Wordsworth thinks that common life is the only subject of literary interest. The joys and sorrows of the common people are his themes.
C. 藝術(shù)特色
A）. The memory of the past:
Wordsworth is a poet in memory of the past. To him, life is a cyclical journey. His philosophy of life is presented in his masterpiece The Prelude.
B）. The deliberate simplicity:
Wordsworth's deliberate simplicity and refusal to decorate the truth of experience produced a kind of pure and profound poetry which no other poet has ever equaled. He maintained that the scenes and events of everyday life and the speech of ordinary people were the raw material of which poetry could and should be made.
翻譯:Ⅳ、 新古典主義時(shí)期: The neoclassical period
1. 時(shí)間界定The neoclassical period is between the return of the Stuarts in 1660 and the full assertion of Romanticism which came with the publication of Lyrical Ballads 《抒情歌謠集》（Wordsworth & Coleridge）in 1798.
2. 啟蒙運(yùn)動(dòng)A. 概述The eighteenth-century England is also known as the Age of Enlightenment or the Age of Reason. The Enlightenment Movement was a progressive改革 intellectual知識(shí)分子 movement. b.起源It flourished繁榮 in France and swept through席卷 the whole Western Europe at the time （in the 18th century）
c.性質(zhì)The movement was a furtherance促進(jìn) of the Renaissance of the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. d.目的Its purpose was to enlighten the whole world with the light of modern philosophical and artistic ideas哲學(xué)和藝術(shù)觀(guān)點(diǎn). B. 人文觀(guān)與文學(xué)特點(diǎn)a. The enlighteners advocated universal education. They believed that human beings were limited, dualistic二元的, imperfect, and yet capable of rationality and perfection through education通過(guò)受教育達(dá)到理性和完善. b. Literature at the time, heavily didactic說(shuō)教 and moralizing說(shuō)教, became a very popular means of public education.
3. 文學(xué)形式A. 傷感主義文學(xué)In the last few decades of the 18th century, however, the neoclassical emphasis upon reason, intellect, wit and form was rebelled against or challenged by the sentimentalists, and was gradually by Romanticism. B. 新古典主義詩(shī)歌The neoclassical period witnessed the flourish of English poetry in the classical style climaxing with John Dryden, Alexander Pope and Samuel Johnson蒲伯和約翰遜. C. 現(xiàn)實(shí)主義小說(shuō)The mid-?18century was, however, predominated by a newly rising literary form – the modern English novel, gives a realistic presentation of life of the common English people. D. 哥特式小說(shuō)及其它Gothic novels – mostly stories of mystery and horror which take place in some haunted or dilapidated Middle Age castles – were turned out profusely by both male and female writers.
4. 主要作家與作品
1.班揚(yáng): John Bunyan A. 作品風(fēng)格a. Bunyan's style was modeled after that of the English Bible 模仿圣經(jīng). b. He used concrete（具體的） and living language and vivid details. c. He made it possible for the reader of the least education to share the pleasure of reading his novel. B. 代表作a. The Pilgrim's Progress天路歷程 is the most successful religious allegory in the English language b. Its predominant metaphor— life as a journey— is simple and familiar.
2.蒲柏: Alexander Pope A. 現(xiàn)實(shí)批評(píng)觀(guān)a. He upheld支持 the existing現(xiàn)存的 social system as an ideal one, but he was not entirely blind to the rapid moral, political and cultural deterioration. b. He published The Rape of the Lock《奪鎖記》and use the mock epic（?諷刺史詩(shī)） form to retell the cutting of the lock, to ridicule嘲笑 the trivial incident生活瑣事 and to satirize諷刺性描寫(xiě) the foolish, meaningless life of the lords and ladies in the aristocratic bourgeois society of the eighteenth century England. B.文學(xué)觀(guān)He strongly advocated neoclassicism. C代表作品An Essay on Criticism《論批評(píng)》, The Rape of the Lock《奪鎖記》, The Dunciad, An Essay on Man. The translations of Homer's Iliad and Odyssey. The edition of Shakespeare's plays.
3.笛福: Daniel Defoe A. 主要作品a. The first novel: Robinson Crusoe《羅賓漢》. b. four other novels: Captain Singleton, Moll Flanders, Colonel Jack and Roxana. c. The pseudo-factual account of Great Plague: A Journal the Plague Year. B. 代表作a. Robinson Crusoe, an adventure story very much in the spirit of the time, is universally considered his masterpiece. b. Robinson is here a real hero: a typical eighteenth-century English middle-class man. c. He is the very prototype原型 of the empire builder, the pioneer colonist殖民者先驅(qū). In describing Robinson's life on the island, Defoe glorifies贊揚(yáng) human labor and the Puritan fortitude清教徒的堅(jiān)韌.
