Unit19（第56講—第58講）
19.Breed v. 繁殖；飼養(yǎng)；養(yǎng)育 n. 品種，種類(lèi)
1）Some animals will not breed when caged.（有些動(dòng)物關(guān)在籠內(nèi)就不產(chǎn)仔。）
2）He was bred to be a gentleman.（他被作為紳士養(yǎng)育成人。）
3）They are of the same breed.（他們是同一類(lèi)人。）
4）They raise many breeds of dog.（他們養(yǎng)著許多不同種的狗。）
20.Provided conj. if （假如，若是）
1）We will be there before 10， provided we don't waste time.（如果我們不浪費(fèi)時(shí)間，我們就能在10點(diǎn)之前到那兒。）
2）We will go provided that the weather is fine.（假如天晴，我們就去。）
3）Provided that no objection is raised， we will set back the program.（如果沒(méi)人反對(duì)，我們就把這個(gè)項(xiàng)目推遲。）
請(qǐng)注意：provided不是過(guò)去分詞，而是連詞，作“假如，只要”解，在口語(yǔ)中常用providing. Provided that與if的不同在于：provided that所表示的“如果”，含有希望該條件實(shí)現(xiàn)的含義。
21.Determination n. 決心，決定；結(jié)論
determine v. 決定，決定
1）He is a man of determination.（他是一個(gè)有決斷力的人。）
2）This strengthened his determination not to give in.（這更堅(jiān)定了他不屈服的決心。）
3）The doctor's determination was made after the blood test.（醫(yī)生的結(jié)論是在驗(yàn)血之后作出的。）
4）We haven't determined a date for the meeting.（我們還沒(méi)有確定會(huì)議的日期。）
5）He determined to study harder.（他決心更努力地學(xué)習(xí)。）
6）They are determined to carry out the plan.（他們決心實(shí)施這一計(jì)劃。）
22.Clash n. 沖突 v. 發(fā)生沖突
1）Thousands of demonstrators clashed with the police.（數(shù)千名*者與警察發(fā)生了沖突。）
2）They wanted to visit both places， but the dates clashed.（他們兩個(gè)地方都想去，但日程有沖突。）
3）They got into a verbal clash because of a misunderstanding.（由于誤解他們產(chǎn)生了口角。）
4）An armed clash is unavoidable.（武裝沖突不可避免。）
請(qǐng)注意區(qū)別crash，crush和clash.
Crash指因墜下或猛沖而砰地碰撞，如plane crash（墜機(jī)）；crush指壓碎，壓壞，如crush a plot（粉碎陰謀）；crush grapes（榨葡萄）
本課簡(jiǎn)介
當(dāng)一個(gè)物種的死亡率高于出生率時(shí)，久而久之這個(gè)物種就會(huì)滅絕。自生命產(chǎn)生起的數(shù)百萬(wàn)年間，已有多個(gè)物種滅絕。無(wú)法適應(yīng)環(huán)境變化的生物，難以與適應(yīng)性更好、更強(qiáng)壯的生物相抗衡的生物，其后的命運(yùn)都將是消亡。在過(guò)去的幾十年中，人為地獵殺動(dòng)物或是改變其生息的自然環(huán)境已使得其些物種滅絕。如此事便不勝枚舉。亞馬遜地區(qū)自然環(huán)境的改變、植被的毀壞將使多個(gè)物種滅絕。盲目無(wú)度地獵殺動(dòng)物使得北美的水牛幾近滅絕。
越來(lái)越多的人們開(kāi)始關(guān)注野生動(dòng)植物的保護(hù)。方法之一是將瀕臨滅絕的物種移進(jìn)動(dòng)物園和公園，使它們有可能繁衍足夠多的后代將來(lái)能重返自然。方法之二是建立野生動(dòng)物保護(hù)區(qū)，使動(dòng)物在自然環(huán)境中得到照顧。
本課語(yǔ)言點(diǎn)
1. An animal species becomes extinct when it fails to produce enough young in each generation to keep pace with the death——rate.
