第一單元、 四級(jí)英語(yǔ)聽力的考查模式
1.對(duì)話聽力部分一般是20個(gè)小題，由A和B兩部分組成。A部分通常是10個(gè)對(duì)話，每個(gè)對(duì)話設(shè)一個(gè)小題，要求同學(xué)們根據(jù)對(duì)話內(nèi)容從四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中選擇正確答案。
2.短文B部分有兩種形式，一是聽短文。一般是三篇120-140字之間的短文，每篇短文后有三到四個(gè)問(wèn)題，共10道小題。該部分主要測(cè)試同學(xué)們的整體理解能力。
3.復(fù)合式聽寫B(tài)部分的另一種是復(fù)合式聽寫。復(fù)合式聽寫由兩部分組成。一是單詞聽寫，要求同學(xué)們毫無(wú)差錯(cuò)地填出短文所缺單詞。另一種是補(bǔ)全信息。一般是，每段的第一句主題句已經(jīng)給出，要求填出具體細(xì)節(jié)內(nèi)容說(shuō)明主題，可以使用聽到的原話，也可以使用自己的語(yǔ)言。
第二單元、四級(jí)英語(yǔ)聽力的命題規(guī)律和測(cè)試重點(diǎn)
1. 對(duì)話對(duì)話部分考查的重點(diǎn)有：1） 地點(diǎn)根據(jù)對(duì)話內(nèi)容判斷對(duì)話發(fā)生的地點(diǎn)或?qū)υ捴兴崾录l(fā)生的地點(diǎn)是四級(jí)英語(yǔ)聽力測(cè)試中常見的也是比較重要的一個(gè)題型。地點(diǎn)題一般有以下幾種：（1）根據(jù)信息詞設(shè)題① W： Dear， I feel hungry now. How about you？
M： So do I. Let me call room service. Hello， room service. Please send a menu to 320 right away. Q： Where are the two speakers？
A. In a hotel. B. At a dinner table. C. In the street. D. At the man's house.該題通過(guò)hungry 和menu來(lái)迷惑同學(xué)們，引導(dǎo)大家選擇B，其實(shí)，本題所借助的信息詞是room service 和320這個(gè)房間號(hào)，答案是A.② M： Can you stay for dinner？
W： I'd love to. But I have to go and send some registered mail before picking up the children from school. Q： Where will the woman go first？
A. To the school B. To a friend's house. C. To the post office. D. Home本題借助registered mail設(shè)題，答案是C.但這里同樣也有地點(diǎn)的辨析問(wèn)題，要求同學(xué)們能聽出是“首先到……地方”。
③ M： Excuse me， I'm looking for the emergency room. I thought that it was on the first floor. W： It is. This is the basement. Take the elevator one flight up and turn left. Q： Where did the conversation most probably take place？
A. In a library B. In a hotel. C. In a hospital. D. In an elevator本題設(shè)題所依據(jù)的信息詞是emergency room，只要考生了解其語(yǔ)域就可判斷答案為C.（2）借助對(duì)話中提到的多個(gè)地點(diǎn)設(shè)題有時(shí)對(duì)話中提到的地點(diǎn)不只一個(gè)，這時(shí)，一般是將所有的地點(diǎn)都包括在選項(xiàng)之中。這種情況下，同學(xué)們不必考慮信息詞問(wèn)題，只要能將地點(diǎn)與其相關(guān)事件聯(lián)系起來(lái)就可確定答案。如：① M： I did not see our boss yesterday. Has he come back？
W： He was just back from France besides visiting Britain， Germany，and Spain. Q： Which country did the woman visit first？
A. France B. Britain C. Germany D. Spain四個(gè)地點(diǎn)都是訪問(wèn)過(guò)的地點(diǎn)，要求同學(xué)們能夠分清先后。答案為B.② M： Will Mr. Smith come to the party at the weekend？
W： He'll be supposed to，but he won't be back from his trip until the next week. Q： Where will Mr. Smith be on Saturday？
A. At the party B. At home C. Still on his trip D. Back from his trip.本題是將地點(diǎn)與時(shí)間連在一起，要求同學(xué)們?cè)诼牭耐瑫r(shí)注意區(qū)別每個(gè)事件所發(fā)生的時(shí)間，答案為C. 2） 職業(yè)、身份根據(jù)說(shuō)話內(nèi)容判斷說(shuō)話者的身份和職業(yè)是四級(jí)聽力測(cè)試中又一常見題型。該題型的題項(xiàng)設(shè)計(jì)有兩種：（1）說(shuō)話者自身的身份或職業(yè)根據(jù)談話內(nèi)容判斷說(shuō)話者一方的職業(yè)或身份：① W： Good evening， Professor David. My name is Susan Gray. I'm with the local newspaper. Do you mind if I ask you a few questions？
M： Not at all. Go ahead， please. Q： What is Susan Gray. A. A writer. B. A teacher. C. A reporter. D. A student.由local newspaper可以判斷說(shuō)話者是位記者，在采訪。
