Science has long had an uneasy relationship with other aspects of culture. Think of Galileo's 17th-century trial for his rebelling belief before the Catholic Church or poet William Blake's harsh remarks against the mechanistic worldview of Isaac Newton. The schism between science and the humanities has, if anything, deepened in this century.
Until recently, the scientific community was so powerful that it could afford to ignore its critics—but no longer. As funding for science has declined, scientists have attacked “anti-science” in several books, notably Higher Superstition, by Paul R. Gross, a biologist at the University of Virginia, and Norman Levitt, a mathematician at Rutgers University; and The Demon-Haunted World, by Carl Sagan of Cornell University.
Defenders of science have also voiced their concerns at meetings such as “The Flight from Science and Reason,” held in New York City in 1995, and “Science in the Age of (Mis)information,” which assembled last June near Buffalo.
Anti-science clearly means different things to different people. Gross and Levitt find fault primarily with sociologists, philosophers and other academics who have questioned science's objectivity. Sagan is more concerned with those who believe in ghosts, creationism and other phenomena that contradict the scientific worldview.
A survey of news stories in 1996 reveals that the anti-science tag has been attached to many other groups as well, from authorities who advocated the elimination of the last remaining stocks of smallpox virus to Republicans who advocated decreased funding for basic research.
Few would dispute that the term applies to the Unabomber, whose manifesto, published in 1995, scorns science and longs for return to a pretechnological utopia. But surely that does not mean environmentalists concerned about uncontrolled industrial growth are anti-science, as an essay in US News & World Report last May seemed to suggest.
The environmentalists, inevitably, respond to such critics. The true enemies of science, argues Paul Ehrlich of Stanford University, a pioneer of environmental studies, are those who question the evidence supporting global warming, the depletion of the ozone layer and other consequences of industrial growth.
Indeed, some observers fear that the anti-science epithet is in danger of becoming meaningless. “The term 'anti-science' can lump together too many, quite different things,” notes Harvard University philosopher Gerald Holton in his 1993 work Science and Anti-Science, “They have in common only one thing that they tend to annoy or threaten those who regard themselves as more enlightened.”
59. The word “schism” (line 3, paragraph 1) in the context probably means ________.
(A)confrontation
(B)dissatisfaction
(C)separation
(D)contempt
60. Paragraphs 2 and 3 are written to ________.
(A)discuss the cause of the decline of science's power
(B)show the author's sympathy with scientists
(C)explain the way in which science develops
(D)exemplify the division of science and the humanities
61. Which of the following is true according to the passage?
(A)Environmentalists were blamed for anti-science in an essay.
(B)Politicians are not subject to the labeling of anti-science.
(C)The “more enlightened” tend to tag others as anti-science.
(D)Tagging environmentalists as “anti-science” is justifiable
62. The author's attitude toward the issue of “science vs. anti-science” is ________.
(A)impartial
(B)subjective
(C)biased
(D)puzzling
答案及試題解析
CDAA59. [C]意為:分裂,分歧。
該句可譯為:本世紀如果有什么變化的話,只是科學和人文學科的分歧加深了。本段第一句可以為理解該詞提供線索,該句可譯為:長時間以來,科學和文化的其他領域的關(guān)系一直不諧調(diào)(uneasy)。不諧調(diào)即對抗,即分歧。
實際上,第一段第一句和第三句是全文的主旨,所以對全文的理解也可以幫助考生理解該段第三句的意思。
A意為:對抗。表面看起來,這似乎與C沒有多大差別,但是,考生在理解句子的意思的同時,也應該稍微注意一下該句的措辭:該句的主語是schism,謂語是deepen,只有裂痕才能“加深”,而對抗只能“加強”。
B意為:不滿。
D意為:蔑視。
60. [D]意為:(舉例)說明科學和人文學科的分歧。
其實,不僅第二、三段是第一段第三句的展開論述,其他各段也不例外。
第二段指出,直到近期,科學界(the scientific community)力量壯大,沒有必要理睬其批評者,但是,現(xiàn)在情況不同了(but no longer)。由于科學經(jīng)費減少,科學家開始著書抨擊“反科學”傾向;第三段指出,科學的維護者也在聚會上表達他們的擔憂。這兩種表現(xiàn)都是二者矛盾公開化、加深的表現(xiàn)。
A意為:探討科學的威力減少的原因。
B意為:表示作者對科學家的同情。
C意為:說明科學發(fā)展的方式。
61. [A]意為:一篇文章指責環(huán)境保護者為反科學者。
第六段第二句指出,但是,這當然不意味著為工業(yè)的無限制的擴展而擔憂的環(huán)境保護者都是反科學者,(美國新聞與世界報道)五月刊的一篇文章似乎是想把他們歸做反科學者。對該句的理解可以在第七段第一句中找到線索,該句可譯為:環(huán)境保護者當然對這種批評進行了還擊。如果沒受到攻擊,當然也沒有必要還擊。
B意為:政治家沒有被貼上反科學的標簽。第五段指出,1996年發(fā)表的新聞調(diào)查表明,反科學的標簽也貼在許多其他人的身上,包括主張消除所存的最后的天花病毒樣本(the last remaining stocks of smallpox virus)的權(quán)威機構(gòu),和主張減少基礎研究經(jīng)費的共和黨人。這兩種人——尤其是第二種人都是政治家。
C意為:“更開明的人士”經(jīng)常給別人貼上反科學的標簽。
D意為:給環(huán)境保護者貼上“反科學”的標簽是有道理的。
62. [A]意為:客觀的。
作者似乎只是客觀地敘述了科學和人文學科之間的分歧,而并未評價孰是孰非。
B意為:主觀的。
C意為:有偏向的。
D意為:令人困惑的。
翻譯句子
1、The schism between science and the humanities has, if anything, deepened in this century.