本句中become是連系動(dòng)物， extinct是形容詞，extinct 通常指動(dòng)、植物的種滅絕，不再存在。句子中的it代指 （the） animal species.
fail to do sth. 意思是“沒(méi)能做到…”如：
1） He failed to realize his dream of flying round the world.（他沒(méi)能實(shí)現(xiàn)飛行世界的夢(mèng)想。）
2） I failed to persuade him to give up smoking.（我沒(méi)能勸說(shuō)他把煙戒掉。）
3） Don't fail to live up to what your parents expect of you.（別辜負(fù)父母對(duì)你的期望。）
4） Don't fail to wake me up.（不要忘記叫醒我。）
Keep pace with 是一個(gè)常用詞組，意思是“跟上”，如：
1）He was too old to keep pace with the modern ideas of life.（他年紀(jì)大了，跟不上現(xiàn)代生活觀(guān)念。）
2）Earnings have not kept pace with inflation.（收入還沒(méi)有與通貨膨脹的速度保持同步。）
2. We can tell from fossil evidence in rocks that many living species become extinct over the million of years since life began.
本句中的tell不是“告訴”的意思，而是“斷定”或“辨別”的意思。如：
1）Can you tell her from her twin sister？（你能分得出她和她的孿生姐妹嗎？）
2）Can you tell which is right？（你能斷定哪一人是對(duì)的嗎？）
that在句中引導(dǎo)賓主從句，做tell的賓語(yǔ)。
1）He had had a bad cold over Christmas.（他在圣誕節(jié)期間得了重傷風(fēng)。）
2）They read a lot of books over the vacation.（假期里他們看了不少書(shū)。）
3. …… extinction is the fate of any animal that has specialized too far to change when its environment changes， or has to compete with a better-adapted and more powerful animal.
that在句中引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句，修飾animal.
specialize 通常指“專(zhuān)門(mén)研究，專(zhuān)門(mén)從事”，如：
1） He specializes in medicine. （他專(zhuān)攻醫(yī)科。）
2） This shop specializes in cooking utensils.（這家商店專(zhuān)門(mén)經(jīng)銷(xiāo)飲具。）
在本課文中specialize的意思是“專(zhuān)化，以特殊方式演化。”
Animals and plants are specialized to fit their surroundings. （動(dòng)植物是按照特殊方式演化以適應(yīng)各自的環(huán)境的。）
too…to…的意思是“太…以致于不能…”如：
1） I was too disappointed to try again.（我太失望，不想再?lài)L試。）
2） He is too young to take care of himself.（他太年幼，照顧不了自己。）
compete with 意思是“與…競(jìng)爭(zhēng)”，也可用compete against.
1）He didn't want to compete with others for this position.（他不想與別人競(jìng)爭(zhēng)這個(gè)職位。）
2）Sometimes animals have to compete against each other for the chance to survive.（有時(shí)，動(dòng)物為了生存不能相互競(jìng)爭(zhēng)。）
better adapted意思是“適應(yīng)得更好的”。better是副詞well 的比較級(jí)形式，adapted 是過(guò)去分詞做形容詞用。這類(lèi)表達(dá)形式在英語(yǔ)中十分常見(jiàn)，如：well-known，poorly-dressed，better-prepared等等。
4. A number of examples can be given of the way in which natural environment are being rapidly changed……
a number of 意思是“許多”，如：
1）A number of proposals had been put forward at the meeting. （會(huì)上提出了許多建議。）
2）A number of students have passed the exam.（已有許多學(xué)生通過(guò)了考試。）
of在本句中的意思是關(guān)于，相當(dāng)于about.如：
1） They were not told of this new policy. （關(guān)于此項(xiàng)政策，他們沒(méi)有被告知。）
2） They wanted to know every detail of what had happened.（對(duì)于已發(fā)生的事，他們想知道每一個(gè)細(xì)節(jié)。）
5. There is every likelihood that many species of animals will be made extinct because of these and similar clearances of natural vegetation.
