Passage 30 結論解釋型（美國失業(yè)問題）特別套路
主題段落Since the early 1970’s（文章開頭時間狀語，很可能表示強對比，可能會有極端轉折和多重轉折，本段要仔細看）, historians have begun to devote serious*2A（與2A意思相反，形成對比）attention to the working class in the United States. Yet（轉折） while we now have studies of working-class communities and culture, we know remarkably little of worklessness（點題，說明文章要研究的是失業(yè)問題）. When historians have paid any attention at all to unemployment, they have focused on the Great Depression經(jīng)濟大蕭條 of the 1930’s. The narrowness（-）of this perspective ignores（-） the pervasive無所不在，彌漫 recessions and joblessness of the previous decades, as Alexander Keyssar shows in his recent book（特別套路）. Examining the period 1870-1920, Keyssar concentrates on Massachusetts, where*8D（之后暫時不用細看） the historical*3D materials are particularly rich, and the findings applicable to other industrial areas*3D.
K的成果之一：失業(yè)的嚴重程度The unemployment rates that Keyssar calculates appear to be relatively modest, at least by Great Depression*5 standards（比大蕭條輕，暗含一個強對比，可能會出取非題，問大蕭條的失業(yè)率如何）: during the worst years, in the 1870’s and 1890’s*4A, unemployment was around 15 percent. Yet Keyssar rightly（+） understands that a better way*4B to measure the impact of unemployment is to calculate unemployment frequencies—（新名詞解釋一定要看）measuring the percentage of workers who experience any unemployment in the course of (in the course of: adv.在...期間) a year. Given this perspective, joblessness looms隱約呈現(xiàn) much larger（loom與large搭配，指壞事的隱約呈現(xiàn)）.
Keyssar also另一個研究成果：影響事業(yè)的因素 scrutinizes unemployment patterns according to skill level, ethnicity, race, age, class, and gender. He finds that rates of joblessness differed primarily（最主要的因素） according to 因素一class*6（往下暫時不用看）: those in middle-class and white-collar occupations were far less likely to be unemployed. Yet（還有更重要的因素） the impact of unemployment on a specific class was not always the same. Even when dependent on the same trade行業(yè), adjoining 因素二communities*6相鄰地區(qū) could have dramatically different unemployment rates. （還在說地理問題）Keyssar uses these differential rates to help explain a phenomenon that has puzzled historians—the startlingly high rate of geographical mobility in the nineteenth-century United States. But（轉折） mobility was not the dominant working-class strategy for coping with unemployment, nor was assistance from private charities or state agencies. Self-help自己雇用自己 and the help of kin got most workers through jobless spells一段時間.
總結和評價While Keyssar might have（虛擬，與事實相反）（小-） spent more time developing the implications of his findings on joblessness for contemporary public policy, his study, in its thorough（大+） research and creative（大+） use of quantitative and qualitative evidence, is a model（大+） of historical analysis.
1. The passage is primarily concerned with主題題（寫法性）
(A) recommending a new course of investigation
(B) summarizing and assessing a study評述某人理論
(C) making distinctions among categories
(D) criticizing the current state of a field（B）
(E) comparing and contrasting two methods for calculating data
2. The passage suggests that before the early 1970’s（與第一句話形成對比）, which of the following was true of the study by historians of the working class in the United States?取非題（對比題）
(A) The study was infrequent or superficial*2A, or both.不太多研究工人階級
(B) The study was repeatedly criticized for its allegedly narrow focus.
(C) The study relied more on qualitative than quantitative evidence.
(D) The study focused more on the working-class community than on working-class culture.（A）
(E) The study ignored working-class joblessness during the Great Depression.
3. According to the passage, which of the following is true of Keyssar’s findings concerning unemployment in Massachusetts?信息題（有定位）（第一段末）
(A) They tend to contradict earlier findings about such unemployment.
(B) They are possible because Massachusetts has the most沒提到過（慎重對待含有級、性和比較句的選項） easily accessible historical records.
(C) They are the first to mention the existence of high rates of geographical mobility in the nineteenth century.
(D) They are relevant to a historical*3D understanding of the nature of unemployment in other states*3D.（D）
(E) They have caused historians to reconsider the role of the working class during the Great Depression.
4. According to the passage, which of the following is true of the unemployment rates mentioned in line 15?信息題
(A) They hovered徘徊，起伏, on average, around 15 percent during the period 1870-1920時間范圍不對.
(B) They give less than a full sense of*4B the impact of unemployment on working-class people.
(C) They overestimate the importance of middle class and white-collar（第三段的內(nèi)容，非出題段落） unemployment.