本世紀,(自然)科學與人文科學之間的分裂更深了。
2、But surely that does not mean environmentalists concerned about uncontrolled industrial growth are anti-science, as an essay in US News & World Report last May seemed to suggest.
當然,這并不意味著,對不加控制的工業(yè)發(fā)展表示擔憂的環(huán)境主義者也是反科學的,而去年5月份刊登在《美國新聞和世界報導》的一篇文章似乎有此暗示。
補充難句翻譯
①Think of Galileo's 17th-century trial for his rebelling belief before the Catholic Church or poet William Blake's harsh remarks against the mechanistic worldview of Issac Newton.[參考譯文]想想17世紀時伽利略為其叛逆性的信念在遭到天主教會的審判,還有詩人威廉?布萊克針對以撒克?牛頓的機械的世界觀所發(fā)表的嚴厲批評。
[結(jié)構(gòu)剖析]這是一個類似祈使句的無主語句。think of后面的賓語部分比較繁雜,主要有兩個賓語,主干部分其實是Think of Galileo's trial or Blake's remarks.剩下的就是關(guān)于這兩個賓語的修飾限定成分。trial后面for his rebelling解釋的是trial的原因,before短語解釋的是trial的地點;harsh remarks后面跟的against短語解釋的是remarks的內(nèi)容。
[閱讀重點]注意think of后面并列的雙賓語,以及介詞for,before,against等在語義上的作用。另外注意作者舉的這兩個例子,前者是科學正確,而后者是人文學科正確。
②Defenders of science have also voiced their concerns at meetings such as “The Flight from Science and Reason”, held in New York City in 1995, and “Science in the Age of (Mis)information”, which assembled last June near Buffalo.[參考譯文]科學衛(wèi)士們在會議上也表述了他們的關(guān)注,比如1995年在紐約市舉行的“逃離科學與理性”會議,以及去年6月在布法羅附近召開的“(錯誤)信息時代的科學”會議。
[結(jié)構(gòu)剖析]這個句子有一個較長的介詞賓語,主干句并不復雜:Defenders have voiced their concerns at meeting.后面such as所跟的成分主要是舉例說明meetings,引號里的是兩個meeting的名稱。第一個引號后用逗號隔開的過去分詞短語是修飾前面引號里的內(nèi)容,指出這個會議召開的地點和時間;第二個引號后面跟了一個which引導的從句,補充說明的是第二個會議召開的時間和地點。
[閱讀重點] 先要知道voice their concerns的意思,然后就是such as后面列舉的是兩個會議的名稱,其后各有限定成分說明會議召開的時間和地點。另外,注意the Age of (Mis)information有雙關(guān)的意思,the Age of information表示“信息時代”;而the Age of Misinformation表示“充滿了錯誤信息的時代”。
③A survey of news stories in 1996 reveals that the anti-science tag has been attached to many other groups as well, from authorities who advocated the elimination of the last remaining stocks of smallpox virus to Republicans who advocated decreased funding for basic research.[參考譯文]一項關(guān)于1996年新聞報道的調(diào)查顯示,反科學的標簽還可以貼在許多其他團體身上,從提倡消滅最后存留的天花病毒的權(quán)威機構(gòu),到鼓吹削減基礎研究經(jīng)費的共和黨人(都被貼上了反科學的標簽)。
[結(jié)構(gòu)剖析]理解這個句子的關(guān)鍵在于對that引導的賓語從句的剖析,主干句就是A survey reveals that……。賓語從句中的核心句比較簡單:The tag has been attached to many groups.剩下的就是對用逗號部分隔開的最后部分進行分析:這是一個是from…… to……連接的兩個并列名詞,每個名詞后面都有一個較長的定語從句。第一個名詞是authorities,第二個名詞是Republicans,后面跟的都是一個who引導的定語從句,who在從句中作主語。
[閱讀重點]先要解決整個句子的基本句型,然后是賓語從句的句型,接著把 from…… to……結(jié)構(gòu)找出來,搞清楚其中的定語從句就可以了。在閱讀中,考生不一定要關(guān)注那些細枝末節(jié)的信息,比如smallpox的意思對于本句的理解就不構(gòu)成障礙,因此只要知道是一種病就可以了。
④Few would dispute that the term applied to the Unabomber, whose manifesto, published in 1995, scorns science and longs for return to a pretechnological utopia.[參考譯文]幾乎沒有人會反對這個稱號(反科學)適用與仇視現(xiàn)代工業(yè)文明的恐怖主義者,其于1995年發(fā)表了宣言,表達了對科學的嘲弄和對回歸前技術(shù)時代烏托邦社會的向往。
[結(jié)構(gòu)剖析]這個句子也有一個that引導的、較長的賓語從句。從句的核心句是:The term scorns science and longs for return.需要注意的是term后面跟了一個過去分詞短語,這個分詞短語的賓語部分the Unabomber跟了一個whose引導的定語從句;return這個名詞后面跟的是一個介詞to引導的地點(生存狀態(tài))——a pretechnological utopia.