Likelihood是一個(gè)名詞，意思是“可能”，相當(dāng)于 possibility，that在本句中引導(dǎo)同位語(yǔ)從句，對(duì) likelihood作進(jìn)一步的補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明。如：There is no doubt that he is a reliable person.（毫無(wú)疑問(wèn)，他是一個(gè)可信賴(lài)的人。）
Clearance 在本句中的意思是“（植被）砍伐殆盡；清除?！?BR> Clearances of vegetation will lead to the loss of water and soil.（砍伐植被會(huì)引起水土流失。）
6. The North American buffalo is a case of the near-extinction of a species through hunting.
a case of 在本句中的意思是“一個(gè)例子，”相當(dāng)于“an example of ” 如：
1） This is a case of students cheating on exams. （這就是學(xué)生作弊的一個(gè)例子。）
2） It is a typical case of misunderstanding.（這就是誤解的典解例子。）
在第九單元中我們已經(jīng)學(xué)過(guò)case這個(gè)詞，請(qǐng)注意掌握與case 有關(guān)的幾個(gè)短語(yǔ)：
in any case （無(wú)論如何，總之）
in case （假如；以免）
in the case of （就…來(lái)說(shuō)，至于…）
in this case （既然是這樣）
through在句中的意思是“由于，因?yàn)椤保?相當(dāng)于because.
1） The mistakes were made through carelessness.（這些錯(cuò)誤是由于粗心大意造成的。）
2） Many people are hard of hearing through old age.（許多人因年老而聽(tīng)覺(jué)不靈。）
7. But even when the danger is widely publicized， the financial rewards for the hunters may be so great that they choose to ignore the threat to the species.
publicize是個(gè)動(dòng)詞，意思是“宣傳”，在第十七單元中我們已學(xué)過(guò)這個(gè)詞，－ize是一個(gè)動(dòng)詞后綴，通常用在形容詞的后面構(gòu)成動(dòng)詞。
financial rewards 意思是“賞金”。reward 在本句中作名詞，有時(shí)也可作動(dòng)詞用，如：
1） He offered a reward of 1000 yuan for the finder of his pet dog.（他給拾得他的寵物狗的人酬謝1000元。）
2） His efforts were rewarded by success.（他的努力獲得了成功。）
choose后面接不定式，表示“選定，愿意”，如：
1）He chose to stay there for another week. （他決意在那兒再住一周。）
2）I chose to say nothing about it.（我決意對(duì)那件事閉口不談。）
在名詞threat后面用介詞to，表示“對(duì)…的威脅”。如：
The clearance of vegetation will be a great threat to the wildlife.（把植被砍伐殆盡對(duì)野生動(dòng)物將是極大的威脅。）
8. And animals are sometimes killed out of a wish to reduce numbers to help the species to survive.
out of 在本句中以及前一個(gè)幾句子中的意思是“出于”，如：
1）He was silent out of embarrassment.（他由于窘迫而沉默。）
2）She opened the mail out of curiosity. （她出于好奇打開(kāi)了郵件。）
句子中前一個(gè)動(dòng)詞不定式to reduce number…在句子中作定語(yǔ)，修飾名詞wish.如：
1） They failed in their attempt to land on the island.（他們?cè)趰u上登陸的企圖失敗了。）
2） I have no confidence in my ability to fulfil the task.（我對(duì)自己完成這項(xiàng)任務(wù)的能力沒(méi)有信心。）
句子中的第二個(gè)動(dòng)詞不定式to help the species to survive做目的狀語(yǔ)，相當(dāng)于so as to或in order to help the species…。如：
1）He worked harder （so as） to catch up with the others.（他更努力地學(xué)習(xí)以趕上別人。）
2）To achieve the aim， we must learn from others. （為了實(shí)現(xiàn)這個(gè)目標(biāo)，我們必須向他人學(xué)習(xí)。）
9.The killing of the Canadian seals is claimed to be for this purpose， and the use of their skins for furs is only a by-product.