② M： How about the food I ordered？ I've been waiting for 20 minutes already. W： I'm very sorry， sir. I'll be back with your order in a minute. Q： Who is the man most probably speaking to？
A. A shop assistant. B. A telephone operator C. A waitress. D. A clerk.與order有關(guān)的自然是waitress，答案為A.（2）說(shuō)話雙方之間的關(guān)系該題型是上一題型的延伸，要求同學(xué)們能判斷說(shuō)話者雙方的身份，問(wèn)題經(jīng)常是 What's the relationship between the two speakers？
① W： How long will it take you to fix my watch？
M： I'll call you when it's ready. But it shouldn't take longer than a week. Q： What is the probable relationship between the speakers？
A. Librarian and student. B. Operator and caller. C. Boss and secretary. D. Customer and repairman.既然女士讓男的fix my watch，說(shuō)明對(duì)方是repairman，而自己是customer.② M： Sorry to trouble you. But is there any possibility of borrowing a blanket？ I feel cold. W： I think we've got one. Could you wait until after take-off please？
Q： What is the probable relationship between the two speakers？
A. A guest and a receptionist. B. A passenger and an air hostess. C. A customer and a shop assistant. D. A guest and a waitress. take-off一詞的使用說(shuō)明女的是空姐，答案自然是B.可以看出，職業(yè)、身份以及說(shuō)話雙方關(guān)系的選擇所依據(jù)的同樣是信息詞。當(dāng)然，要判斷雙方的關(guān)系，還可以從說(shuō)話的方式入手。如：M： Make thirty copies for me and twenty copies for Mr. Brown. W： Certainly sir. As soon as I make the final corrections on the original. Q： What's the relationship between the two speakers？
A. Boss and secretary. B. Lawyer and client. C Teacher and student. D. Nurse and patient.兩人間說(shuō)話的語(yǔ)氣和方式表明是“老板與秘書”的關(guān)系。
3）計(jì)算題計(jì)算題在四級(jí)英語(yǔ)聽力中屬于比較難的題型，要求同學(xué)們不僅能分辨不同的時(shí)間、金錢等數(shù)量概念，還應(yīng)能將聽到的各個(gè)數(shù)量聯(lián)系起來(lái)進(jìn)行加減運(yùn)算。如：① M： Your son seems to have made much progress in playing the piano. Does he attend any piano classes？
W： Yes， he takes lessons twice a week， but from next week on， he will go to the class on Saturday evenings， too. Q： How often will the woman's son have piano lessons from next week on？
A. Once a week. B. Twice a week. C. Three times a week. D. Four times a week.兩次加自然是三次，答案是C.② W： Professor Clark said that the mid-term exam would cover the first 15 lessons. M： Really？ I thought it only included the first 12 lessons. Then I must spend the weekend to go over the rest of the lessons. Q： How many lessons must the man review over the weekend？
A. Five lessons. B. Three lessons. C. Twelve lessons D. Fifteen lessons.這是簡(jiǎn)單的計(jì)算題，只要同學(xué)們不將答案誤認(rèn)為是C或D，就不會(huì)出錯(cuò)。
③ W： Here's a 10-dollar bill. Give me two tickets for tonight's show please. M： Sure. Two tickets and here is $1，40 change. Q： How much does one ticket cost？
A. $1.40. B. $4.30. C. $6.40. D. $8.60 10美元，兩張票，找零1.40美元，說(shuō)明每張票為4.30美元。
從以上例子可以看出，含有數(shù)量概念的題，對(duì)話中提到的數(shù)量一般不可能為正確答案，總要同學(xué)們進(jìn)行一些簡(jiǎn)單的加減運(yùn)算。