[閱讀重點]找出賓語從句中的主謂賓成分,明白主語后所跟的過去分詞結(jié)構(gòu)和定語從句的作用,就會對整個句子有了清晰的理解。在本句中有一個詞the Unabomber,一般字典還尚未收錄,它所指的是近些年來美國一系列針對工商業(yè)和科學研究從業(yè)人員的郵件炸彈事件的制造者,1995年他們給紐約時報寫信,在信中提到了他們的目的。
⑤The true enemies of science, argues Paul Ehrlich of Stanford University, a pioneer of environmental studies, are those who question the evidence supporting global warming, the depletion of the ozone layer and other consequences of industrial growth.[參考譯文]環(huán)境研究的先驅(qū)、斯坦福大學的保羅?厄爾里西認為,科學真正的敵人是那些對支持全球變暖、臭氧層損耗以及工業(yè)發(fā)展的其他后果的證據(jù)提出置疑的人。
[結(jié)構(gòu)剖析]這個句子主語和謂語成了類似插入語的成分,插在了句子中間,表明的是發(fā)表這個觀點的是什么人(姓名與身份)。而該句的主要內(nèi)容在于argue所跟的賓語從句。這個賓語從句中的賓語those有一個who引導的較長的定語從句,其中who是主語, question是謂語,the evidence是賓語,賓語后面跟的現(xiàn)在分詞短語修飾的是evidence,這個現(xiàn)在分詞supporting后面跟了三個并列賓語。
[閱讀重點]要弄清suporting與evidence的關(guān)系:supporting引導的短語修飾evidence,規(guī)定了evidence的內(nèi)容。
語言點詳解
1.trial審訊[大綱詞匯] trial n.審訊;實驗,考驗[經(jīng)典例句]He would be a witness at the trial.
2.harsh嚴厲的[擴充詞匯]harsh a.粗糙的;刺耳的;嚴厲的,苛刻的[經(jīng)典例句]He didn't deserve such a harsh punishment.
3.world view世界觀[大綱詞匯]world view世界觀
4.schism分歧[擴充詞匯]schism n.分裂;宗派,派別;分歧[經(jīng)典例句]The schism between the two parties finally led to war.
5.humanities人文科學[大綱詞匯]humanity n.人類,人性,人情;(pl.〕人文科學
6.afford to承受得起[大綱詞匯]afford v.負擔得起,買得起,花得起(時間);供給,給予[經(jīng)典例句]He can hardly afford to miss another day at school.
7.ignore不理[大綱詞匯]ignore v.不理,不顧,忽視[經(jīng)典例句]He was criticized for ignoring the complaints of customers.
8.find fault with挑…的毛病[大綱詞匯]fault n.過失,過錯;缺點,毛病find fault埋怨,挑剔[經(jīng)典例句]The new teacher always finds fault with his students.
9.sociologist社會學家[構(gòu)詞方法] socio-派前綴,表示“社會的”[聯(lián)想記憶]socioeconomic a.社會經(jīng)濟學的sociolinguistics n.社會語言學
10academic學者[大綱詞匯]academic a.學院的;學術(shù)的[擴充詞義]academic n.大學生,大學教師;學者
11.objectivity客觀性[大綱詞匯]objective n.目標,目的;a.客觀的,真實的[衍生詞匯]objectivity n.客觀(性)[經(jīng)典例句]It must be said in all objectivity that his judgment was wrong.
12.contradict同……矛盾[大綱詞匯]contradict v.反駁;同…矛盾,同…抵觸[經(jīng)典例句]The facts contradicted his theory.
13.reveal顯示[大綱詞匯]reveal.展現(xiàn),顯示,揭示,揭露,告訴,泄露[經(jīng)典例句]The expression on her face revealed her nervousness.
14.tag標簽[大綱詞匯]tag n.標簽,貨簽[擴充詞義]tag v.貼標簽于…[經(jīng)典例句」He doesn't take kindly to the tag of pauper.
15.attach to貼上[大綱詞匯]attach v.(to)縛上,系上,貼上;使依附,使隸屬,使依戀[經(jīng)典例句]She attached a name list to the report.