be claimed to 在本句中的意思是“據(jù)說(shuō)”。如：
He is claimed to have inherited a lot of money.（據(jù)說(shuō)他繼承了一大筆錢(qián)。）
for this purpose 意思是“為這個(gè)目的”。如：
1）They decided to have a talk for military purpose. （為了軍事目的，他們決定進(jìn)行會(huì)談。）
2）For this purpose， I gave him all the necessary materials. （為了這個(gè)目的，我把所需的材料都給了他。）
請(qǐng)注意掌握與 purpose有關(guān)的一些短語(yǔ)：
on purpose （為了；故意地）
to the purpose （中肯的；合適的）
10. There is always the chance that enough off-spring will be born to return them one day to their natural environment-provided it still exists， and that hunters don't kill them again！
本句中的第一個(gè)that引導(dǎo)的是一個(gè)同位語(yǔ)從句，對(duì)名詞chance做進(jìn)一步解釋。
Provided在句中做介詞用，相當(dāng)于if.如：
1）I will give you the money provided you tell me the truth. （如果你說(shuō)實(shí)話(huà)，我會(huì)給你錢(qián)。）
2）He will come to the party provided he has time.（如果有時(shí)間他會(huì)來(lái)參加聚會(huì)。）
在詞匯部分我們提到過(guò)，口語(yǔ)中常用providing替代provided.
11.But the parks are large， the wardens few and the determination of hunters very great.
本句中，形容詞few和great的前面省去了be 動(dòng)詞（few 前省去了are ，great 前省去了is），作者是要告訴讀者，公園太大，管理人太少，獵人們的決心太過(guò)堅(jiān)定，因而野生動(dòng)物的保護(hù)問(wèn)題仍然難得解決。
12.The hunters were armed with modern weapons and several people were killed.
arm在本句中用作動(dòng)詞，意思是“武裝，裝備”，be armed with意思是“以…裝備起來(lái)的”。
1） They believed they would win as they were armed with modern weapons.（他們堅(jiān)信自己會(huì)贏，因?yàn)樗麄冇鞋F(xiàn)代化的武器裝備。）
2） Armed with secretarial skills she will find a job easily.（具備了秘書(shū)的技能，她會(huì)很容易地找到一份工作。）
13. … and tourism can add to the income of countries.
add to的意思是“增加”，如：
1）The newly built squares add to the beauty of this city.（新建的廣場(chǎng)增加了這座城市的美觀(guān)。）
2）Your company adds to the enjoyment of our visit.（有你的陪同，我們這次訪(fǎng)問(wèn)更加愉快了。）
3）I hope my arrival would not add to your difficulties. （希望我的到來(lái)不能增添你們的困難。）
本課主要詞組
1. keep pace with
2. compete with
3. because of
4. at such a rate
5. at surprising speed
6. a case of
7. choose to
8. lead to
9. such as
10.out of existence
11. out of fear
12. be claimed to
13. for this purpose
14. be concerned about
15. under threat of
16. be armed with
17. add to
18. look after
19. in a different form
Text B The Killer Smogs
短語(yǔ)表達(dá)
1. be filled with
Her eyes were filled with tears when she told us the story.
The room is filled with boxes of all sizes.
2. wash away
The rich soil was washed away as there were no trees and grass to hold it.
It took her quite a while to wash away the stains on her coat.
3. be caused by
Lung cancer might be caused by excessive smoking.
The accident was caused by the driver's carelessness.
4. be known for
He is known for his wide scope of knowledge.
Scotland is known for its beautiful countryside.
5. combine with
It is necessary to combine theory with practice.
See what will happen if you combine hydrogen with oxygen.
6. prevent from
Bad weather prevented them from going camping.
The terrible noise prevented me from getting a good sleep.
7. pile up
Pile up the books on the table， please.
Don't wait until problems pile up.
8. due to
The train was late due to heavy fog.
Our achievements are due to their help.
9. add to
His explanation added to her annoyance.
More happiness will be added to people's life if you are generous enough to give praise.
