Specialisation can be seen as a response to the problem of an increasing accumulation of scientific knowledge. By splitting up the subject matter into smaller units， one man could continue to handle the information and use it as the basis for further research. But specialisation was only one of a series of related developments in science affecting the process of communication. Another was the growing professionalisation of scientific activity.
No clear-cut distinction can be drawn between professionals and amateurs in science： exceptions can be found to any rule. Nevertheless， the word “amateur” does carry a connotation that the person concerned is not fully integrated into the scientific community and， in particular， may not fully share its values. The growth of specialisation in the nineteenth century， with its consequent requirement of a longer， more complex training， implied greater problems for amateur participation in science. The trend was naturally most obvious in those areas of science based especially on a mathematical or laboratory training， and can be illustrated in terms of the development of geology in the United Kingdom.
A comparison of British geological publications over the last century and a half reveals not simply an increasing emphasis on the primacy of research， but also a changing definition of what constitutes an acceptable research paper. Thus， in the nineteenth century， local geological studies represented worthwhile research in their own right； but， in the twentieth century， local studies have increasingly become acceptable to professionals only if they incorporate， and reflect on， the wider geological picture. Amateurs， on the other hand， have continued to pursue local studies in the old way. The overall result has been to make entrance to professional geological journals harder for amateurs， a result that has been reinforced by the widespread introduction of refereeing， first by national journals in the nineteenth century and then by several local geological journals in the twentieth century. As a logical consequence of this development， separate journals have now appeared aimed mainly towards either professional or amateur readership. A rather similar process of differentiation has led to professional geologists coming together nationally within one or two specific societies， where as the amateurs have tended either to remain in local societies or to come together nationally in a different way.
Although the process of professionalisation and specialisation was already well under way in British geology during the nineteenth century， its full consequences were thus delayed until the twentieth century. In science generally， however， the nineteenth century must be reckoned as the crucial period for this change in the structure of science.
51. The growth of specialisation in the 19th century might be more clearly seen in sciences such as ________.
（A）sociology and chemistry
（B）physics and psychology
（C）sociology and psychology
（D）physics and chemistry
52. We can infer from the passage that ________.
（A）there is little distinction between specialisation and professionalisation
（B）amateurs can compete with professionals in some areas of science
（C）professionals tend to welcome amateurs into the scientific community
（D）amateurs have national academic societies but no local ones
53. The author writes of the development of geology to demonstrate ________.
（A）the process of specialisation and professionalisation
（B）the hardship of amateurs in scientific study
（C）the change of policies in scientific publications
（D）the discrimination of professionals against amateurs
54. The direct reason for specialisation is ________.
（A）the development in communication
（B）the growth of professionalisation
（C）the expansion of scientific knowledge
（D）the splitting up of academic societies
答案及試題解析
DBAC
51.（D）
根據(jù)第二段第三、四句，19世紀(jì)開(kāi)始的專(zhuān)門(mén)化要求更長(zhǎng)時(shí)間、更復(fù)雜的培訓(xùn)，日益增長(zhǎng)的專(zhuān)門(mén)化給參與科學(xué)活動(dòng)的業(yè)余愛(ài)好者帶來(lái)了更大的問(wèn)題。在特別是以數(shù)學(xué)和實(shí)驗(yàn)為基礎(chǔ)的那些科學(xué)領(lǐng)域里，這一傾向自然表現(xiàn)得為明顯，英國(guó)地質(zhì)學(xué)領(lǐng)域的發(fā)展充分地說(shuō)明了這一點(diǎn)。
在這四個(gè)選擇項(xiàng)中，雖然沒(méi)有提到地質(zhì)學(xué)，但是，眾所周知，就19世紀(jì)而言，物理學(xué)和化學(xué)均是以數(shù)學(xué)和實(shí)驗(yàn)作為基礎(chǔ)的科學(xué)，因此（D）是正確答案。