16.manifesto宣言[大綱詞匯]manifest v.表明,證明,顯示;a.明白的,明了的[衍生詞匯]manifesto n.宣言[經(jīng)典例句]The environmentalists issued a manifesto against pollution.
17.scorn蔑視[大綱詞匯]scorn v./n……輕蔑,藐視[經(jīng)典例句]His colleagues scorns his snobbishness.
18.long for渴望[大綱詞匯]long v.(for)渴望,極想?longing n.(for)渴望[經(jīng)典例句]He longs for visiting the states.
19.pretechnologlcal技術(shù)發(fā)展前的[構(gòu)詞方法]pre-前綴,表示“在奮二之前的”,“預先”[聯(lián)想記憶]prewar a.戰(zhàn)前的prearrange v.預先準備
20 .utopia烏托邦[擴充詞匯]utopia n.烏托邦,理想的完美社會,空想的社會改良計劃[經(jīng)典例句]They offered specific legislative changes,not vague utopia.
21.global warming全球變暖
22.depletion耗盡[擴充詞匯]depletion n.耗盡,枯竭,空虛[經(jīng)典例句]Excessive mining caused the depletion of coal deposits.
23.ozone layer臭氧層
24.epithet稱號[擴充詞匯]epithet n.別稱,綽號;表述詞語[經(jīng)典例句]He got an epithet of“old mum”for his garrulousness.
25.in danger of受到…的威脅[大綱詞匯]danger n.危險,威脅,危險物in danger在危險中,垂危[經(jīng)典例句]Pandas are in danger of the deterioration of their living condition.
26.confrontation對抗[大綱詞匯]confront v.使面臨,使遭遇;面對(危險等)[衍生詞匯] confrontation n.對抗;比較[經(jīng)典例句]The President triggered a confrontation with Congress over the budget issue.
27.exemplify舉例證明[大綱詞匯]exemplify v.舉例證明,是…的榜樣[經(jīng)典例句]The teacher exemplified the difference between poetry and prose.
28.impartial公正的[大綱詞匯]impartial a.(in,to)公正的,無偏見的[衍生詞匯]impartiality n.公正[經(jīng)典例句]A judge should be impartial.29.biased有偏見的[大綱詞匯]bias v./n.(使有)偏見,偏心,偏袒[衍生詞匯]biased a.有偏見的[經(jīng)典例句] His biased view on science influenced his children.
全文翻譯
科學與文化的其他方面的關(guān)系一直都很緊張。想想看,17世紀伽利略為他叛逆性的信仰而遭受天主教會的審判,還有詩人威廉?布萊克對艾薩克?牛頓的機械的世界觀所發(fā)表的尖銳批判。本世紀,(自然)科學與人文科學之間的分裂更深了。
以前,科學界如此之強大以致可以對批評者置之不理——但現(xiàn)在不同了。由于科研經(jīng)費減少了,科學家出了幾本書來抨擊“反科學”勢力,其中值得注意的有弗吉尼亞大學生物學家保羅?R?格羅斯和拉特格斯大學的數(shù)學家諾曼?萊維特合著的《高級迷信》及康奈爾大學的卡爾?薩根著的《鬼怪世界》。
科學的捍衛(wèi)者們也在一些會議上表示了他們的擔憂。比如,1995年在紐約舉行的“遠離科學和理性”會議,以及去年6月在布法羅附近召開的“信息(迷信)時代的科學”會議。
顯然,反科學對不同的人有不同的含義。格羅斯和萊維特主要挑那些質(zhì)疑科學客觀性的社會學家、哲學家和其他學者的毛病。而薩根則更關(guān)注那些相信鬼怪、上帝造物論和其他與科學世界觀相左的人。
1996年對新聞報道的調(diào)查表明,反科學的標簽也貼在了許多其他群體上,從提倡消滅所有現(xiàn)存的天花病毒的官方人士到倡議削減基礎研究基金的共和黨人。
將該詞用在仇視現(xiàn)代文明的恐怖主義者身上,也不會引起多大爭議,它在1995年公開發(fā)表蔑視科學、渴望回到前技術(shù)時代理想社會的聲明。當然,這并不意味著,對不加控制的工業(yè)發(fā)展表示擔憂的環(huán)境主義者也是反科學的,而去年5月份刊登在《美國新聞和世界報導》的一篇文章似乎有此暗示。
毫無疑問,環(huán)境主義者要對這些批評做出反應。作為環(huán)境研究的先驅(qū)者,斯坦福大學的保羅?埃利希認為,科學的真正的敵人是那些對支持全球變暖、臭氧層稀薄和工業(yè)增長帶來的其他后果的證據(jù)提出質(zhì)疑的人。
的確,一些觀察者擔心反科學這個詞會失去意義?!?反科學'這個詞可以涵蓋很多截然不同的東西”,哈佛大學的哲學家杰拉爾德?霍爾頓在其1993年的著作《科學和反科學》中寫道:“它們惟一的共同點就是會激怒或威脅那些自以為比別人更有見識的人?!?BR>
Until recently, the scientific community was so powerful that it could afford to ignore its critics—but no longer. As funding for science has declined, scientists have attacked “anti-science” in several books, notably Higher Superstition, by Paul R. Gross, a biologist at the University of Virginia, and Norman Levitt, a mathematician at Rutgers University; and The Demon-Haunted World, by Carl Sagan of Cornell University.