19.Breed v. 繁殖；飼養(yǎng)；養(yǎng)育 n. 品種，種類(lèi)
1）Some animals will not breed when caged.（有些動(dòng)物關(guān)在籠內(nèi)就不產(chǎn)仔。）
2）He was bred to be a gentleman.（他被作為紳士養(yǎng)育成人。）
3）They are of the same breed.（他們是同一類(lèi)人。）
4）They raise many breeds of dog.（他們養(yǎng)著許多不同種的狗。）
20.Provided conj. if （假如，若是）
1）We will be there before 10， provided we don't waste time.（如果我們不浪費(fèi)時(shí)間，我們就能在10點(diǎn)之前到那兒。）
2）We will go provided that the weather is fine.（假如天晴，我們就去。）
3）Provided that no objection is raised， we will set back the program.（如果沒(méi)人反對(duì)，我們就把這個(gè)項(xiàng)目推遲。）
請(qǐng)注意：provided不是過(guò)去分詞，而是連詞，作“假如，只要”解，在口語(yǔ)中常用providing. Provided that與if的不同在于：provided that所表示的“如果”，含有希望該條件實(shí)現(xiàn)的含義。
21.Determination n. 決心，決定；結(jié)論
determine v. 決定，決定
1）He is a man of determination.（他是一個(gè)有決斷力的人。）
2）This strengthened his determination not to give in.（這更堅(jiān)定了他不屈服的決心。）
3）The doctor's determination was made after the blood test.（醫(yī)生的結(jié)論是在驗(yàn)血之后作出的。）
4）We haven't determined a date for the meeting.（我們還沒(méi)有確定會(huì)議的日期。）
5）He determined to study harder.（他決心更努力地學(xué)習(xí)。）
6）They are determined to carry out the plan.（他們決心實(shí)施這一計(jì)劃。）
22.Clash n. 沖突 v. 發(fā)生沖突
1）Thousands of demonstrators clashed with the police.（數(shù)千名*者與警察發(fā)生了沖突。）
2）They wanted to visit both places， but the dates clashed.（他們兩個(gè)地方都想去，但日程有沖突。）
3）They got into a verbal clash because of a misunderstanding.（由于誤解他們產(chǎn)生了口角。）
4）An armed clash is unavoidable.（武裝沖突不可避免。）
請(qǐng)注意區(qū)別crash，crush和clash.
Crash指因墜下或猛沖而砰地碰撞，如plane crash（墜機(jī)）；crush指壓碎，壓壞，如crush a plot（粉碎陰謀）；crush grapes（榨葡萄）
本課簡(jiǎn)介
當(dāng)一個(gè)物種的死亡率高于出生率時(shí)，久而久之這個(gè)物種就會(huì)滅絕。自生命產(chǎn)生起的數(shù)百萬(wàn)年間，已有多個(gè)物種滅絕。無(wú)法適應(yīng)環(huán)境變化的生物，難以與適應(yīng)性更好、更強(qiáng)壯的生物相抗衡的生物，其后的命運(yùn)都將是消亡。在過(guò)去的幾十年中，人為地獵殺動(dòng)物或是改變其生息的自然環(huán)境已使得其些物種滅絕。如此事便不勝枚舉。亞馬遜地區(qū)自然環(huán)境的改變、植被的毀壞將使多個(gè)物種滅絕。盲目無(wú)度地獵殺動(dòng)物使得北美的水牛幾近滅絕。
越來(lái)越多的人們開(kāi)始關(guān)注野生動(dòng)植物的保護(hù)。方法之一是將瀕臨滅絕的物種移進(jìn)動(dòng)物園和公園，使它們有可能繁衍足夠多的后代將來(lái)能重返自然。方法之二是建立野生動(dòng)物保護(hù)區(qū)，使動(dòng)物在自然環(huán)境中得到照顧。
本課語(yǔ)言點(diǎn)
1. An animal species becomes extinct when it fails to produce enough young in each generation to keep pace with the death——rate.