4.斯威夫特: Jonathan Swift A. 創(chuàng)作: a. The works to establish his name: A Tale of a Tub and The Battle of the Books established his name as a satirist諷刺作家. b. . The Drapier's letters He published, under the pseudonym筆名[/COLOR] of Drapier, a series of letters. Even today Swift is still respected as a national hero in Ireland. c. . The greatest satiric work: He wrote and published his greatest satiric work, Gulliver's Travels《格列佛游記》. B. 代表作a. Gulliver's Travels, Jonathan's best fictional work. The book contains four parts: His experience in Lilliput, Alone in Brobdingnag, Visit to the Flying Island and Account of his discoveries in the Houyhnhnm land. In structure, the four parts make an organic whole. b. Gulliver gives an account of some aspects of Lilliputian life and obviously alludes to the similar ridiculous practices or tricks of the English government.
5.費(fèi)爾丁Henry Fielding A. 戲劇創(chuàng)作The best known are The coffee-House Politician, The Tragedy of Tragedies, Pasquin, and The Historical Register for the Year1736. B. 小說(shuō)創(chuàng)作a. The History of the Adventures of Joseph Andrews and of his friend Mr. Abraham Adams, the book quickly turns into a great novel of the open road, a “comic epic in prose”. b. The History of Jonathan Wild the Great, points out the Great Man is no better than a great gangster. c. The History of Tom Jones《湯姆瓊斯》, a Foundling and The History of Amelia. The former is a masterpiece on the subject of human nature and the latter the story of the unfortunate life of an idealized woman. C. 對(duì)文學(xué)的貢獻(xiàn)About novel: A）. The purpose of the novel was not just to amuse, but to instruct. The object of his novel was to present a faithful picture of life, to teach men to know themselves. B）. Fielding has been regarded by some as “Father of the English Novel英國(guó)小說(shuō)之父,”
a. He was the first to set out, to write specifically a “comic epic in prose”. b. The first to give the modern novel現(xiàn)代小說(shuō) its structure and style. c. Fielding adopted “the third-person narration”. d. In planning his stories, he tries to retain the grand epical form of the classical works but at the same time keeps faithful to his realistic presentation of common life as it is. About language: A）. Fielding's language is easy, unlaboured and familiar, but extremely vivid and vigorous. B）. His sentences are always distinguished by logic and rhythm, and his structure carefully planned towards an inevitable ending.
6.約翰遜Samuel Johnson A. 代表作品As a lexicographer, Johnson distinguished himself as the author of the first English dictionary by an Englishman –A Dictionary of the English Language《英語(yǔ)字典》B. 新古典主義文學(xué)觀(guān)a. The literary theme: He was very much concerned with the theme of the vanity空虛 of human wishes. b. The principle of literary creation: In literary creation and criticism, he was rather conservative. He insisted that a writer must please to universal truth and experience, i.e. Nature.
7.謝立丹Richard Brinsley Sheridan A. 創(chuàng)作a） The masterpiece: The School for Scandal,《造謠學(xué)校》b） others: the Rivals, St. Patrick's Day, or the Scheming Lieutenant, The Duenna, The Critic and Pizarro. B. 戲劇主題與藝術(shù)成就a. The status: Sheridan was the only important English dramatist of the eighteenth century. His plays link between the masterpieces of Shakespeare and those of Bernard Shaw. b. The theme: In his plays, morality is the constant theme道德是不變主題.
8.格雷Thomas Gray
A. 主要作品
a. His masterpiece, “Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard” 《墓園挽歌》
b. The poem established his fame as the leader of the sentimental poetry of the day, His other poems include “Ode on the Spring”, “Ode on a Distant Prospect of Eton College”, “Ode on the Death of a Favourite Cat” and “Hymn to Adversity”
B. 詩(shī)歌風(fēng)格
a. Gray wrote slowly and carefully, painstakingly seeking perfection of form and phrase.
b. His poems are characterized by an exquisite sense of form.
c. His style is sophisticated and allusive詭辯和影射的風(fēng)格.
d. His poems are often marked with the trait of a highly artificial diction and a distorted word order.