4）言外之意、弦外之音推測(cè)說(shuō)話者話中之話是聽力中必考的題型。從試題的設(shè)計(jì)特點(diǎn)來(lái)看，大體有一下幾種：（1）對(duì)虛擬語(yǔ)氣的考查包含虛擬語(yǔ)氣的聽力考題中一般都有“是不非”相對(duì)的選項(xiàng)，這就要求同學(xué)們了解虛擬語(yǔ)氣的表意功能，根據(jù)虛擬語(yǔ)氣判斷正確選項(xiàng)。如：① W： I'm thinking of going to Austin for a visit. Do you think it's worth seeing？
M： Well， I wish I had been there. Q： What do we learn from the conversation？
A. The man is planning a trip to Austin. B. The man has not been to Austin before. C. The man doesn't like Austin. D. The man has been to Austin before. I wish I had been there.說(shuō)明說(shuō)話人沒(méi)有去過(guò)。
② W： If it hadn't been snowing so hard， I might have been home by 9 o'clock. M： It's too bad you didn't make it. Jane was here and she wanted to see you. Q： What happened to the woman？
A. She got home before 9 o'clock. B. She had a bad cold. C. She had a car accident. D. She was delayed. If it hadn't been snowing so hard， I might have been home by 9 o'clock.說(shuō)明因?yàn)檠┨?，說(shuō)話者未能在9點(diǎn)前到家。也就是說(shuō)she was delayed.（2）對(duì)建議的考查建議題要求同學(xué)們掌握建議的各種表達(dá)方式，根據(jù)建議選擇正確選項(xiàng)。如：① W： The movie starts in 5 minutes and there's bound to be a long time. M： Why don't we come back for the next show？ I'm sure it would be less crowded. Q： What is the man suggesting？
A. Coming back for a later show. B. Waiting in a queue. C. Coming back in five minutes. D. Not going to the movie today. Why don't…？上一種建議表達(dá)方式，根據(jù)該句所表達(dá)的內(nèi)容可以判斷答案是A.② W： We do need another bookshelf in this room. But the problem is the space for it. M： How about moving the old dining table to the kitchen？
Q： What does the man suggest they should do？
A. Finding a larger room. B. Sell the old table. C. Buy two bookshelves. D. Rearrange some furniture.根據(jù)moving the dining table to the kitchen來(lái)判斷答案為D.建議的表達(dá)方式還有：Why not …？ What do you think of …？
If I were you/If I were in your shoes， I would …
Shall we …？ I suggest …。
You'd better/You ought to…。
（3） 對(duì)話題的考查話題指會(huì)話雙方所談?wù)摰脑掝}，要求同學(xué)們具有概括能力。如：① W： Do you want a day course or an evening course？
M： Well， it would have to be an evening course since I work during the day. Q： What are they talking about？
A. The choice of courses. B. A day course. C. An evening course. D. Their work.兩個(gè)人談?wù)摰氖沁x白天的課還是晚上的課，由此可以判斷答案應(yīng)該是A.② M：I was terribly embarrassed when some of the audience got up and left in the middle of the performance. W： Well， some people just can't seem to appreciate the real-life drama. Q： What are they talking about？
A. A movie. B. A lecture. C. A play. D. A speech.從對(duì)話中的audience， performance與其說(shuō) drama可以判斷他們所談?wù)摰氖莂 play.（4）同義表達(dá)方式的考查四級(jí)聽力測(cè)試中對(duì)隱含意思的考查很大程度上依賴于同義表達(dá)方式，也就是同學(xué)們對(duì)具體句式、短語(yǔ)、詞組甚至單詞的理解。如：①M(fèi)： What do you think of Professor Brown's lecture？
W： The topic was interesting， but the lecture was much more difficult to follow than I had expected. Q： What does the woman say about the lecture？
A. It was a long lecture， but easy to understand. B. It was not as easy as she had expected. C. It was as difficult as she had expected. D. It was interesting and easy to follow.與much more difficult to follow than I had expected同義的應(yīng)該是B.②M： Nancy， why were you late today？