52.（B）意為：業(yè)余研究者可以在某些科學(xué)領(lǐng)域與專(zhuān)業(yè)研究者相匹敵。
根據(jù)第三段，在20世紀(jì)，局部的研究（local studies）只有在能被納入并反映出更廣泛研究框架的時(shí)候，才為專(zhuān)業(yè)研究者所接受。這說(shuō)明，某些方面的研究是為專(zhuān)業(yè)研究者所認(rèn)可的。第二段還提到，目前并存著分別以業(yè)余研究者和專(zhuān)業(yè)研究者為對(duì)象的兩種雜志，專(zhuān)業(yè)地質(zhì)學(xué)家組成了全國(guó)性的一兩個(gè)協(xié)會(huì)，而業(yè)余研究者則通常是或者參加本地的研究協(xié)會(huì)，或者也以不同的方式結(jié)成全國(guó)性的組織。這些都說(shuō)明了業(yè)余研究的不可或缺性以及與職業(yè)研究并存狀況。
A意為：專(zhuān)門(mén)化和專(zhuān)業(yè)化過(guò)程幾乎沒(méi)有區(qū)別。根據(jù)本文，專(zhuān)門(mén)化過(guò)程（specialisation）和專(zhuān)業(yè)化過(guò)程（professionalisation）實(shí)質(zhì)上是同一個(gè)過(guò)程，即：研究領(lǐng)域的專(zhuān)門(mén)化帶來(lái)了研究人員的專(zhuān)業(yè)化，一個(gè)是針對(duì)研究對(duì)象而言，另一個(gè)是針對(duì)研究者而宮，二者同時(shí)發(fā)生，不可比較。
C不對(duì)。根據(jù)第三段第四句，專(zhuān)業(yè)研究者對(duì)業(yè)余研究者甚至還有排擠的傾向。
D不對(duì)。參閱本題對(duì)選擇項(xiàng)（B）的解釋。
53.（A）
參閱第二段第三、四句并第51題題解。請(qǐng)?zhí)貏e注意第四句中illustrate（舉例說(shuō)明）。
另外，第四段第一句也提到，雖然專(zhuān)業(yè)化和專(zhuān)門(mén)化過(guò)程早在19世紀(jì)已在英國(guó)的地質(zhì)學(xué)領(lǐng)域展開(kāi)，但直到20世紀(jì)我們才看到其全面影響。這句話也是對(duì)上一段的總結(jié)。
B意為：業(yè)余研究者在科學(xué)研究中碰到的艱辛。例子中雖然提到了專(zhuān)業(yè)化結(jié)業(yè)余研究者帶來(lái)的不利影響。但就總體而言，這個(gè)例子說(shuō)明的是專(zhuān)業(yè)化和專(zhuān)門(mén)化過(guò)程的形成及其影響。
C意為：科技出版物出版方針的變化。第三段提到了科學(xué)雜志的問(wèn)題（參閱第52題題解），但這顯然不是例子旨在說(shuō)明的問(wèn)題。
D意為：專(zhuān)業(yè)研究者對(duì)業(yè)余研究者的歧視。
54.（C）
全文第一句指出，專(zhuān)門(mén)化過(guò)程可以看做是對(duì)日益積累的科學(xué)知識(shí)的反應(yīng)。該句的含義是：科學(xué)知識(shí)的積累促進(jìn)了知識(shí)的進(jìn)一步分類(lèi)和分化（或?qū)ｉT(mén)化）。
A不對(duì)。第一段第二、三句話的意思是，通過(guò)將研究課題分作更小單位，人們可以繼續(xù)處理信息（注意：這里所說(shuō)的information指上一句中的 scientific knowledge），用之作為進(jìn)一步研究的基礎(chǔ)，但是，專(zhuān)門(mén)化只是影響交流過(guò)程的一系列科學(xué)發(fā)展的一部分。這里所說(shuō)的communication指科學(xué)知識(shí)的交流。
B不對(duì)。專(zhuān)業(yè)比是隨著知識(shí)的進(jìn)一步分類(lèi)而產(chǎn)生的，不是其成因。參閱第52題對(duì)選擇項(xiàng)A的解釋。
D意為：學(xué)術(shù)團(tuán)體的分裂。
翻譯句子
1、The trend was naturally most obvious in those areas of science based especially on a mathematical or laboratory training， and can be illustrated in terms of the development of geology in the United Kingdom.
[參考譯文]很自然，這種趨勢(shì)會(huì)在尤以數(shù)學(xué)或?qū)嶒?yàn)室訓(xùn)練為基礎(chǔ)的自然學(xué)科領(lǐng)域表現(xiàn)為明顯，并且可以英國(guó)的地質(zhì)學(xué)發(fā)展作例證來(lái)說(shuō)明。
[結(jié)構(gòu)剖析]兩個(gè)分句有同一個(gè)主語(yǔ)，即the trend，兩個(gè)謂語(yǔ)為was obvious和can be illustrated.前一個(gè)分句中based especially on a mathematical or laboratory training修飾areas of science.
[閱讀重點(diǎn)]注意be illustrated的用法，這里是“舉例說(shuō)明，例證說(shuō)明”的意思；另外in terms of是“就某事來(lái)說(shuō)，以某事為例”的意思。
2、A comparison of British geological publications over the last century and a half reveals not simply an increasing emphasis on the primacy of research， but also a changing definition of what constitutes an acceptable research paper.
[參考譯文]將過(guò)去一個(gè)半世紀(jì)英國(guó)地質(zhì)學(xué)領(lǐng)域的出版物做一下比較，（我們）就會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)不僅對(duì)科研的主導(dǎo)地位的強(qiáng)調(diào)不斷攀升，而且一篇可接受的科研論文所包含的內(nèi)容的定義也有所變化。
[結(jié)構(gòu)剖析]本句的主語(yǔ)是a comparison of British geological publications over the last century and a half（中心詞為a comparison），謂語(yǔ)是reveals，賓語(yǔ)主體結(jié)構(gòu)是not simply…… but also……所連接的兩個(gè)并列賓語(yǔ)，注意賓語(yǔ)emphasis和definition前都有分詞來(lái)修飾。
[閱讀重點(diǎn)]an increasing emphasis on the primacy of research譯為“對(duì)科研的重要性的強(qiáng)調(diào)不斷攀升”，a changing definition of what constitutes an acceptable research paper譯為“一篇過(guò)得去的科研論文創(chuàng)作標(biāo)準(zhǔn)也有所變化”，其中what指代the elements that.
補(bǔ)充難句翻譯
1、No clear-cut distinction can be drawn between professionals and amateurs in science： exceptions can be found to any rule. Nevertheless， the word “amateur” does carry a connotation that the person concerned is not fully integrated into the scientific community and， in particular， may not fully share its values.[參考譯文]科學(xué)領(lǐng)域的專(zhuān)業(yè)人員和業(yè)余愛(ài)好者之間劃不出徑渭分明的界線：因?yàn)槿魏我?guī)則都有例外。然而，“業(yè)余”一詞的確意味著相關(guān)人員不能充分融人職業(yè)科學(xué)界，尤其未能分享科學(xué)圈子的價(jià)值。
[結(jié)構(gòu)剖析]先看前面的句子的主干是No…… distinction can be drawn between……，冒號(hào)后面的內(nèi)容是進(jìn)一步說(shuō)明前面的觀點(diǎn)。在第二個(gè)句子中，一上來(lái)就有一個(gè)轉(zhuǎn)折詞nevertheless，表示語(yǔ)意的轉(zhuǎn)折，其主句是the word “amateur” does carry a connotation，后面有一個(gè)同位語(yǔ)從句，里面有兩個(gè)并列謂語(yǔ)。
[閱讀重點(diǎn)]注意nevertheless表示轉(zhuǎn)折，其后的信息與其前面的信息意思相反，前面講二者沒(méi)有很明顯的區(qū)別，后面便說(shuō)業(yè)余和專(zhuān)業(yè)就是不一樣。其次要看清the word “amateur” DOES carry a connotation而非DOES NOT.