本句中become是連系動(dòng)物， extinct是形容詞，extinct 通常指動(dòng)、植物的種滅絕，不再存在。句子中的it代指 （the） animal species.
fail to do sth. 意思是“沒(méi)能做到…”如：
1） He failed to realize his dream of flying round the world.（他沒(méi)能實(shí)現(xiàn)飛行世界的夢(mèng)想。）
2） I failed to persuade him to give up smoking.（我沒(méi)能勸說(shuō)他把煙戒掉。）
3） Don't fail to live up to what your parents expect of you.（別辜負(fù)父母對(duì)你的期望。）
4） Don't fail to wake me up.（不要忘記叫醒我。）
Keep pace with 是一個(gè)常用詞組，意思是“跟上”，如：
1）He was too old to keep pace with the modern ideas of life.（他年紀(jì)大了，跟不上現(xiàn)代生活觀(guān)念。）
2）Earnings have not kept pace with inflation.（收入還沒(méi)有與通貨膨脹的速度保持同步。）
2. We can tell from fossil evidence in rocks that many living species become extinct over the million of years since life began.
本句中的tell不是“告訴”的意思，而是“斷定”或“辨別”的意思。如：
1）Can you tell her from her twin sister？（你能分得出她和她的孿生姐妹嗎？）
2）Can you tell which is right？（你能斷定哪一人是對(duì)的嗎？）
that在句中引導(dǎo)賓主從句，做tell的賓語(yǔ)。
1）He had had a bad cold over Christmas.（他在圣誕節(jié)期間得了重傷風(fēng)。）
2）They read a lot of books over the vacation.（假期里他們看了不少書(shū)。）
3. …… extinction is the fate of any animal that has specialized too far to change when its environment changes， or has to compete with a better-adapted and more powerful animal.
that在句中引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句，修飾animal.
specialize 通常指“專(zhuān)門(mén)研究，專(zhuān)門(mén)從事”，如：
1） He specializes in medicine. （他專(zhuān)攻醫(yī)科。）
2） This shop specializes in cooking utensils.（這家商店專(zhuān)門(mén)經(jīng)銷(xiāo)飲具。）
在本課文中specialize的意思是“專(zhuān)化，以特殊方式演化。”
Animals and plants are specialized to fit their surroundings. （動(dòng)植物是按照特殊方式演化以適應(yīng)各自的環(huán)境的。）
too…to…的意思是“太…以致于不能…”如：
1） I was too disappointed to try again.（我太失望，不想再?lài)L試。）
2） He is too young to take care of himself.（他太年幼，照顧不了自己。）
compete with 意思是“與…競(jìng)爭(zhēng)”，也可用compete against.
1）He didn't want to compete with others for this position.（他不想與別人競(jìng)爭(zhēng)這個(gè)職位。）
2）Sometimes animals have to compete against each other for the chance to survive.（有時(shí)，動(dòng)物為了生存不能相互競(jìng)爭(zhēng)。）
better adapted意思是“適應(yīng)得更好的”。better是副詞well 的比較級(jí)形式，adapted 是過(guò)去分詞做形容詞用。這類(lèi)表達(dá)形式在英語(yǔ)中十分常見(jiàn)，如：well-known，poorly-dressed，better-prepared等等。
4. A number of examples can be given of the way in which natural environment are being rapidly changed……
a number of 意思是“許多”，如：
1）A number of proposals had been put forward at the meeting. （會(huì)上提出了許多建議。）
2）A number of students have passed the exam.（已有許多學(xué)生通過(guò)了考試。）
of在本句中的意思是關(guān)于，相當(dāng)于about.如：
1） They were not told of this new policy. （關(guān)于此項(xiàng)政策，他們沒(méi)有被告知。）
2） They wanted to know every detail of what had happened.（對(duì)于已發(fā)生的事，他們想知道每一個(gè)細(xì)節(jié)。）
5. There is every likelihood that many species of animals will be made extinct because of these and similar clearances of natural vegetation.