Defenders of science have also voiced their concerns at meetings such as “The Flight from Science and Reason,” held in New York City in 1995, and “Science in the Age of (Mis)information,” which assembled last June near Buffalo.
Anti-science clearly means different things to different people. Gross and Levitt find fault primarily with sociologists, philosophers and other academics who have questioned science's objectivity. Sagan is more concerned with those who believe in ghosts, creationism and other phenomena that contradict the scientific worldview.
A survey of news stories in 1996 reveals that the anti-science tag has been attached to many other groups as well, from authorities who advocated the elimination of the last remaining stocks of smallpox virus to Republicans who advocated decreased funding for basic research.
Few would dispute that the term applies to the Unabomber, whose manifesto, published in 1995, scorns science and longs for return to a pretechnological utopia. But surely that does not mean environmentalists concerned about uncontrolled industrial growth are anti-science, as an essay in US News & World Report last May seemed to suggest.
The environmentalists, inevitably, respond to such critics. The true enemies of science, argues Paul Ehrlich of Stanford University, a pioneer of environmental studies, are those who question the evidence supporting global warming, the depletion of the ozone layer and other consequences of industrial growth.
Indeed, some observers fear that the anti-science epithet is in danger of becoming meaningless. “The term 'anti-science' can lump together too many, quite different things,” notes Harvard University philosopher Gerald Holton in his 1993 work Science and Anti-Science, “They have in common only one thing that they tend to annoy or threaten those who regard themselves as more enlightened.”
59. The word “schism” (line 3, paragraph 1) in the context probably means ________.
(A)confrontation
(B)dissatisfaction
(C)separation
(D)contempt
60. Paragraphs 2 and 3 are written to ________.
(A)discuss the cause of the decline of science's power
(B)show the author's sympathy with scientists
(C)explain the way in which science develops
(D)exemplify the division of science and the humanities
61. Which of the following is true according to the passage?
(A)Environmentalists were blamed for anti-science in an essay.
(B)Politicians are not subject to the labeling of anti-science.
(C)The “more enlightened” tend to tag others as anti-science.
(D)Tagging environmentalists as “anti-science” is justifiable
62. The author's attitude toward the issue of “science vs. anti-science” is ________.
(A)impartial
(B)subjective
(C)biased
(D)puzzling
答案及試題解析
CDAA59. [C]意為:分裂,分歧。
該句可譯為:本世紀如果有什么變化的話,只是科學和人文學科的分歧加深了。本段第一句可以為理解該詞提供線索,該句可譯為:長時間以來,科學和文化的其他領域的關(guān)系一直不諧調(diào)(uneasy)。不諧調(diào)即對抗,即分歧。
實際上,第一段第一句和第三句是全文的主旨,所以對全文的理解也可以幫助考生理解該段第三句的意思。
A意為:對抗。表面看起來,這似乎與C沒有多大差別,但是,考生在理解句子的意思的同時,也應該稍微注意一下該句的措辭:該句的主語是schism,謂語是deepen,只有裂痕才能“加深”,而對抗只能“加強”。
B意為:不滿。
D意為:蔑視。
60. [D]意為:(舉例)說明科學和人文學科的分歧。
其實,不僅第二、三段是第一段第三句的展開論述,其他各段也不例外。
第二段指出,直到近期,科學界(the scientific community)力量壯大,沒有必要理睬其批評者,但是,現(xiàn)在情況不同了(but no longer)。由于科學經(jīng)費減少,科學家開始著書抨擊“反科學”傾向;第三段指出,科學的維護者也在聚會上表達他們的擔憂。這兩種表現(xiàn)都是二者矛盾公開化、加深的表現(xiàn)。
A意為:探討科學的威力減少的原因。
B意為:表示作者對科學家的同情。
C意為:說明科學發(fā)展的方式。
61. [A]意為:一篇文章指責環(huán)境保護者為反科學者。
第六段第二句指出,但是,這當然不意味著為工業(yè)的無限制的擴展而擔憂的環(huán)境保護者都是反科學者,(美國新聞與世界報道)五月刊的一篇文章似乎是想把他們歸做反科學者。對該句的理解可以在第七段第一句中找到線索,該句可譯為:環(huán)境保護者當然對這種批評進行了還擊。如果沒受到攻擊,當然也沒有必要還擊。
B意為:政治家沒有被貼上反科學的標簽。第五段指出,1996年發(fā)表的新聞調(diào)查表明,反科學的標簽也貼在許多其他人的身上,包括主張消除所存的最后的天花病毒樣本(the last remaining stocks of smallpox virus)的權(quán)威機構(gòu),和主張減少基礎研究經(jīng)費的共和黨人。這兩種人——尤其是第二種人都是政治家。
C意為:“更開明的人士”經(jīng)常給別人貼上反科學的標簽。
D意為:給環(huán)境保護者貼上“反科學”的標簽是有道理的。
62. [A]意為:客觀的。
作者似乎只是客觀地敘述了科學和人文學科之間的分歧,而并未評價孰是孰非。
B意為:主觀的。
C意為:有偏向的。
D意為:令人困惑的。
翻譯句子
1、The schism between science and the humanities has, if anything, deepened in this century.