2、 The overall result has been to make entrance to professional geological journals harder for amateurs， a result that has been reinforced by the widespread introduction of refereeing， first by national journals in the nineteenth century and then by several local geological journals in the twentieth century.[參考譯文]這樣一來(lái)總的結(jié)果便是業(yè)余愛(ài)好者想在專(zhuān)業(yè)地質(zhì)學(xué)期刊上發(fā)表文章就更難了，而被廣泛使用的論文評(píng)審?fù)扑]制度又進(jìn)一步強(qiáng)化了這一結(jié)果，該種制度先是出現(xiàn)在19世紀(jì)的刊物上，后又在20世紀(jì)被幾家地方級(jí)地質(zhì)學(xué)刊物所使用。
[結(jié)構(gòu)剖析]全句的主干結(jié)構(gòu)是 The…… result has been to do sth.。注意逗號(hào)后面只是一個(gè)名詞性的短語(yǔ)，其核心詞是a result，可以被看成是前面句子主語(yǔ)的同位語(yǔ)，在其內(nèi)部主要是一個(gè)長(zhǎng)的定語(yǔ)從句，而定語(yǔ)從句中又有兩個(gè)并列的狀語(yǔ)first by……， and then by……。
[閱讀重點(diǎn)]entrance入口，此處指發(fā)表文章，進(jìn)入專(zhuān)業(yè)圈子。reinforce增強(qiáng)，也就是使難度更高。本句的理解重點(diǎn)在于理順句子結(jié)構(gòu)，要看到在第一個(gè)逗號(hào)之后沒(méi)有動(dòng)詞了，可以一層一層地把這個(gè)名詞短語(yǔ)分解開(kāi)。
3、A rather similar process of differentiation has led to professional geologists coming together nationally within one or two specific societies， whereas the amateurs have tended either to remain in local societies or to come together nationally in a different way.[參考譯文]一個(gè)頗為相似的分化過(guò)程已經(jīng)導(dǎo)致專(zhuān)業(yè)的地質(zhì)學(xué)家走到一起組成一到兩個(gè)全國(guó)性的專(zhuān)科學(xué)術(shù)社團(tuán)，而業(yè)余地質(zhì)愛(ài)好者們傾向于要么仍留在地方社團(tuán)，要么也以另一種方式組成全國(guó)性機(jī)構(gòu)。
[結(jié)構(gòu)剖析]這是一個(gè)并列關(guān)系的并列句，兩個(gè)分句由whereas（而）連接，說(shuō)明了兩種情況，前面是在說(shuō)professional，而后面說(shuō)amateurs.
[閱讀重點(diǎn)]coming together nationally within one or two specific societies理解為“組成一到兩個(gè)全國(guó)性的專(zhuān)科學(xué)術(shù)社團(tuán)”。
語(yǔ)言點(diǎn)詳解
1.specialisation專(zhuān)業(yè)化[大綱詞匯]specialise/specialize v.（in）專(zhuān)攻，專(zhuān)門(mén)研究，專(zhuān)業(yè)化[衍生詞匯] sepcialization/specialisation n.專(zhuān)業(yè)化，專(zhuān)門(mén)化[經(jīng)典例句]The specialization of modern industry has greatly increased output.
2.accumulation積累[大綱詞匯]accumulate v.積累，儲(chǔ)蓄，堆積[衍生詞匯]accumulation n.積累[經(jīng)典例句]Wisdom comes from accumulation of experience.
3slipt up分裂，分開(kāi)[大綱詞匯] split v.裂開(kāi)，劈開(kāi)；分裂，分離； n.分化，分裂，裂口[經(jīng)典例句]They slipt up after years of marriage
4.unit單位[大綱詞匯]unit聳。單位，單元；部件，元件；機(jī)組，裝置[經(jīng)典例句]A family is the smallest unit.5.professionalisation[大綱詞匯]profession n.職業(yè)，自由職業(yè)professional a.職業(yè)的，專(zhuān)業(yè)的，專(zhuān)門(mén)的；n.自由職業(yè)者，專(zhuān)業(yè)人員[衍生詞匯] professionalisation / professionalization n.專(zhuān)業(yè)化，職業(yè)化[經(jīng)典例句]Many training programs were initiated at the requirement of professionalisation.
6.clear- cut明確的[擴(kuò)充詞匯]clear-cut a.輪廓清楚的，清晰的；明確的[聯(lián)想記憶](méi)dear-headed a.頭腦清楚的dear-eyed a.有洞察力的[經(jīng)典例句]There was no dear-cut difference between the two proposals.
7. amateur業(yè)余活動(dòng)（愛(ài)好）者[大綱詞匯]amateur a.業(yè)余的； n.業(yè)余活動(dòng)（愛(ài)好）者[經(jīng)典例句]He is very good at piano as an amateur.
8.connotation含義[擴(kuò)充詞匯] connotation n.含蓄；內(nèi)涵意義，隱含意義[經(jīng)典例句] Politician carries different connotations from “statesman”。
9.integrate into成為一體，融人[大綱詞匯]integrate v.（into，with）（使）成為一體，（使）結(jié)合在一起，（使）合并[經(jīng)典例句]The different ideas have been integrate into one uniform plan.
10.participation參與[大綱詞匯] participate v.（in）參與，參加；分享，分擔(dān)[衍生詞匯]participation n.參與[經(jīng)典例句]we expected their participation in the conference.
11.laboratory實(shí)驗(yàn)室[大綱詞匯] laboratory n.實(shí)驗(yàn)室，研究室12.in terms of從…方面而言[大綱詞匯]in terms of依據(jù)，依照；用…措辭[經(jīng)典例句]It has been a terrible year in terms of business.
13.comparison比較[大綱詞匯]comparison n.比較，對(duì)比，比喻，比擬[經(jīng)典例句]The comparison of the output of last two months showed a steady increase.
14.publication出版物[大綱詞匯]publication n.出版物；出版，發(fā)行；公布，發(fā)表[經(jīng)典例句]His articles appeared in various publication.
15.definition定義[大綱詞匯]definition n.定義，解釋[經(jīng)典例句]A clear definition to this term is the key to solve the argument.
16.constitute構(gòu)成[大綱詞匯]constitute v.組成，構(gòu)成constitution n.構(gòu)成，構(gòu)造，組成（方式），成分；體格，體質(zhì)；憲法[經(jīng)典例句]Twelve months constitute a year.
