guiding light in which the voyagers of the era placed their trust.
本句中，that引導(dǎo)的是一個(gè)表語從句。表語從句的結(jié)構(gòu)為：
主語+連系動詞+表語從句。表語從句也可用where， why， how引導(dǎo)。如：
1） The reason for his absence was that he was ill.（他缺席的原因是他病了。）
2） That was why I hated it.（這就是我不喜歡這個(gè)的原因。）
3） That is how he cheated people.（他就是用這種方式騙人的。）
Which所引導(dǎo)的是一個(gè)定語從句修飾guiding light限定性定語從句如果修飾“物”，關(guān)系代詞that和which都可用，但在介詞的后面只能用which，在口語中一般把介詞放到從句后部去，這時(shí)則可以用that.如：
1） This is the question about which we had a discussion last night.（這就是我們昨晚討論的問題。）
This is the question that we. Had a discussion about last night.
2） This is the fact on which we base our opinion.（我們的觀點(diǎn)就是建立在這個(gè)事實(shí)之上的。）
This is the fact that we base our opinion on.
Trust在句中做名詞用，place （put） trust in sb/sth 信任某人（某事）。
1）I don't have any trust in him.（我對他一點(diǎn)也不信任。）
2）Have some trust in the future everything will be OK.（對未來有點(diǎn)信心吧，一切都會好起來。）
3） The old lady placed great trust in her grandson.（那位老太太對她孫子非常信任。）
8. North at the top remained the accepted arrangement until the early Middle Ages， when the church began to interfere seriously with the advance of science.
本句中when引導(dǎo)一個(gè)由逗號把前面句子隔開的句子，其意思相當(dāng)于at the time.如：
1） The party has been put off until next week， when we can get better prepared.（晚會被推遲到下周，那時(shí)我們能準(zhǔn)備得更好些。）
2） We will wait have until 6， when the manager can spare us a few minutes.（我們在這兒等到6點(diǎn)，那時(shí)經(jīng)理就能給我們幾分鐘了。）
Interfere with意思是“妨礙”，如：
1） Bad dietary habits often interfere with health.（不良的飲食習(xí)慣常常妨礙健康。）
2） The interests of the two countries do not interfere with each other.（這兩國相互間沒有利害沖突。）
9. Once again， north assumed its rightful place at the top of maps.
在第十五單元的Text B中，我們已經(jīng)學(xué)過assume這個(gè)詞
It has long been assumed that aggression is caused by male hormones.（長期以來，人們認(rèn)定好斗是由男性荷爾蒙引起的。）
在本句中assume的意思是acquire（獲得，取得）
請注意下列例句中assume的意思：
1）I assume the misunderstanding will be cleared up.（我認(rèn)定這誤會會消除。）
2）He assumed the report to be unreliable.（他猜那報(bào)告不可靠。）
3） Farmers will have a good harvest ， assuming that the weather is favorable.（假如風(fēng)調(diào)雨順，農(nóng)民將會有好收成。）
4） Who will assume the costs of running a school？ （誰來負(fù)擔(dān)開設(shè)一所學(xué)校的費(fèi)用？）
5） He assumed a leading position last May.（去年五月，他擔(dān)任領(lǐng)導(dǎo)職務(wù)。）
6） Hitler assumed power in 1933.（*于1933年奪得政權(quán)。）
7） He assumed full control of the company.（他完全控制了這家公司。）
本課主要詞組
1. in the sense of 2. more than
3. be based on 4. rather than
5. attempt to do sth 6. in the form of
7. in search of 8. at the top
9. in the direction of 10. place trust in
11. interfere with 12. in accordance with
13. from…point of view 14. reliance on
Text B You Have a Choice
短語表達(dá)
1. side by side
They are sitting side by side.
We walked side by side along the river.
2. be seated
Please be seated， I will fix you a cup of coffee.
The hostess was seated with the guests when I hurried in.
3. ahead of
The boy is running ahead of his classmates.
I believe we can finish the work ahead of time.
4. be certain of
I cannot be certain of the time of their arrival.
Can you be certain of the truth of his utterance？
5. bring about
The new policy is sure to bring about a lot of changes.
What Father said has brought about a profound change in his personality.
6. account for
This excuse cannot account for your absence.
Her explanation doesn't account for the failure.
7. regardless of
All of you will be given a chance regardless of your age and sex.
Regardless of which method you choose， the result will be the same.
8. make a difference
Whether he comes or not will not make any difference.
I hope my participation will make a difference.
9. lead to
Excessive smoking may lead to lung cancer.
The misunderstanding led to a bad quarrel.
10. pull out of
The train pulled out of the station at 10：00.
When do you think the car will pull out of the garage？
11. for sure
I don't know for sure who will be in charge of this department.
He couldn't tell for sure what was in the distance.
12. apply to
It is hard to apply the rule to real work.
It is necessary that the theory be applied to practice.
13. deal with
He is hard to deal with.
I have no idea how to deal with this situation.