本世紀,(自然)科學與人文科學之間的分裂更深了。
2、But surely that does not mean environmentalists concerned about uncontrolled industrial growth are anti-science, as an essay in US News & World Report last May seemed to suggest.
當然,這并不意味著,對不加控制的工業(yè)發(fā)展表示擔憂的環(huán)境主義者也是反科學的,而去年5月份刊登在《美國新聞和世界報導》的一篇文章似乎有此暗示。
補充難句翻譯
①Think of Galileo's 17th-century trial for his rebelling belief before the Catholic Church or poet William Blake's harsh remarks against the mechanistic worldview of Issac Newton.[參考譯文]想想17世紀時伽利略為其叛逆性的信念在遭到天主教會的審判,還有詩人威廉?布萊克針對以撒克?牛頓的機械的世界觀所發(fā)表的嚴厲批評。
[結(jié)構(gòu)剖析]這是一個類似祈使句的無主語句。think of后面的賓語部分比較繁雜,主要有兩個賓語,主干部分其實是Think of Galileo's trial or Blake's remarks.剩下的就是關(guān)于這兩個賓語的修飾限定成分。trial后面for his rebelling解釋的是trial的原因,before短語解釋的是trial的地點;harsh remarks后面跟的against短語解釋的是remarks的內(nèi)容。
[閱讀重點]注意think of后面并列的雙賓語,以及介詞for,before,against等在語義上的作用。另外注意作者舉的這兩個例子,前者是科學正確,而后者是人文學科正確。
②Defenders of science have also voiced their concerns at meetings such as “The Flight from Science and Reason”, held in New York City in 1995, and “Science in the Age of (Mis)information”, which assembled last June near Buffalo.[參考譯文]科學衛(wèi)士們在會議上也表述了他們的關(guān)注,比如1995年在紐約市舉行的“逃離科學與理性”會議,以及去年6月在布法羅附近召開的“(錯誤)信息時代的科學”會議。
[結(jié)構(gòu)剖析]這個句子有一個較長的介詞賓語,主干句并不復雜:Defenders have voiced their concerns at meeting.后面such as所跟的成分主要是舉例說明meetings,引號里的是兩個meeting的名稱。第一個引號后用逗號隔開的過去分詞短語是修飾前面引號里的內(nèi)容,指出這個會議召開的地點和時間;第二個引號后面跟了一個which引導的從句,補充說明的是第二個會議召開的時間和地點。
[閱讀重點] 先要知道voice their concerns的意思,然后就是such as后面列舉的是兩個會議的名稱,其后各有限定成分說明會議召開的時間和地點。另外,注意the Age of (Mis)information有雙關(guān)的意思,the Age of information表示“信息時代”;而the Age of Misinformation表示“充滿了錯誤信息的時代”。
③A survey of news stories in 1996 reveals that the anti-science tag has been attached to many other groups as well, from authorities who advocated the elimination of the last remaining stocks of smallpox virus to Republicans who advocated decreased funding for basic research.[參考譯文]一項關(guān)于1996年新聞報道的調(diào)查顯示,反科學的標簽還可以貼在許多其他團體身上,從提倡消滅最后存留的天花病毒的權(quán)威機構(gòu),到鼓吹削減基礎研究經(jīng)費的共和黨人(都被貼上了反科學的標簽)。
[結(jié)構(gòu)剖析]理解這個句子的關(guān)鍵在于對that引導的賓語從句的剖析,主干句就是A survey reveals that……。賓語從句中的核心句比較簡單:The tag has been attached to many groups.剩下的就是對用逗號部分隔開的最后部分進行分析:這是一個是from…… to……連接的兩個并列名詞,每個名詞后面都有一個較長的定語從句。第一個名詞是authorities,第二個名詞是Republicans,后面跟的都是一個who引導的定語從句,who在從句中作主語。
[閱讀重點]先要解決整個句子的基本句型,然后是賓語從句的句型,接著把 from…… to……結(jié)構(gòu)找出來,搞清楚其中的定語從句就可以了。在閱讀中,考生不一定要關(guān)注那些細枝末節(jié)的信息,比如smallpox的意思對于本句的理解就不構(gòu)成障礙,因此只要知道是一種病就可以了。
④Few would dispute that the term applied to the Unabomber, whose manifesto, published in 1995, scorns science and longs for return to a pretechnological utopia.[參考譯文]幾乎沒有人會反對這個稱號(反科學)適用與仇視現(xiàn)代工業(yè)文明的恐怖主義者,其于1995年發(fā)表了宣言,表達了對科學的嘲弄和對回歸前技術(shù)時代烏托邦社會的向往。
[結(jié)構(gòu)剖析]這個句子也有一個that引導的、較長的賓語從句。從句的核心句是:The term scorns science and longs for return.需要注意的是term后面跟了一個過去分詞短語,這個分詞短語的賓語部分the Unabomber跟了一個whose引導的定語從句;return這個名詞后面跟的是一個介詞to引導的地點(生存狀態(tài))——a pretechnological utopia.