(D) They have been considered by many historians沒有這種說法 to underestimate the extent of working-class unemployment.（B）
(E) They are more open to question數(shù)據(jù)沒有錯，圖景不對，不能說更值得懷疑 when calculated for years other than those of peak recession.
5. Which of the following statements about the unemployment rate during the Great Depression*5 can be inferred from the passage?
(A) It was sometimes higher than 15 percent.取非
(B) It has been analyzed seriously only since the early 1970’s.
(C) It can be calculated more easily than can unemployment frequency.
(D) It was never as high as the rate during the 1870’s.（A）
(E) It has been shown by Keyssar to be lower than previously thought.
6. According to the passage, Keyssar considers which of the following to be among the important predictors（第三段） of the likelihood that a particular person would be unemployed in late nineteenth-century Massachusetts?羅馬數(shù)字題
I. The person’s class*6
II. Where*6 the person lived or worked
III. The person’s age
(A) I only
(B) II only
(C) I and II only
(D) I and III only（C）
(E) I, II, and III
7. The author views Keyssar’s study with態(tài)度題
(A) impatient disapproval
(B) wary concern
(C) polite skepticism
(D) scrupulous neutrality（E）
(E) qualified admiration大+小-
8. Which of the following, if true, would most strongly support Keyssar’s findings as they are described by the author?邏輯題（支持題——三種做法：搭橋法、啰嗦法、具體事例法）（重要）
(A) Boston（文中沒提到過，應該是具體事例法，類似于類比題）, Massachusetts, and Quincy, Massachusetts, adjoining communities, had a higher rate of unemployment for working-class people in 1870 than in 1890文中沒有比過這兩個年份.
(B) White-collar professionals such as attorneys had as much trouble as錯了，文中說的是白領的失業(yè)可能性比較小 day laborers in maintaining a steady level of employment throughout the period 1870-1920.
(C) Working-class women living in Cambridge, Massachusetts, were more likely than working-class men文中沒有把性別作為一個主要指標比較 living in Cambridge to be unemployed for some period of time during the year 1873.
(D) In the 1890’s, shoe-factory workers moved away in large numbers from Chelmsford, Massachusetts, where*8D與地理有關 shoe factories were being replaced by other industries, to adjoining West Chelmsford, where the shoe industry flourished.（D）
(E) In the late nineteenth century, workers of all classes in Massachusetts were more likely than workers of all classes in other states文中說的是麻省的例子代表了其他州，不存在對比關系 to move their place of residence from one location to another within the state.
主題段落Since the early 1970’s（文章開頭時間狀語，很可能表示強對比，可能會有極端轉折和多重轉折，本段要仔細看）, historians have begun to devote serious*2A（與2A意思相反，形成對比）attention to the working class in the United States. Yet（轉折） while we now have studies of working-class communities and culture, we know remarkably little of worklessness（點題，說明文章要研究的是失業(yè)問題）. When historians have paid any attention at all to unemployment, they have focused on the Great Depression經(jīng)濟大蕭條 of the 1930’s. The narrowness（-）of this perspective ignores（-） the pervasive無所不在，彌漫 recessions and joblessness of the previous decades, as Alexander Keyssar shows in his recent book（特別套路）. Examining the period 1870-1920, Keyssar concentrates on Massachusetts, where*8D（之后暫時不用細看） the historical*3D materials are particularly rich, and the findings applicable to other industrial areas*3D.
K的成果之一：失業(yè)的嚴重程度The unemployment rates that Keyssar calculates appear to be relatively modest, at least by Great Depression*5 standards（比大蕭條輕，暗含一個強對比，可能會出取非題，問大蕭條的失業(yè)率如何）: during the worst years, in the 1870’s and 1890’s*4A, unemployment was around 15 percent. Yet Keyssar rightly（+） understands that a better way*4B to measure the impact of unemployment is to calculate unemployment frequencies—（新名詞解釋一定要看）measuring the percentage of workers who experience any unemployment in the course of (in the course of: adv.在...期間) a year. Given this perspective, joblessness looms隱約呈現(xiàn) much larger（loom與large搭配，指壞事的隱約呈現(xiàn)）.
Keyssar also另一個研究成果：影響事業(yè)的因素 scrutinizes unemployment patterns according to skill level, ethnicity, race, age, class, and gender. He finds that rates of joblessness differed primarily（最主要的因素） according to 因素一class*6（往下暫時不用看）: those in middle-class and white-collar occupations were far less likely to be unemployed. Yet（還有更重要的因素） the impact of unemployment on a specific class was not always the same. Even when dependent on the same trade行業(yè), adjoining 因素二communities*6相鄰地區(qū) could have dramatically different unemployment rates. （還在說地理問題）Keyssar uses these differential rates to help explain a phenomenon that has puzzled historians—the startlingly high rate of geographical mobility in the nineteenth-century United States. But（轉折） mobility was not the dominant working-class strategy for coping with unemployment, nor was assistance from private charities or state agencies. Self-help自己雇用自己 and the help of kin got most workers through jobless spells一段時間.