W： I overslept and missed the bus. Q： Why was Nancy late？
A. She got up later than usual. B. The bus was late. C. She forgot she had class. D. Her clock was slow. overslept也就是got up later than usual.③M： Did you mind coming back by coach instead of by train？
W： No， we didn't mind at all. It took a lot longer， but it was very comfortable and it was much cheaper. Q： How did the woman feel about the coming back by coach？
A. She felt it was tiring. B. She felt it was very nice. C. She felt it took less time. D. She thought it was expensive.從comfortable和 much cheaper來(lái)看，女士的感覺(jué)應(yīng)該是very nice，答案應(yīng)該是B. 5）上下義概念的考查有些題盡管問(wèn)題可能問(wèn)的是含義之類，但其實(shí)考查的是同學(xué)們對(duì)上下義關(guān)系的掌握。如：①M(fèi)： Let me see. I've printed my family name， first name， date of birth and address. Anything else？
W： No， that's all right. We'll fill in the rest of it if you just sign your name at the bottom. Q： What has the man been doing？
A. Having an interview. B. Filling out a form. C. Talking with a friend. D. Asking for information.上義詞為概括性詞語(yǔ)，下義詞所表示的則是具體的東西。本題中能夠概括男士所做之事的應(yīng)該是選項(xiàng)B.② M： What happened to you？ You are so late. W： The bus I took broke down in front of the hospital and I had to walk from there. Q： Why was the woman so late？
A. Something went wrong with the bus. B. She took somebody to hospital. C. Something prevented her from catching the bus. D. She came on foot instead of taking a bus. Something went wrong 是對(duì)the bus break down的概括性表述。
對(duì)話聽力中其它考查項(xiàng)目，如因果、條件、否定、比較等可參看四級(jí)考試的《聽力分冊(cè)》。
2.短文該部分共有短文三篇，設(shè)10個(gè)小題，重要考查兩方面的內(nèi)容：1）對(duì)主題的判斷（1）提問(wèn)的方式主題題通常以下列方式提問(wèn)：What is the main idea/topic of this passage？
What does the passage mainly discuss？
What can we learn from the passage？
What is the passage mainly about？
（2）選項(xiàng)特點(diǎn)主題題的四個(gè)選項(xiàng)一般都以短語(yǔ)的方式出現(xiàn)。如：① A. Two types of only children. B. Parent's responsibilities. C. The necessity of family planning. D. The relationship between parents and children.② A. Environmental pollution and protection. B. Taxes and services for the public. C. Police efforts to protect people. D. People's attitude toward taxes.③ A. The difference between classical music and rock music. B. Why classical music is popular with math students. C. The effects of music on the results of math tests. D. How to improve your reasoning activity.（3）解題技巧對(duì)于這類題，同學(xué)們?cè)诼牭臅r(shí)候應(yīng)特別注意文章的首句和尾句，首句一般開篇點(diǎn)名主題，而尾句則總結(jié)全文，根據(jù)這兩句進(jìn)行推斷一般可以確定文章的主題。如上面②題可根據(jù)文章后一段的尾句解答，請(qǐng)看原文：We use all sort of services without thinking how we get them. But such services cost money. We pay for them through taxes. What would happen if everyone in a city stop paying taxes？ The water supply would stop. The street might not be cleaned. There would be no police force to protect people and property. The chief duty of every government is to protect persons and proper- ty. More than three-fourths of the money spent by our government is used for this purpose. The next largest amount of public money goes to teach and train our citizens. Billions of dollars each year are spent on schools and libraries. Public money is used to pay the teachers and other public officials. Years ago the government made money from the sale of public lands. But most of the best public lands has now been sold. The money raised was used to help pay the cost of government. There are still some public lands that contain oil， coal， gas， and other natural products. They could be sold， but we want to save them for future years. So we all must pay our share for the services that make our lives comfortable.從尾句可以看出文章談?wù)摰氖侨藗優(yōu)槭裁炊紤?yīng)該交稅以使我們的生活更加美好。
再如③題，同學(xué)們可以通過(guò)文章的開始幾句，找到文章的主題。請(qǐng)看原文：Do you have a tough math test coming up？ Then listen to some classical piano music just before the test. You might end up with a higher score. Researchers at a university in California conducted an experiment. They asked a group of college students to listen to some piano music by a famous 18th century composer before taking a math test. They were surprised to find that the students' scores jumped 8 to 9 points. The music seems to excite nerve activities in the brain； similar to the activity that occurs when a person is figuring out a math problem. However， the scientists warn that before you get too excited about applying the method to your math test， you should remember that brain exciting effects last only 10 or 15 minutes. Would rock music work as well as the piano music did？ No， the scientists say. In fact， the less complex music might even interfere with the brain's reasoning ability.顯然，黑體部分表明了文章的主題，緊接著的實(shí)驗(yàn)為支撐細(xì)節(jié)，用于說(shuō)明文章的主題。
2） 對(duì)具體事實(shí)的判斷（1）提問(wèn)的方式對(duì)細(xì)節(jié)的提問(wèn)通常以wh-question的方式出現(xiàn)，主要針對(duì)文章的有關(guān)人物、事件、地點(diǎn)、時(shí)間、原因、目的、數(shù)據(jù)等。
如上面兩篇短文的其它幾個(gè)問(wèn)題的選項(xiàng)。
① What's the chief duty of every government？
A. To protect persons and property. B. To collect taxes. C. To teach and train citizens. D. To save natural resources for future use.② How did the government raise money in the past？
A. By selling services that make life comfortable. B. By selling land containing oil. C. By selling public lands. D. By selling coal and other natural products.① Why can classical music play a positive role in problem solving？
A. Because it stimulates your nerve activity. B. Because it keeps you calm. C. Because it strengthens your memory. D. Because it improves your problem solving ability.②What is one of the findings of the research？
A. Piano music could interfere with your reasoning ability. B. The effects of music do not last long？
C. The more you listen to music， the higher your test scores will be. D. Music， whether classical or rock， helps improve your memory.（2）選項(xiàng)特點(diǎn)這種細(xì)節(jié)判斷題以辨認(rèn)題居多。有可能幾個(gè)選項(xiàng)在文章中都有所提及，但只要同學(xué)們仔細(xì)聽，注意分別，就能從原文中找到出處。如上面99年6月的考題，第① 題可以在文章找到The chief duty of every government is to protect persons and property，這同樣也是第二段的主題句，是整段要說(shuō)明的內(nèi)容。第②題也能從文章找到Y(jié)ears ago the government made money from the sale of public lands.一句為佐證。