17.in their own right憑他們本身的實(shí)力[大綱詞匯] in one's own right憑本身的權(quán)利（能力、實(shí)力、資格等）[經(jīng)典例句]This brand of wine is becoming popular in its own right.
15.incorperate結(jié)合[大綱詞匯]incorporate v.合并，納人，結(jié)合；a，合并的[經(jīng)典例句]The proposal incorporated different suggestions.
19.reflection反映出[大綱詞匯]reflect v.反映，表現(xiàn)；反省，細(xì)想；考慮[經(jīng)典例句]Your sales figures reflected well on your ability as a salesman.
20.on the other hand另一方面[大綱詞匯]on the other hand另一方面[經(jīng)典例句]On the other hand，it also indicated his nervousness.
21.entrance進(jìn)人，登載[大綱詞匯] entrance n.進(jìn)人；人口，門(mén)口；人學(xué)，人會(huì)[經(jīng)典例句]Entrance into the college was a great event in his life.
22.reinforce加強(qiáng)[大綱詞匯] reinforce v.增援，加強(qiáng)[衍生詞匯]reinforcement n.加強(qiáng)[經(jīng)典例句]He reinforced his argument with more facts.
23.widespread普遍的[大綱詞匯] widespread a.分布廣泛的，普遍的[經(jīng)典例句]There is a widespread belief that newspapers have not told the truth.
24.referee審閱[擴(kuò)充詞匯]referee v.審閱，鑒定（學(xué)術(shù)著作等）；仲裁，裁判[經(jīng)典例句]All submitted papers are to be refereed.
25.differentiation區(qū)分，分化[大綱詞匯]differentiate v.區(qū)別，區(qū)分；（使）不同[衍生詞匯]differentiation n.區(qū)別，區(qū)分；分化[經(jīng)典例句]Differentiation of the two substances are still not clear to the scientists.
26.specific society特定的團(tuán)體
27.whereas反之[大綱詞匯]whereas conj.而，卻，反之[經(jīng)典例句」She is honest， whereas her husband is sly.
28.delay延遲[大綱詞匯]delay n./v.耽擱，延遲[經(jīng)典例句]The plane is delayed due to heavy rain.
29.reckon估計(jì)[大綱詞匯]reckon v.認(rèn)為，估計(jì)；指望，想要；測(cè)算，依靠，指望[經(jīng)典例句] You can reckon me among your supporters.
全文翻譯
專(zhuān)業(yè)化可被視為針對(duì)科學(xué)知識(shí)不斷膨脹這個(gè)問(wèn)題所做出的反應(yīng)。通過(guò)將學(xué)科細(xì)化，個(gè)人能夠繼續(xù)處理這些不斷膨脹的信息并將它們作為深入研究的基礎(chǔ)。但是專(zhuān)業(yè)化僅是科學(xué)領(lǐng)域內(nèi)一系列影響交流過(guò)程的有關(guān)現(xiàn)象之一。另一現(xiàn)象是科學(xué)活動(dòng)的日益職業(yè)化。
在科學(xué)領(lǐng)域內(nèi)，專(zhuān)業(yè)與業(yè)余之間沒(méi)有絕對(duì)的區(qū)分：任何規(guī)律都有其例外。但是“業(yè)余”這個(gè)詞的確具有特殊的含義，那就是所指的那個(gè)人沒(méi)有完全融入某個(gè)科學(xué)家群體，具體地說(shuō)，他可能并不完全認(rèn)同這個(gè)群體的價(jià)值觀。19世紀(jì)的專(zhuān)業(yè)化的發(fā)展，以及隨之而來(lái)的對(duì)訓(xùn)練的長(zhǎng)期性和復(fù)雜性的要求，對(duì)業(yè)余人員進(jìn)入科學(xué)界造成了更大的困難。特別是在以數(shù)學(xué)和實(shí)驗(yàn)室訓(xùn)練為基礎(chǔ)的科學(xué)領(lǐng)域，這種傾向自然尤為明顯，這可以通過(guò)英國(guó)的地質(zhì)學(xué)發(fā)展過(guò)程得到證實(shí)。
對(duì)過(guò)去一個(gè)半世紀(jì)的英國(guó)地質(zhì)出版物進(jìn)行比較，我們不但發(fā)現(xiàn)人們對(duì)研究的重視程度在不斷增加，而且人們對(duì)可以接受的論文的定義也在不斷變化。因此，在19世紀(jì)，局部的地質(zhì)研究本身就可形成一種有價(jià)值的研究；而到了20世紀(jì)，如果局部的研究能夠被專(zhuān)業(yè)人員接受，那么它越來(lái)越傾向于必須體現(xiàn)或思考更廣闊的地質(zhì)面貌。另一方面業(yè)余人員繼續(xù)以舊的方式從事局部的研究。其整體的結(jié)果是使業(yè)余人員進(jìn)入專(zhuān)業(yè)性地質(zhì)學(xué)雜志更加困難，而審稿制度的全面引進(jìn)使這個(gè)結(jié)果得到加強(qiáng)，這一制度開(kāi)始是在19世紀(jì)的全國(guó)性雜志進(jìn)行，進(jìn)入20世紀(jì)后也在一些地方性地質(zhì)雜志實(shí)行。這樣發(fā)展的必然結(jié)果是出現(xiàn)了針對(duì)專(zhuān)業(yè)讀者和業(yè)余讀者的不同雜志。類(lèi)似的分化過(guò)程也導(dǎo)致專(zhuān)業(yè)地質(zhì)學(xué)家聚集起來(lái)，形成一兩個(gè)全國(guó)性的團(tuán)體，而業(yè)余地質(zhì)學(xué)家則要么留在地方性團(tuán)體中，要么以不同方式組成全國(guó)性的團(tuán)體。
雖然職業(yè)化和專(zhuān)業(yè)化過(guò)程在19世紀(jì)的英國(guó)地質(zhì)學(xué)界中已經(jīng)得到迅速發(fā)展，但是它的效果直到20世紀(jì)才充分顯示出來(lái)。然而，從科學(xué)這個(gè)整體來(lái)看，19世紀(jì)必須被視為科學(xué)結(jié)構(gòu)發(fā)生變化的關(guān)鍵時(shí)期。
No clear-cut distinction can be drawn between professionals and amateurs in science： exceptions can be found to any rule. Nevertheless， the word “amateur” does carry a connotation that the person concerned is not fully integrated into the scientific community and， in particular， may not fully share its values. The growth of specialisation in the nineteenth century， with its consequent requirement of a longer， more complex training， implied greater problems for amateur participation in science. The trend was naturally most obvious in those areas of science based especially on a mathematical or laboratory training， and can be illustrated in terms of the development of geology in the United Kingdom.