[閱讀重點]找出賓語從句中的主謂賓成分,明白主語后所跟的過去分詞結(jié)構(gòu)和定語從句的作用,就會對整個句子有了清晰的理解。在本句中有一個詞the Unabomber,一般字典還尚未收錄,它所指的是近些年來美國一系列針對工商業(yè)和科學研究從業(yè)人員的郵件炸彈事件的制造者,1995年他們給紐約時報寫信,在信中提到了他們的目的。
⑤The true enemies of science, argues Paul Ehrlich of Stanford University, a pioneer of environmental studies, are those who question the evidence supporting global warming, the depletion of the ozone layer and other consequences of industrial growth.[參考譯文]環(huán)境研究的先驅(qū)、斯坦福大學的保羅?厄爾里西認為,科學真正的敵人是那些對支持全球變暖、臭氧層損耗以及工業(yè)發(fā)展的其他后果的證據(jù)提出置疑的人。
[結(jié)構(gòu)剖析]這個句子主語和謂語成了類似插入語的成分,插在了句子中間,表明的是發(fā)表這個觀點的是什么人(姓名與身份)。而該句的主要內(nèi)容在于argue所跟的賓語從句。這個賓語從句中的賓語those有一個who引導的較長的定語從句,其中who是主語, question是謂語,the evidence是賓語,賓語后面跟的現(xiàn)在分詞短語修飾的是evidence,這個現(xiàn)在分詞supporting后面跟了三個并列賓語。
[閱讀重點]要弄清suporting與evidence的關(guān)系:supporting引導的短語修飾evidence,規(guī)定了evidence的內(nèi)容。
語言點詳解
1.trial審訊[大綱詞匯] trial n.審訊;實驗,考驗[經(jīng)典例句]He would be a witness at the trial.
2.harsh嚴厲的[擴充詞匯]harsh a.粗糙的;刺耳的;嚴厲的,苛刻的[經(jīng)典例句]He didn't deserve such a harsh punishment.
3.world view世界觀[大綱詞匯]world view世界觀
4.schism分歧[擴充詞匯]schism n.分裂;宗派,派別;分歧[經(jīng)典例句]The schism between the two parties finally led to war.
5.humanities人文科學[大綱詞匯]humanity n.人類,人性,人情;(pl.〕人文科學
6.afford to承受得起[大綱詞匯]afford v.負擔得起,買得起,花得起(時間);供給,給予[經(jīng)典例句]He can hardly afford to miss another day at school.
7.ignore不理[大綱詞匯]ignore v.不理,不顧,忽視[經(jīng)典例句]He was criticized for ignoring the complaints of customers.
8.find fault with挑…的毛病[大綱詞匯]fault n.過失,過錯;缺點,毛病find fault埋怨,挑剔[經(jīng)典例句]The new teacher always finds fault with his students.
9.sociologist社會學家[構(gòu)詞方法] socio-派前綴,表示“社會的”[聯(lián)想記憶]socioeconomic a.社會經(jīng)濟學的sociolinguistics n.社會語言學
10academic學者[大綱詞匯]academic a.學院的;學術(shù)的[擴充詞義]academic n.大學生,大學教師;學者
11.objectivity客觀性[大綱詞匯]objective n.目標,目的;a.客觀的,真實的[衍生詞匯]objectivity n.客觀(性)[經(jīng)典例句]It must be said in all objectivity that his judgment was wrong.
12.contradict同……矛盾[大綱詞匯]contradict v.反駁;同…矛盾,同…抵觸[經(jīng)典例句]The facts contradicted his theory.
13.reveal顯示[大綱詞匯]reveal.展現(xiàn),顯示,揭示,揭露,告訴,泄露[經(jīng)典例句]The expression on her face revealed her nervousness.
14.tag標簽[大綱詞匯]tag n.標簽,貨簽[擴充詞義]tag v.貼標簽于…[經(jīng)典例句」He doesn't take kindly to the tag of pauper.
15.attach to貼上[大綱詞匯]attach v.(to)縛上,系上,貼上;使依附,使隸屬,使依戀[經(jīng)典例句]She attached a name list to the report.