C. 藝術(shù)特色
A）. The memory of the past:
Wordsworth is a poet in memory of the past. To him, life is a cyclical journey. His philosophy of life is presented in his masterpiece The Prelude.
B）. The deliberate simplicity:
Wordsworth's deliberate simplicity and refusal to decorate the truth of experience produced a kind of pure and profound poetry which no other poet has ever equaled. He maintained that the scenes and events of everyday life and the speech of ordinary people were the raw material of which poetry could and should be made.
翻譯:Ⅳ、 新古典主義時(shí)期: The neoclassical period
1. 時(shí)間界定The neoclassical period is between the return of the Stuarts in 1660 and the full assertion of Romanticism which came with the publication of Lyrical Ballads 《抒情歌謠集》（Wordsworth & Coleridge）in 1798.
2. 啟蒙運(yùn)動(dòng)A. 概述The eighteenth-century England is also known as the Age of Enlightenment or the Age of Reason. The Enlightenment Movement was a progressive改革 intellectual知識(shí)分子 movement. b.起源It flourished繁榮 in France and swept through席卷 the whole Western Europe at the time （in the 18th century）
c.性質(zhì)The movement was a furtherance促進(jìn) of the Renaissance of the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. d.目的Its purpose was to enlighten the whole world with the light of modern philosophical and artistic ideas哲學(xué)和藝術(shù)觀(guān)點(diǎn). B. 人文觀(guān)與文學(xué)特點(diǎn)a. The enlighteners advocated universal education. They believed that human beings were limited, dualistic二元的, imperfect, and yet capable of rationality and perfection through education通過(guò)受教育達(dá)到理性和完善. b. Literature at the time, heavily didactic說(shuō)教 and moralizing說(shuō)教, became a very popular means of public education.
3. 文學(xué)形式A. 傷感主義文學(xué)In the last few decades of the 18th century, however, the neoclassical emphasis upon reason, intellect, wit and form was rebelled against or challenged by the sentimentalists, and was gradually by Romanticism. B. 新古典主義詩(shī)歌The neoclassical period witnessed the flourish of English poetry in the classical style climaxing with John Dryden, Alexander Pope and Samuel Johnson蒲伯和約翰遜. C. 現(xiàn)實(shí)主義小說(shuō)The mid-?18century was, however, predominated by a newly rising literary form – the modern English novel, gives a realistic presentation of life of the common English people. D. 哥特式小說(shuō)及其它Gothic novels – mostly stories of mystery and horror which take place in some haunted or dilapidated Middle Age castles – were turned out profusely by both male and female writers.
4. 主要作家與作品
1.班揚(yáng): John Bunyan A. 作品風(fēng)格a. Bunyan's style was modeled after that of the English Bible 模仿圣經(jīng). b. He used concrete（具體的） and living language and vivid details. c. He made it possible for the reader of the least education to share the pleasure of reading his novel. B. 代表作a. The Pilgrim's Progress天路歷程 is the most successful religious allegory in the English language b. Its predominant metaphor— life as a journey— is simple and familiar.
2.蒲柏: Alexander Pope A. 現(xiàn)實(shí)批評(píng)觀(guān)a. He upheld支持 the existing現(xiàn)存的 social system as an ideal one, but he was not entirely blind to the rapid moral, political and cultural deterioration. b. He published The Rape of the Lock《奪鎖記》and use the mock epic（?諷刺史詩(shī)） form to retell the cutting of the lock, to ridicule嘲笑 the trivial incident生活瑣事 and to satirize諷刺性描寫(xiě) the foolish, meaningless life of the lords and ladies in the aristocratic bourgeois society of the eighteenth century England. B.文學(xué)觀(guān)He strongly advocated neoclassicism. C代表作品An Essay on Criticism《論批評(píng)》, The Rape of the Lock《奪鎖記》, The Dunciad, An Essay on Man. The translations of Homer's Iliad and Odyssey. The edition of Shakespeare's plays.
3.笛福: Daniel Defoe A. 主要作品a. The first novel: Robinson Crusoe《羅賓漢》. b. four other novels: Captain Singleton, Moll Flanders, Colonel Jack and Roxana. c. The pseudo-factual account of Great Plague: A Journal the Plague Year. B. 代表作a. Robinson Crusoe, an adventure story very much in the spirit of the time, is universally considered his masterpiece. b. Robinson is here a real hero: a typical eighteenth-century English middle-class man. c. He is the very prototype原型 of the empire builder, the pioneer colonist殖民者先驅(qū). In describing Robinson's life on the island, Defoe glorifies贊揚(yáng) human labor and the Puritan fortitude清教徒的堅(jiān)韌.