Likelihood是一個(gè)名詞，意思是“可能”，相當(dāng)于 possibility，that在本句中引導(dǎo)同位語(yǔ)從句，對(duì) likelihood作進(jìn)一步的補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明。如：There is no doubt that he is a reliable person.（毫無(wú)疑問(wèn)，他是一個(gè)可信賴(lài)的人。）
Clearance 在本句中的意思是“（植被）砍伐殆盡；清除?！?BR> Clearances of vegetation will lead to the loss of water and soil.（砍伐植被會(huì)引起水土流失。）
6. The North American buffalo is a case of the near-extinction of a species through hunting.
a case of 在本句中的意思是“一個(gè)例子，”相當(dāng)于“an example of ” 如：
1） This is a case of students cheating on exams. （這就是學(xué)生作弊的一個(gè)例子。）
2） It is a typical case of misunderstanding.（這就是誤解的典解例子。）
在第九單元中我們已經(jīng)學(xué)過(guò)case這個(gè)詞，請(qǐng)注意掌握與case 有關(guān)的幾個(gè)短語(yǔ)：
in any case （無(wú)論如何，總之）
in case （假如；以免）
in the case of （就…來(lái)說(shuō)，至于…）
in this case （既然是這樣）
through在句中的意思是“由于，因?yàn)椤保?相當(dāng)于because.
1） The mistakes were made through carelessness.（這些錯(cuò)誤是由于粗心大意造成的。）
2） Many people are hard of hearing through old age.（許多人因年老而聽(tīng)覺(jué)不靈。）
7. But even when the danger is widely publicized， the financial rewards for the hunters may be so great that they choose to ignore the threat to the species.
publicize是個(gè)動(dòng)詞，意思是“宣傳”，在第十七單元中我們已學(xué)過(guò)這個(gè)詞，－ize是一個(gè)動(dòng)詞后綴，通常用在形容詞的后面構(gòu)成動(dòng)詞。
financial rewards 意思是“賞金”。reward 在本句中作名詞，有時(shí)也可作動(dòng)詞用，如：
1） He offered a reward of 1000 yuan for the finder of his pet dog.（他給拾得他的寵物狗的人酬謝1000元。）
2） His efforts were rewarded by success.（他的努力獲得了成功。）
choose后面接不定式，表示“選定，愿意”，如：
1）He chose to stay there for another week. （他決意在那兒再住一周。）
2）I chose to say nothing about it.（我決意對(duì)那件事閉口不談。）
在名詞threat后面用介詞to，表示“對(duì)…的威脅”。如：
The clearance of vegetation will be a great threat to the wildlife.（把植被砍伐殆盡對(duì)野生動(dòng)物將是極大的威脅。）
8. And animals are sometimes killed out of a wish to reduce numbers to help the species to survive.
out of 在本句中以及前一個(gè)幾句子中的意思是“出于”，如：
1）He was silent out of embarrassment.（他由于窘迫而沉默。）
2）She opened the mail out of curiosity. （她出于好奇打開(kāi)了郵件。）
句子中前一個(gè)動(dòng)詞不定式to reduce number…在句子中作定語(yǔ)，修飾名詞wish.如：
1） They failed in their attempt to land on the island.（他們?cè)趰u上登陸的企圖失敗了。）
2） I have no confidence in my ability to fulfil the task.（我對(duì)自己完成這項(xiàng)任務(wù)的能力沒(méi)有信心。）
句子中的第二個(gè)動(dòng)詞不定式to help the species to survive做目的狀語(yǔ)，相當(dāng)于so as to或in order to help the species…。如：
1）He worked harder （so as） to catch up with the others.（他更努力地學(xué)習(xí)以趕上別人。）
2）To achieve the aim， we must learn from others. （為了實(shí)現(xiàn)這個(gè)目標(biāo)，我們必須向他人學(xué)習(xí)。）
9.The killing of the Canadian seals is claimed to be for this purpose， and the use of their skins for furs is only a by-product.