16.manifesto宣言[大綱詞匯]manifest v.表明,證明,顯示;a.明白的,明了的[衍生詞匯]manifesto n.宣言[經(jīng)典例句]The environmentalists issued a manifesto against pollution.
17.scorn蔑視[大綱詞匯]scorn v./n……輕蔑,藐視[經(jīng)典例句]His colleagues scorns his snobbishness.
18.long for渴望[大綱詞匯]long v.(for)渴望,極想?longing n.(for)渴望[經(jīng)典例句]He longs for visiting the states.
19.pretechnologlcal技術(shù)發(fā)展前的[構(gòu)詞方法]pre-前綴,表示“在奮二之前的”,“預先”[聯(lián)想記憶]prewar a.戰(zhàn)前的prearrange v.預先準備
20 .utopia烏托邦[擴充詞匯]utopia n.烏托邦,理想的完美社會,空想的社會改良計劃[經(jīng)典例句]They offered specific legislative changes,not vague utopia.
21.global warming全球變暖
22.depletion耗盡[擴充詞匯]depletion n.耗盡,枯竭,空虛[經(jīng)典例句]Excessive mining caused the depletion of coal deposits.
23.ozone layer臭氧層
24.epithet稱號[擴充詞匯]epithet n.別稱,綽號;表述詞語[經(jīng)典例句]He got an epithet of“old mum”for his garrulousness.
25.in danger of受到…的威脅[大綱詞匯]danger n.危險,威脅,危險物in danger在危險中,垂危[經(jīng)典例句]Pandas are in danger of the deterioration of their living condition.
26.confrontation對抗[大綱詞匯]confront v.使面臨,使遭遇;面對(危險等)[衍生詞匯] confrontation n.對抗;比較[經(jīng)典例句]The President triggered a confrontation with Congress over the budget issue.
27.exemplify舉例證明[大綱詞匯]exemplify v.舉例證明,是…的榜樣[經(jīng)典例句]The teacher exemplified the difference between poetry and prose.
28.impartial公正的[大綱詞匯]impartial a.(in,to)公正的,無偏見的[衍生詞匯]impartiality n.公正[經(jīng)典例句]A judge should be impartial.29.biased有偏見的[大綱詞匯]bias v./n.(使有)偏見,偏心,偏袒[衍生詞匯]biased a.有偏見的[經(jīng)典例句] His biased view on science influenced his children.
全文翻譯
科學與文化的其他方面的關(guān)系一直都很緊張。想想看,17世紀伽利略為他叛逆性的信仰而遭受天主教會的審判,還有詩人威廉?布萊克對艾薩克?牛頓的機械的世界觀所發(fā)表的尖銳批判。本世紀,(自然)科學與人文科學之間的分裂更深了。
以前,科學界如此之強大以致可以對批評者置之不理——但現(xiàn)在不同了。由于科研經(jīng)費減少了,科學家出了幾本書來抨擊“反科學”勢力,其中值得注意的有弗吉尼亞大學生物學家保羅?R?格羅斯和拉特格斯大學的數(shù)學家諾曼?萊維特合著的《高級迷信》及康奈爾大學的卡爾?薩根著的《鬼怪世界》。
科學的捍衛(wèi)者們也在一些會議上表示了他們的擔憂。比如,1995年在紐約舉行的“遠離科學和理性”會議,以及去年6月在布法羅附近召開的“信息(迷信)時代的科學”會議。
顯然,反科學對不同的人有不同的含義。格羅斯和萊維特主要挑那些質(zhì)疑科學客觀性的社會學家、哲學家和其他學者的毛病。而薩根則更關(guān)注那些相信鬼怪、上帝造物論和其他與科學世界觀相左的人。
1996年對新聞報道的調(diào)查表明,反科學的標簽也貼在了許多其他群體上,從提倡消滅所有現(xiàn)存的天花病毒的官方人士到倡議削減基礎研究基金的共和黨人。
將該詞用在仇視現(xiàn)代文明的恐怖主義者身上,也不會引起多大爭議,它在1995年公開發(fā)表蔑視科學、渴望回到前技術(shù)時代理想社會的聲明。當然,這并不意味著,對不加控制的工業(yè)發(fā)展表示擔憂的環(huán)境主義者也是反科學的,而去年5月份刊登在《美國新聞和世界報導》的一篇文章似乎有此暗示。
毫無疑問,環(huán)境主義者要對這些批評做出反應。作為環(huán)境研究的先驅(qū)者,斯坦福大學的保羅?埃利希認為,科學的真正的敵人是那些對支持全球變暖、臭氧層稀薄和工業(yè)增長帶來的其他后果的證據(jù)提出質(zhì)疑的人。
的確,一些觀察者擔心反科學這個詞會失去意義?!?反科學'這個詞可以涵蓋很多截然不同的東西”,哈佛大學的哲學家杰拉爾德?霍爾頓在其1993年的著作《科學和反科學》中寫道:“它們惟一的共同點就是會激怒或威脅那些自以為比別人更有見識的人?!?BR>