再如99年1月的考題，①②兩題也都能從文章中找到信息句，如The music seems to excite nerve activities in the brain. 和… you should remember that brain exciting effects last only 10 or 15 minutes.。
從考查的范圍來(lái)看，短文聽力中原因的考查多，其次是對(duì)具體所發(fā)生的事情的判斷，也包括依據(jù)事實(shí)所做的推理判斷。如99年6月第二篇短文、 2000年1月第二篇短文全是原因的考查，一般原因考查題多出現(xiàn)在故事短文中，只要同學(xué)們能夠理清故事的來(lái)龍去脈，這種原因題就比較簡(jiǎn)單。如：When I was at school， my ambition was to be a pilot in the Air Force. But my eyesight wasn't good enough. So I had to give up that idea. I went to university and studied physics. I wanted to stay on there and do research， but my father died at about that time. So I thought I'd better get a job and earn my living. I started working in an engineering firm I expected to stay in that job for a long time. But then， they appointed a new managing director. I didn't get on with him， so I resigned and applied for a job with another engineering company. I would certainly have accepted the job if they had offered it to me， but on my way to the interview I met a friend who was working for a travel agency. He offered me a job in Spain. And I've always liked Spain， so I took it. I worked in the travel agency for two years and then they wanted to send me to South America. But I had just got married. So I decided to stay here. Then we had a baby and I wasn't earning enough to support the family. So I started giving English lessons at school in the evenings. I liked the English teaching more than working for the travel agency， and then the owner of the school offered me a full-time job as a teacher. So I resigned from the agency. Two years later， the owner of the school wanted to retire， so he asked me to take over as the director. And here I am. 14. Why did the man give up studying physics？
15. Why did the man resign from the engineering firm？
16. Why did the man take the job at the travel agency？
17. Why did the man start to teach English part time？
很顯然本短文要求同學(xué)們了解文中的“我”工作變化的原因。但考試時(shí)同學(xué)們看不到問(wèn)題，只能看到選項(xiàng)。在這種情況下，同學(xué)們應(yīng)該做的是：注意問(wèn)題的順序與短文所講故事發(fā)生的時(shí)間順序是一致的。
一邊聽，一邊判斷選項(xiàng)是否符合事實(shí)，在短文中是否提到。
后再聽問(wèn)題，這時(shí)只是驗(yàn)證一下自己的答案而已。
（3）解題技巧一篇文章，一個(gè)主題，內(nèi)容上完整統(tǒng)一，所有的細(xì)節(jié)都是圍繞主題展開，為主題服務(wù)。聽力理解所要求的是對(duì)文章的整體把握，細(xì)節(jié)也應(yīng)該是用于說(shuō)明主題的主要細(xì)節(jié)。也就是說(shuō)，每篇短文的幾個(gè)題是相互關(guān)聯(lián)的，相互說(shuō)明的。選擇細(xì)節(jié)理解題時(shí)應(yīng)注意：① 注意抓主要細(xì)節(jié)；② 注意信息的直接辨認(rèn)，從聽力文章中找到信息句；③ 注意各題之間的關(guān)聯(lián)，保證相互說(shuō)明，不能相互矛盾。
3.復(fù)合式聽寫試題分布復(fù)合式聽寫共有短文一篇，設(shè)10個(gè)小題。1-7題要求用原詞填寫，8-10只是補(bǔ)全信息，不必用原詞。
題眼設(shè)計(jì)1）1- 7題設(shè)計(jì)規(guī)律① 所填單詞以實(shí)詞為主。97，98兩年的復(fù)合式聽寫中只有一個(gè)是介詞，其他13個(gè)全是名詞、形容詞或副詞。