A comparison of British geological publications over the last century and a half reveals not simply an increasing emphasis on the primacy of research， but also a changing definition of what constitutes an acceptable research paper. Thus， in the nineteenth century， local geological studies represented worthwhile research in their own right； but， in the twentieth century， local studies have increasingly become acceptable to professionals only if they incorporate， and reflect on， the wider geological picture. Amateurs， on the other hand， have continued to pursue local studies in the old way. The overall result has been to make entrance to professional geological journals harder for amateurs， a result that has been reinforced by the widespread introduction of refereeing， first by national journals in the nineteenth century and then by several local geological journals in the twentieth century. As a logical consequence of this development， separate journals have now appeared aimed mainly towards either professional or amateur readership. A rather similar process of differentiation has led to professional geologists coming together nationally within one or two specific societies， where as the amateurs have tended either to remain in local societies or to come together nationally in a different way.
Although the process of professionalisation and specialisation was already well under way in British geology during the nineteenth century， its full consequences were thus delayed until the twentieth century. In science generally， however， the nineteenth century must be reckoned as the crucial period for this change in the structure of science.
51. The growth of specialisation in the 19th century might be more clearly seen in sciences such as ________.
（A）sociology and chemistry
（B）physics and psychology
（C）sociology and psychology
（D）physics and chemistry
52. We can infer from the passage that ________.
（A）there is little distinction between specialisation and professionalisation
（B）amateurs can compete with professionals in some areas of science
（C）professionals tend to welcome amateurs into the scientific community
（D）amateurs have national academic societies but no local ones
53. The author writes of the development of geology to demonstrate ________.
（A）the process of specialisation and professionalisation
（B）the hardship of amateurs in scientific study
（C）the change of policies in scientific publications
（D）the discrimination of professionals against amateurs
54. The direct reason for specialisation is ________.
（A）the development in communication
（B）the growth of professionalisation
（C）the expansion of scientific knowledge
（D）the splitting up of academic societies
答案及試題解析
DBAC
51.（D）
根據(jù)第二段第三、四句，19世紀(jì)開(kāi)始的專(zhuān)門(mén)化要求更長(zhǎng)時(shí)間、更復(fù)雜的培訓(xùn)，日益增長(zhǎng)的專(zhuān)門(mén)化給參與科學(xué)活動(dòng)的業(yè)余愛(ài)好者帶來(lái)了更大的問(wèn)題。在特別是以數(shù)學(xué)和實(shí)驗(yàn)為基礎(chǔ)的那些科學(xué)領(lǐng)域里，這一傾向自然表現(xiàn)得為明顯，英國(guó)地質(zhì)學(xué)領(lǐng)域的發(fā)展充分地說(shuō)明了這一點(diǎn)。
在這四個(gè)選擇項(xiàng)中，雖然沒(méi)有提到地質(zhì)學(xué)，但是，眾所周知，就19世紀(jì)而言，物理學(xué)和化學(xué)均是以數(shù)學(xué)和實(shí)驗(yàn)作為基礎(chǔ)的科學(xué)，因此（D）是正確答案。
52.（B）意為：業(yè)余研究者可以在某些科學(xué)領(lǐng)域與專(zhuān)業(yè)研究者相匹敵。
根據(jù)第三段，在20世紀(jì)，局部的研究（local studies）只有在能被納入并反映出更廣泛研究框架的時(shí)候，才為專(zhuān)業(yè)研究者所接受。這說(shuō)明，某些方面的研究是為專(zhuān)業(yè)研究者所認(rèn)可的。第二段還提到，目前并存著分別以業(yè)余研究者和專(zhuān)業(yè)研究者為對(duì)象的兩種雜志，專(zhuān)業(yè)地質(zhì)學(xué)家組成了全國(guó)性的一兩個(gè)協(xié)會(huì)，而業(yè)余研究者則通常是或者參加本地的研究協(xié)會(huì)，或者也以不同的方式結(jié)成全國(guó)性的組織。這些都說(shuō)明了業(yè)余研究的不可或缺性以及與職業(yè)研究并存狀況。
A意為：專(zhuān)門(mén)化和專(zhuān)業(yè)化過(guò)程幾乎沒(méi)有區(qū)別。根據(jù)本文，專(zhuān)門(mén)化過(guò)程（specialisation）和專(zhuān)業(yè)化過(guò)程（professionalisation）實(shí)質(zhì)上是同一個(gè)過(guò)程，即：研究領(lǐng)域的專(zhuān)門(mén)化帶來(lái)了研究人員的專(zhuān)業(yè)化，一個(gè)是針對(duì)研究對(duì)象而言，另一個(gè)是針對(duì)研究者而宮，二者同時(shí)發(fā)生，不可比較。