4.斯威夫特: Jonathan Swift A. 創(chuàng)作: a. The works to establish his name: A Tale of a Tub and The Battle of the Books established his name as a satirist諷刺作家. b. . The Drapier's letters He published, under the pseudonym筆名[/COLOR] of Drapier, a series of letters. Even today Swift is still respected as a national hero in Ireland. c. . The greatest satiric work: He wrote and published his greatest satiric work, Gulliver's Travels《格列佛游記》. B. 代表作a. Gulliver's Travels, Jonathan's best fictional work. The book contains four parts: His experience in Lilliput, Alone in Brobdingnag, Visit to the Flying Island and Account of his discoveries in the Houyhnhnm land. In structure, the four parts make an organic whole. b. Gulliver gives an account of some aspects of Lilliputian life and obviously alludes to the similar ridiculous practices or tricks of the English government.
5.費(fèi)爾丁Henry Fielding A. 戲劇創(chuàng)作The best known are The coffee-House Politician, The Tragedy of Tragedies, Pasquin, and The Historical Register for the Year1736. B. 小說(shuō)創(chuàng)作a. The History of the Adventures of Joseph Andrews and of his friend Mr. Abraham Adams, the book quickly turns into a great novel of the open road, a “comic epic in prose”. b. The History of Jonathan Wild the Great, points out the Great Man is no better than a great gangster. c. The History of Tom Jones《湯姆瓊斯》, a Foundling and The History of Amelia. The former is a masterpiece on the subject of human nature and the latter the story of the unfortunate life of an idealized woman. C. 對(duì)文學(xué)的貢獻(xiàn)About novel: A）. The purpose of the novel was not just to amuse, but to instruct. The object of his novel was to present a faithful picture of life, to teach men to know themselves. B）. Fielding has been regarded by some as “Father of the English Novel英國(guó)小說(shuō)之父,”
a. He was the first to set out, to write specifically a “comic epic in prose”. b. The first to give the modern novel現(xiàn)代小說(shuō) its structure and style. c. Fielding adopted “the third-person narration”. d. In planning his stories, he tries to retain the grand epical form of the classical works but at the same time keeps faithful to his realistic presentation of common life as it is. About language: A）. Fielding's language is easy, unlaboured and familiar, but extremely vivid and vigorous. B）. His sentences are always distinguished by logic and rhythm, and his structure carefully planned towards an inevitable ending.
6.約翰遜Samuel Johnson A. 代表作品As a lexicographer, Johnson distinguished himself as the author of the first English dictionary by an Englishman –A Dictionary of the English Language《英語(yǔ)字典》B. 新古典主義文學(xué)觀(guān)a. The literary theme: He was very much concerned with the theme of the vanity空虛 of human wishes. b. The principle of literary creation: In literary creation and criticism, he was rather conservative. He insisted that a writer must please to universal truth and experience, i.e. Nature.
7.謝立丹Richard Brinsley Sheridan A. 創(chuàng)作a） The masterpiece: The School for Scandal,《造謠學(xué)校》b） others: the Rivals, St. Patrick's Day, or the Scheming Lieutenant, The Duenna, The Critic and Pizarro. B. 戲劇主題與藝術(shù)成就a. The status: Sheridan was the only important English dramatist of the eighteenth century. His plays link between the masterpieces of Shakespeare and those of Bernard Shaw. b. The theme: In his plays, morality is the constant theme道德是不變主題.
8.格雷Thomas Gray
A. 主要作品
a. His masterpiece, “Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard” 《墓園挽歌》
b. The poem established his fame as the leader of the sentimental poetry of the day, His other poems include “Ode on the Spring”, “Ode on a Distant Prospect of Eton College”, “Ode on the Death of a Favourite Cat” and “Hymn to Adversity”
B. 詩(shī)歌風(fēng)格
a. Gray wrote slowly and carefully, painstakingly seeking perfection of form and phrase.
b. His poems are characterized by an exquisite sense of form.
c. His style is sophisticated and allusive詭辯和影射的風(fēng)格.
d. His poems are often marked with the trait of a highly artificial diction and a distorted word order.