② 7個(gè)單詞以評(píng)價(jià)性詞匯為主，也就是說(shuō)可以從上下文找到說(shuō)明的信息。如97年6月的復(fù)合式聽寫：In police work， you can never predict the next crime or problem. No working day is identical to any other， so there is no （1）“______” day for a police officer.既然沒(méi)有一天是相同的，也就沒(méi)有哪一天是“典型的”。根據(jù)這種因果說(shuō)明可以判斷所填單詞為 typical.而沒(méi)有一天完全相同，也正說(shuō)明了警察的工作富于變化，由此也可以判斷下面的第5個(gè)空填variety（ I think I can （describe） police word in one word：（5） _______.）。
③ 表示信息復(fù)現(xiàn)的詞匯為題眼有些詞語(yǔ)即使聽不清楚同樣可以填出。如98年1月的復(fù)合式聽寫。
文章的第一段介紹了Michael如何5歲上高中，10歲上大學(xué)，11歲攻讀碩士學(xué)位。第二段開始一個(gè)轉(zhuǎn)折，介紹他的這種“成功”也來(lái)之不易。 所填單詞為上義詞復(fù)現(xiàn)，對(duì)上文的總結(jié)，自然應(yīng)該是success.（But Michael's _____ hasn't always come easy.④ 表示信息同現(xiàn)的詞匯為題眼復(fù)合式聽寫所天詞匯一部分是同現(xiàn)詞匯，如97年考題：One day， for example， I was working undercover； that is， I was on the job， but I was wearing?。?）____ clothes， not my police （7）______.通常情況下警察所穿的應(yīng)該是“制服”，即uniform，這樣，uniform， wear就構(gòu)成的同現(xiàn)關(guān)系。根據(jù)（6）（7）的對(duì)照同現(xiàn)關(guān)系，可以判斷（6）所表示的應(yīng)該是“便裝”，這也正式對(duì)上文working undercover的解釋。
⑤ 對(duì)文章敘述邏輯的考查敘述邏輯即上下文的因果、轉(zhuǎn)折、遞進(jìn)、解釋等關(guān)系。如果同學(xué)們能看出這些關(guān)系，則不用聽就可以將所缺單詞填上。如98年考題。
But Michael's?。╯uccess） hasn't always come easy. （5）______ his intelligence， he still lacks important life （6）_______. In one class， he had to struggle to understand?。?）______ novels， because， he says， “I'm 11. I've never been in love before.”由上下文個(gè)邏輯關(guān)系可以判斷（5）應(yīng)該填Despite，即雖然他很聰慧，但卻缺乏很重要的生活……。后面在課上所發(fā)生的事情是說(shuō)明他缺乏（……）的一個(gè)例證。例證本身不僅說(shuō)明了（6）應(yīng)該填experiences，同時(shí)也說(shuō)明（7）應(yīng)該填love. 2）8-10題設(shè)計(jì)規(guī)律8-10基本上是三句話，從句子內(nèi)容來(lái)看，大體有兩種情況。
① 用于說(shuō)明主題的細(xì)節(jié)這部分聽寫一般是段落的主題已經(jīng)給出，要求同學(xué)們補(bǔ)全支撐細(xì)節(jié)。如98年考題：Another challenge was his size.?。?） _____________________________.緊接著的一句顯然是用來(lái)說(shuō)明Another challenge was his size.的，原句是high school physical education was difficult， because all of the equipment was too big for the then five-year-old student. 97年的8-10題也是如此，所描述的是用來(lái)說(shuō)明警察工作危險(xiǎn)的細(xì)節(jié)。請(qǐng)看原文：Sometimes， it's dangerous. One day， for example， I was working undercover，……… I was trying to catch some robbers who were stealing money from people as they walked down the street. Suddenly，?。?） ____. Another policeman arrived， and together， we arrested three of the men； but the other four ran away. Another day， I helped a woman who was going to have a baby. （9） ______. I put her in my police car to get her there faster. I thought she was going to have the baby right there in my car. But fortunately，?。?0） ____________.② 概括性的結(jié)論或主題95年以來(lái)，復(fù)合式聽寫只考過(guò)不多幾次，其中98年的第十句為結(jié)論句（Michael is smart， but he is like every other kid.?。┦侨牡囊粋€(gè)概括。主題句還沒(méi)有考過(guò)，但主題與結(jié)論做為文章的重點(diǎn)之筆應(yīng)該是聽力理解的重點(diǎn)，也應(yīng)該是復(fù)合式聽力所應(yīng)包含的東西。
解題技巧：根據(jù)上面所談的復(fù)合式聽寫的特點(diǎn)，我建議在做復(fù)合式聽寫時(shí)好做到一下幾點(diǎn)：① 注意話題知識(shí)的運(yùn)用。
文章的話題規(guī)定了用詞范圍，根據(jù)話題判斷單詞有注意明確詞匯。
② 利用詞匯的同現(xiàn)和復(fù)現(xiàn)關(guān)系。
③ 根據(jù)上下文推測(cè)詞匯的運(yùn)用。
④ 在做8-10題時(shí)在不能將原句完全記下的情況下，將關(guān)鍵詞記下來(lái)，然后根 據(jù)關(guān)系詞，結(jié)合文章敘述的邏輯，重新編寫句子。