C不對(duì)。根據(jù)第三段第四句，專(zhuān)業(yè)研究者對(duì)業(yè)余研究者甚至還有排擠的傾向。
D不對(duì)。參閱本題對(duì)選擇項(xiàng)（B）的解釋。
53.（A）
參閱第二段第三、四句并第51題題解。請(qǐng)?zhí)貏e注意第四句中illustrate（舉例說(shuō)明）。
另外，第四段第一句也提到，雖然專(zhuān)業(yè)化和專(zhuān)門(mén)化過(guò)程早在19世紀(jì)已在英國(guó)的地質(zhì)學(xué)領(lǐng)域展開(kāi)，但直到20世紀(jì)我們才看到其全面影響。這句話也是對(duì)上一段的總結(jié)。
B意為：業(yè)余研究者在科學(xué)研究中碰到的艱辛。例子中雖然提到了專(zhuān)業(yè)化結(jié)業(yè)余研究者帶來(lái)的不利影響。但就總體而言，這個(gè)例子說(shuō)明的是專(zhuān)業(yè)化和專(zhuān)門(mén)化過(guò)程的形成及其影響。
C意為：科技出版物出版方針的變化。第三段提到了科學(xué)雜志的問(wèn)題（參閱第52題題解），但這顯然不是例子旨在說(shuō)明的問(wèn)題。
D意為：專(zhuān)業(yè)研究者對(duì)業(yè)余研究者的歧視。
54.（C）
全文第一句指出，專(zhuān)門(mén)化過(guò)程可以看做是對(duì)日益積累的科學(xué)知識(shí)的反應(yīng)。該句的含義是：科學(xué)知識(shí)的積累促進(jìn)了知識(shí)的進(jìn)一步分類(lèi)和分化（或?qū)ｉT(mén)化）。
A不對(duì)。第一段第二、三句話的意思是，通過(guò)將研究課題分作更小單位，人們可以繼續(xù)處理信息（注意：這里所說(shuō)的information指上一句中的 scientific knowledge），用之作為進(jìn)一步研究的基礎(chǔ)，但是，專(zhuān)門(mén)化只是影響交流過(guò)程的一系列科學(xué)發(fā)展的一部分。這里所說(shuō)的communication指科學(xué)知識(shí)的交流。
B不對(duì)。專(zhuān)業(yè)比是隨著知識(shí)的進(jìn)一步分類(lèi)而產(chǎn)生的，不是其成因。參閱第52題對(duì)選擇項(xiàng)A的解釋。
D意為：學(xué)術(shù)團(tuán)體的分裂。
翻譯句子
1、The trend was naturally most obvious in those areas of science based especially on a mathematical or laboratory training， and can be illustrated in terms of the development of geology in the United Kingdom.
[參考譯文]很自然，這種趨勢(shì)會(huì)在尤以數(shù)學(xué)或?qū)嶒?yàn)室訓(xùn)練為基礎(chǔ)的自然學(xué)科領(lǐng)域表現(xiàn)為明顯，并且可以英國(guó)的地質(zhì)學(xué)發(fā)展作例證來(lái)說(shuō)明。
[結(jié)構(gòu)剖析]兩個(gè)分句有同一個(gè)主語(yǔ)，即the trend，兩個(gè)謂語(yǔ)為was obvious和can be illustrated.前一個(gè)分句中based especially on a mathematical or laboratory training修飾areas of science.
[閱讀重點(diǎn)]注意be illustrated的用法，這里是“舉例說(shuō)明，例證說(shuō)明”的意思；另外in terms of是“就某事來(lái)說(shuō)，以某事為例”的意思。
2、A comparison of British geological publications over the last century and a half reveals not simply an increasing emphasis on the primacy of research， but also a changing definition of what constitutes an acceptable research paper.
[參考譯文]將過(guò)去一個(gè)半世紀(jì)英國(guó)地質(zhì)學(xué)領(lǐng)域的出版物做一下比較，（我們）就會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)不僅對(duì)科研的主導(dǎo)地位的強(qiáng)調(diào)不斷攀升，而且一篇可接受的科研論文所包含的內(nèi)容的定義也有所變化。
[結(jié)構(gòu)剖析]本句的主語(yǔ)是a comparison of British geological publications over the last century and a half（中心詞為a comparison），謂語(yǔ)是reveals，賓語(yǔ)主體結(jié)構(gòu)是not simply…… but also……所連接的兩個(gè)并列賓語(yǔ)，注意賓語(yǔ)emphasis和definition前都有分詞來(lái)修飾。
[閱讀重點(diǎn)]an increasing emphasis on the primacy of research譯為“對(duì)科研的重要性的強(qiáng)調(diào)不斷攀升”，a changing definition of what constitutes an acceptable research paper譯為“一篇過(guò)得去的科研論文創(chuàng)作標(biāo)準(zhǔn)也有所變化”，其中what指代the elements that.
補(bǔ)充難句翻譯
1、No clear-cut distinction can be drawn between professionals and amateurs in science： exceptions can be found to any rule. Nevertheless， the word “amateur” does carry a connotation that the person concerned is not fully integrated into the scientific community and， in particular， may not fully share its values.[參考譯文]科學(xué)領(lǐng)域的專(zhuān)業(yè)人員和業(yè)余愛(ài)好者之間劃不出徑渭分明的界線：因?yàn)槿魏我?guī)則都有例外。然而，“業(yè)余”一詞的確意味著相關(guān)人員不能充分融人職業(yè)科學(xué)界，尤其未能分享科學(xué)圈子的價(jià)值。
[結(jié)構(gòu)剖析]先看前面的句子的主干是No…… distinction can be drawn between……，冒號(hào)后面的內(nèi)容是進(jìn)一步說(shuō)明前面的觀點(diǎn)。在第二個(gè)句子中，一上來(lái)就有一個(gè)轉(zhuǎn)折詞nevertheless，表示語(yǔ)意的轉(zhuǎn)折，其主句是the word “amateur” does carry a connotation，后面有一個(gè)同位語(yǔ)從句，里面有兩個(gè)并列謂語(yǔ)。
[閱讀重點(diǎn)]注意nevertheless表示轉(zhuǎn)折，其后的信息與其前面的信息意思相反，前面講二者沒(méi)有很明顯的區(qū)別，后面便說(shuō)業(yè)余和專(zhuān)業(yè)就是不一樣。其次要看清the word “amateur” DOES carry a connotation而非DOES NOT.