總結和評價While Keyssar might have（虛擬，與事實相反）（小-） spent more time developing the implications of his findings on joblessness for contemporary public policy, his study, in its thorough（大+） research and creative（大+） use of quantitative and qualitative evidence, is a model（大+） of historical analysis.
1. The passage is primarily concerned with主題題（寫法性）
(A) recommending a new course of investigation
(B) summarizing and assessing a study評述某人理論
(C) making distinctions among categories
(D) criticizing the current state of a field（B）
(E) comparing and contrasting two methods for calculating data
2. The passage suggests that before the early 1970’s（與第一句話形成對比）, which of the following was true of the study by historians of the working class in the United States?取非題（對比題）
(A) The study was infrequent or superficial*2A, or both.不太多研究工人階級
(B) The study was repeatedly criticized for its allegedly narrow focus.
(C) The study relied more on qualitative than quantitative evidence.
(D) The study focused more on the working-class community than on working-class culture.（A）
(E) The study ignored working-class joblessness during the Great Depression.
3. According to the passage, which of the following is true of Keyssar’s findings concerning unemployment in Massachusetts?信息題（有定位）（第一段末）
(A) They tend to contradict earlier findings about such unemployment.
(B) They are possible because Massachusetts has the most沒提到過（慎重對待含有級、性和比較句的選項） easily accessible historical records.
(C) They are the first to mention the existence of high rates of geographical mobility in the nineteenth century.
(D) They are relevant to a historical*3D understanding of the nature of unemployment in other states*3D.（D）
(E) They have caused historians to reconsider the role of the working class during the Great Depression.
4. According to the passage, which of the following is true of the unemployment rates mentioned in line 15?信息題
(A) They hovered徘徊，起伏, on average, around 15 percent during the period 1870-1920時間范圍不對.
(B) They give less than a full sense of*4B the impact of unemployment on working-class people.
(C) They overestimate the importance of middle class and white-collar（第三段的內(nèi)容，非出題段落） unemployment.
(D) They have been considered by many historians沒有這種說法 to underestimate the extent of working-class unemployment.（B）
(E) They are more open to question數(shù)據(jù)沒有錯，圖景不對，不能說更值得懷疑 when calculated for years other than those of peak recession.
5. Which of the following statements about the unemployment rate during the Great Depression*5 can be inferred from the passage?
(A) It was sometimes higher than 15 percent.取非
(B) It has been analyzed seriously only since the early 1970’s.
(C) It can be calculated more easily than can unemployment frequency.
(D) It was never as high as the rate during the 1870’s.（A）
(E) It has been shown by Keyssar to be lower than previously thought.
6. According to the passage, Keyssar considers which of the following to be among the important predictors（第三段） of the likelihood that a particular person would be unemployed in late nineteenth-century Massachusetts?羅馬數(shù)字題
I. The person’s class*6
II. Where*6 the person lived or worked
III. The person’s age
(A) I only
(B) II only
(C) I and II only
(D) I and III only（C）
(E) I, II, and III
7. The author views Keyssar’s study with態(tài)度題
(A) impatient disapproval
(B) wary concern
(C) polite skepticism
(D) scrupulous neutrality（E）
(E) qualified admiration大+小-
8. Which of the following, if true, would most strongly support Keyssar’s findings as they are described by the author?邏輯題（支持題——三種做法：搭橋法、啰嗦法、具體事例法）（重要）
(A) Boston（文中沒提到過，應該是具體事例法，類似于類比題）, Massachusetts, and Quincy, Massachusetts, adjoining communities, had a higher rate of unemployment for working-class people in 1870 than in 1890文中沒有比過這兩個年份.
(B) White-collar professionals such as attorneys had as much trouble as錯了，文中說的是白領的失業(yè)可能性比較小 day laborers in maintaining a steady level of employment throughout the period 1870-1920.
(C) Working-class women living in Cambridge, Massachusetts, were more likely than working-class men文中沒有把性別作為一個主要指標比較 living in Cambridge to be unemployed for some period of time during the year 1873.
(D) In the 1890’s, shoe-factory workers moved away in large numbers from Chelmsford, Massachusetts, where*8D與地理有關 shoe factories were being replaced by other industries, to adjoining West Chelmsford, where the shoe industry flourished.（D）
(E) In the late nineteenth century, workers of all classes in Massachusetts were more likely than workers of all classes in other states文中說的是麻省的例子代表了其他州，不存在對比關系 to move their place of residence from one location to another within the state.