be claimed to 在本句中的意思是“據(jù)說(shuō)”。如：
He is claimed to have inherited a lot of money.（據(jù)說(shuō)他繼承了一大筆錢(qián)。）
for this purpose 意思是“為這個(gè)目的”。如：
1）They decided to have a talk for military purpose. （為了軍事目的，他們決定進(jìn)行會(huì)談。）
2）For this purpose， I gave him all the necessary materials. （為了這個(gè)目的，我把所需的材料都給了他。）
請(qǐng)注意掌握與 purpose有關(guān)的一些短語(yǔ)：
on purpose （為了；故意地）
to the purpose （中肯的；合適的）
10. There is always the chance that enough off-spring will be born to return them one day to their natural environment-provided it still exists， and that hunters don't kill them again！
本句中的第一個(gè)that引導(dǎo)的是一個(gè)同位語(yǔ)從句，對(duì)名詞chance做進(jìn)一步解釋。
Provided在句中做介詞用，相當(dāng)于if.如：
1）I will give you the money provided you tell me the truth. （如果你說(shuō)實(shí)話(huà)，我會(huì)給你錢(qián)。）
2）He will come to the party provided he has time.（如果有時(shí)間他會(huì)來(lái)參加聚會(huì)。）
在詞匯部分我們提到過(guò)，口語(yǔ)中常用providing替代provided.
11.But the parks are large， the wardens few and the determination of hunters very great.
本句中，形容詞few和great的前面省去了be 動(dòng)詞（few 前省去了are ，great 前省去了is），作者是要告訴讀者，公園太大，管理人太少，獵人們的決心太過(guò)堅(jiān)定，因而野生動(dòng)物的保護(hù)問(wèn)題仍然難得解決。
12.The hunters were armed with modern weapons and several people were killed.
arm在本句中用作動(dòng)詞，意思是“武裝，裝備”，be armed with意思是“以…裝備起來(lái)的”。
1） They believed they would win as they were armed with modern weapons.（他們堅(jiān)信自己會(huì)贏，因?yàn)樗麄冇鞋F(xiàn)代化的武器裝備。）
2） Armed with secretarial skills she will find a job easily.（具備了秘書(shū)的技能，她會(huì)很容易地找到一份工作。）
13. … and tourism can add to the income of countries.
add to的意思是“增加”，如：
1）The newly built squares add to the beauty of this city.（新建的廣場(chǎng)增加了這座城市的美觀(guān)。）
2）Your company adds to the enjoyment of our visit.（有你的陪同，我們這次訪(fǎng)問(wèn)更加愉快了。）
3）I hope my arrival would not add to your difficulties. （希望我的到來(lái)不能增添你們的困難。）
本課主要詞組
1. keep pace with
2. compete with
3. because of
4. at such a rate
5. at surprising speed
6. a case of
7. choose to
8. lead to
9. such as
10.out of existence
11. out of fear
12. be claimed to
13. for this purpose
14. be concerned about
15. under threat of
16. be armed with
17. add to
18. look after
19. in a different form
Text B The Killer Smogs
短語(yǔ)表達(dá)
1. be filled with
Her eyes were filled with tears when she told us the story.
The room is filled with boxes of all sizes.
2. wash away
The rich soil was washed away as there were no trees and grass to hold it.
It took her quite a while to wash away the stains on her coat.
3. be caused by
Lung cancer might be caused by excessive smoking.
The accident was caused by the driver's carelessness.
4. be known for
He is known for his wide scope of knowledge.
Scotland is known for its beautiful countryside.
5. combine with
It is necessary to combine theory with practice.
See what will happen if you combine hydrogen with oxygen.
6. prevent from
Bad weather prevented them from going camping.
The terrible noise prevented me from getting a good sleep.
7. pile up
Pile up the books on the table， please.
Don't wait until problems pile up.
8. due to
The train was late due to heavy fog.
Our achievements are due to their help.
9. add to
His explanation added to her annoyance.
More happiness will be added to people's life if you are generous enough to give praise.