2、 The overall result has been to make entrance to professional geological journals harder for amateurs， a result that has been reinforced by the widespread introduction of refereeing， first by national journals in the nineteenth century and then by several local geological journals in the twentieth century.[參考譯文]這樣一來(lái)總的結(jié)果便是業(yè)余愛(ài)好者想在專(zhuān)業(yè)地質(zhì)學(xué)期刊上發(fā)表文章就更難了，而被廣泛使用的論文評(píng)審?fù)扑]制度又進(jìn)一步強(qiáng)化了這一結(jié)果，該種制度先是出現(xiàn)在19世紀(jì)的刊物上，后又在20世紀(jì)被幾家地方級(jí)地質(zhì)學(xué)刊物所使用。
[結(jié)構(gòu)剖析]全句的主干結(jié)構(gòu)是 The…… result has been to do sth.。注意逗號(hào)后面只是一個(gè)名詞性的短語(yǔ)，其核心詞是a result，可以被看成是前面句子主語(yǔ)的同位語(yǔ)，在其內(nèi)部主要是一個(gè)長(zhǎng)的定語(yǔ)從句，而定語(yǔ)從句中又有兩個(gè)并列的狀語(yǔ)first by……， and then by……。
[閱讀重點(diǎn)]entrance入口，此處指發(fā)表文章，進(jìn)入專(zhuān)業(yè)圈子。reinforce增強(qiáng)，也就是使難度更高。本句的理解重點(diǎn)在于理順句子結(jié)構(gòu)，要看到在第一個(gè)逗號(hào)之后沒(méi)有動(dòng)詞了，可以一層一層地把這個(gè)名詞短語(yǔ)分解開(kāi)。
3、A rather similar process of differentiation has led to professional geologists coming together nationally within one or two specific societies， whereas the amateurs have tended either to remain in local societies or to come together nationally in a different way.[參考譯文]一個(gè)頗為相似的分化過(guò)程已經(jīng)導(dǎo)致專(zhuān)業(yè)的地質(zhì)學(xué)家走到一起組成一到兩個(gè)全國(guó)性的專(zhuān)科學(xué)術(shù)社團(tuán)，而業(yè)余地質(zhì)愛(ài)好者們傾向于要么仍留在地方社團(tuán)，要么也以另一種方式組成全國(guó)性機(jī)構(gòu)。
[結(jié)構(gòu)剖析]這是一個(gè)并列關(guān)系的并列句，兩個(gè)分句由whereas（而）連接，說(shuō)明了兩種情況，前面是在說(shuō)professional，而后面說(shuō)amateurs.
[閱讀重點(diǎn)]coming together nationally within one or two specific societies理解為“組成一到兩個(gè)全國(guó)性的專(zhuān)科學(xué)術(shù)社團(tuán)”。
語(yǔ)言點(diǎn)詳解
1.specialisation專(zhuān)業(yè)化[大綱詞匯]specialise/specialize v.（in）專(zhuān)攻，專(zhuān)門(mén)研究，專(zhuān)業(yè)化[衍生詞匯] sepcialization/specialisation n.專(zhuān)業(yè)化，專(zhuān)門(mén)化[經(jīng)典例句]The specialization of modern industry has greatly increased output.
2.accumulation積累[大綱詞匯]accumulate v.積累，儲(chǔ)蓄，堆積[衍生詞匯]accumulation n.積累[經(jīng)典例句]Wisdom comes from accumulation of experience.
3slipt up分裂，分開(kāi)[大綱詞匯] split v.裂開(kāi)，劈開(kāi)；分裂，分離； n.分化，分裂，裂口[經(jīng)典例句]They slipt up after years of marriage
4.unit單位[大綱詞匯]unit聳。單位，單元；部件，元件；機(jī)組，裝置[經(jīng)典例句]A family is the smallest unit.5.professionalisation[大綱詞匯]profession n.職業(yè)，自由職業(yè)professional a.職業(yè)的，專(zhuān)業(yè)的，專(zhuān)門(mén)的；n.自由職業(yè)者，專(zhuān)業(yè)人員[衍生詞匯] professionalisation / professionalization n.專(zhuān)業(yè)化，職業(yè)化[經(jīng)典例句]Many training programs were initiated at the requirement of professionalisation.
6.clear- cut明確的[擴(kuò)充詞匯]clear-cut a.輪廓清楚的，清晰的；明確的[聯(lián)想記憶](méi)dear-headed a.頭腦清楚的dear-eyed a.有洞察力的[經(jīng)典例句]There was no dear-cut difference between the two proposals.
7. amateur業(yè)余活動(dòng)（愛(ài)好）者[大綱詞匯]amateur a.業(yè)余的； n.業(yè)余活動(dòng)（愛(ài)好）者[經(jīng)典例句]He is very good at piano as an amateur.
8.connotation含義[擴(kuò)充詞匯] connotation n.含蓄；內(nèi)涵意義，隱含意義[經(jīng)典例句] Politician carries different connotations from “statesman”。
9.integrate into成為一體，融人[大綱詞匯]integrate v.（into，with）（使）成為一體，（使）結(jié)合在一起，（使）合并[經(jīng)典例句]The different ideas have been integrate into one uniform plan.
10.participation參與[大綱詞匯] participate v.（in）參與，參加；分享，分擔(dān)[衍生詞匯]participation n.參與[經(jīng)典例句]we expected their participation in the conference.
11.laboratory實(shí)驗(yàn)室[大綱詞匯] laboratory n.實(shí)驗(yàn)室，研究室12.in terms of從…方面而言[大綱詞匯]in terms of依據(jù)，依照；用…措辭[經(jīng)典例句]It has been a terrible year in terms of business.
13.comparison比較[大綱詞匯]comparison n.比較，對(duì)比，比喻，比擬[經(jīng)典例句]The comparison of the output of last two months showed a steady increase.
14.publication出版物[大綱詞匯]publication n.出版物；出版，發(fā)行；公布，發(fā)表[經(jīng)典例句]His articles appeared in various publication.
15.definition定義[大綱詞匯]definition n.定義，解釋[經(jīng)典例句]A clear definition to this term is the key to solve the argument.
16.constitute構(gòu)成[大綱詞匯]constitute v.組成，構(gòu)成constitution n.構(gòu)成，構(gòu)造，組成（方式），成分；體格，體質(zhì)；憲法[經(jīng)典例句]Twelve months constitute a year.
17.in their own right憑他們本身的實(shí)力[大綱詞匯] in one's own right憑本身的權(quán)利（能力、實(shí)力、資格等）[經(jīng)典例句]This brand of wine is becoming popular in its own right.
15.incorperate結(jié)合[大綱詞匯]incorporate v.合并，納人，結(jié)合；a，合并的[經(jīng)典例句]The proposal incorporated different suggestions.
19.reflection反映出[大綱詞匯]reflect v.反映，表現(xiàn)；反省，細(xì)想；考慮[經(jīng)典例句]Your sales figures reflected well on your ability as a salesman.
20.on the other hand另一方面[大綱詞匯]on the other hand另一方面[經(jīng)典例句]On the other hand，it also indicated his nervousness.
21.entrance進(jìn)人，登載[大綱詞匯] entrance n.進(jìn)人；人口，門(mén)口；人學(xué)，人會(huì)[經(jīng)典例句]Entrance into the college was a great event in his life.
22.reinforce加強(qiáng)[大綱詞匯] reinforce v.增援，加強(qiáng)[衍生詞匯]reinforcement n.加強(qiáng)[經(jīng)典例句]He reinforced his argument with more facts.
23.widespread普遍的[大綱詞匯] widespread a.分布廣泛的，普遍的[經(jīng)典例句]There is a widespread belief that newspapers have not told the truth.
24.referee審閱[擴(kuò)充詞匯]referee v.審閱，鑒定（學(xué)術(shù)著作等）；仲裁，裁判[經(jīng)典例句]All submitted papers are to be refereed.
25.differentiation區(qū)分，分化[大綱詞匯]differentiate v.區(qū)別，區(qū)分；（使）不同[衍生詞匯]differentiation n.區(qū)別，區(qū)分；分化[經(jīng)典例句]Differentiation of the two substances are still not clear to the scientists.
26.specific society特定的團(tuán)體
27.whereas反之[大綱詞匯]whereas conj.而，卻，反之[經(jīng)典例句」She is honest， whereas her husband is sly.
28.delay延遲[大綱詞匯]delay n./v.耽擱，延遲[經(jīng)典例句]The plane is delayed due to heavy rain.
29.reckon估計(jì)[大綱詞匯]reckon v.認(rèn)為，估計(jì)；指望，想要；測(cè)算，依靠，指望[經(jīng)典例句] You can reckon me among your supporters.
全文翻譯
專(zhuān)業(yè)化可被視為針對(duì)科學(xué)知識(shí)不斷膨脹這個(gè)問(wèn)題所做出的反應(yīng)。通過(guò)將學(xué)科細(xì)化，個(gè)人能夠繼續(xù)處理這些不斷膨脹的信息并將它們作為深入研究的基礎(chǔ)。但是專(zhuān)業(yè)化僅是科學(xué)領(lǐng)域內(nèi)一系列影響交流過(guò)程的有關(guān)現(xiàn)象之一。另一現(xiàn)象是科學(xué)活動(dòng)的日益職業(yè)化。
在科學(xué)領(lǐng)域內(nèi)，專(zhuān)業(yè)與業(yè)余之間沒(méi)有絕對(duì)的區(qū)分：任何規(guī)律都有其例外。但是“業(yè)余”這個(gè)詞的確具有特殊的含義，那就是所指的那個(gè)人沒(méi)有完全融入某個(gè)科學(xué)家群體，具體地說(shuō)，他可能并不完全認(rèn)同這個(gè)群體的價(jià)值觀。19世紀(jì)的專(zhuān)業(yè)化的發(fā)展，以及隨之而來(lái)的對(duì)訓(xùn)練的長(zhǎng)期性和復(fù)雜性的要求，對(duì)業(yè)余人員進(jìn)入科學(xué)界造成了更大的困難。特別是在以數(shù)學(xué)和實(shí)驗(yàn)室訓(xùn)練為基礎(chǔ)的科學(xué)領(lǐng)域，這種傾向自然尤為明顯，這可以通過(guò)英國(guó)的地質(zhì)學(xué)發(fā)展過(guò)程得到證實(shí)。
對(duì)過(guò)去一個(gè)半世紀(jì)的英國(guó)地質(zhì)出版物進(jìn)行比較，我們不但發(fā)現(xiàn)人們對(duì)研究的重視程度在不斷增加，而且人們對(duì)可以接受的論文的定義也在不斷變化。因此，在19世紀(jì)，局部的地質(zhì)研究本身就可形成一種有價(jià)值的研究；而到了20世紀(jì)，如果局部的研究能夠被專(zhuān)業(yè)人員接受，那么它越來(lái)越傾向于必須體現(xiàn)或思考更廣闊的地質(zhì)面貌。另一方面業(yè)余人員繼續(xù)以舊的方式從事局部的研究。其整體的結(jié)果是使業(yè)余人員進(jìn)入專(zhuān)業(yè)性地質(zhì)學(xué)雜志更加困難，而審稿制度的全面引進(jìn)使這個(gè)結(jié)果得到加強(qiáng)，這一制度開(kāi)始是在19世紀(jì)的全國(guó)性雜志進(jìn)行，進(jìn)入20世紀(jì)后也在一些地方性地質(zhì)雜志實(shí)行。這樣發(fā)展的必然結(jié)果是出現(xiàn)了針對(duì)專(zhuān)業(yè)讀者和業(yè)余讀者的不同雜志。類(lèi)似的分化過(guò)程也導(dǎo)致專(zhuān)業(yè)地質(zhì)學(xué)家聚集起來(lái)，形成一兩個(gè)全國(guó)性的團(tuán)體，而業(yè)余地質(zhì)學(xué)家則要么留在地方性團(tuán)體中，要么以不同方式組成全國(guó)性的團(tuán)體。
雖然職業(yè)化和專(zhuān)業(yè)化過(guò)程在19世紀(jì)的英國(guó)地質(zhì)學(xué)界中已經(jīng)得到迅速發(fā)展，但是它的效果直到20世紀(jì)才充分顯示出來(lái)。然而，從科學(xué)這個(gè)整體來(lái)看，19世紀(jì)必須被視為科學(xué)結(jié)構(gòu)發(fā)生變化的關(guān)鍵時(shí)期。