第三單元、四級(jí)英語(yǔ)聽力的解題技巧
1.對(duì)話根據(jù)對(duì)話聽力的設(shè)題特點(diǎn)，我認(rèn)為在解答對(duì)話聽力理解題時(shí)同學(xué)們應(yīng)注意以下幾點(diǎn)：1）提前閱讀選項(xiàng)，判斷問(wèn)題所屬，從而集中精力于有關(guān)信息。
2）注意根據(jù)信息詞匯判斷地點(diǎn)和說(shuō)話人的身份職業(yè)等。
當(dāng)同學(xué)們看到四個(gè)地點(diǎn)和職業(yè)名詞時(shí)，大腦中就應(yīng)該馬上出現(xiàn)與這些地點(diǎn)或職業(yè)相關(guān)的一系列詞語(yǔ)，在聽的過(guò)程中注意提到了什么信息詞語(yǔ)，這樣就可輕松地判斷談話發(fā)生的地點(diǎn)，說(shuō)話人的職業(yè)或身份，以及談話雙方的關(guān)系。
為此，同學(xué)們有必要了解與各種職業(yè)和地點(diǎn)行業(yè)有關(guān)的信息詞匯，如：飯店：menu， order， waitress， waiter， take order， go Dutch， It's my treat等；旅館：check in/out， make a reservation， register， reception desk等；醫(yī)院：physician， doctor， nurse， operation-room， emergency room， visiting hours， prescribe， pill等；銀行：open an account， withdraw， deposit， saving， cash a check等；飛機(jī)/機(jī)場(chǎng)：flight， safety-belt， boarding card， captain， airhostess， airline， take off， land， crash等。
有關(guān)信息詞匯同學(xué)們可以參看四級(jí)英語(yǔ)《聽力分冊(cè)》，這里就不再一一列舉。
3）注意加減運(yùn)算，聽到的不是答案在涉及時(shí)間、距離、金錢等數(shù)量概念的聽力中，一般都要求同學(xué)們進(jìn)行加減方面的運(yùn)算，很少是聽到什么就是什么。有時(shí)，計(jì)算可能會(huì)麻煩些，同學(xué)們可以先將聽到的時(shí)間等記下，等有時(shí)間再計(jì)算。在計(jì)算題中應(yīng)特別注意以下數(shù)字的讀音差別：13——30 14-40 15 —— 50 16 —— 60 17 -70 18 -80 19 -90選項(xiàng)中會(huì)有這種數(shù)字讀音差別的考查。如：W： when does the next train leave？
M： You have just missed one by 5 minutes. Trains leave every 50 minutes， so you'll have to wait for a while. Q： How long does the woman have to wait for the next train？
A. 45 minutes. B. 50 minutes. C. 10 minutes. D. 5 minutes.如果把50minutes 聽成了15 minutes，就會(huì)誤選選項(xiàng)C. 4）注意記筆記，將人物、地點(diǎn)、時(shí)間等對(duì)號(hào)入座聽力測(cè)試中的另外一種現(xiàn)象就是，四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中的人物、地點(diǎn)、時(shí)間或事件等在對(duì)話中可能都有提及。在這種情況下，同學(xué)們所需要的不是尋找信息詞，而是注意將四個(gè)選項(xiàng)與對(duì)話中提及的信息對(duì)號(hào)入座。如：① W： Do you enjoy life in Washington？
M： Yes， indeed. I'm planning to move to New York or Boston. Anyway， I've never regretted my earlier decision. Q： Where does the man live now？
A. In New York. B. In Boston C. In Newport D. In Washington四個(gè)地點(diǎn)對(duì)話中提到了三個(gè)，具體是哪一個(gè)，同學(xué)們?cè)诼牭臅r(shí)候應(yīng)注意分辨。
②M：Please buy two packs of cigarettes for me while you are at the store. W：I am not going to any store. I'm going to see Aunt Mary. But I will get them for you at the gas station. Q：Where will the woman stop on her way？
A. At a cigarette store. B. At a bus station. C. At a gas station. D. At Aunt Mary's③M：I'd like to make two reservations on Flight 651 for June 8th. W：I'm sorry， we're booked up on the 8th. But we still have a few seats available on June 9th. Q：When does the man want to leave？
A. On the 6th of June. B. On the 8th of June. C. On the 9th of June. D. On the 19th of June如果地點(diǎn)不含職業(yè)性的對(duì)比，一般就很可能屬于這里所介紹的類型，那么同學(xué)們所做的就是分別。
5）從語(yǔ)法入手、從短語(yǔ)含義入手，判斷隱含之意在四級(jí)聽力中常考查到的語(yǔ)法是建議和虛擬語(yǔ)氣。要求同學(xué)們判斷建議是什么，虛擬中含義是什么。就建議而言，同學(xué)們只需注意建議的各種表達(dá)方式，就可解答這類聽力題；至于虛擬語(yǔ)氣，我想同學(xué)們可以記住這樣一條規(guī)律：與所聽到的相反的就是答案。
6） 概括與具體，具體與抽象相對(duì)，概括的、抽象的是解這類題主要是話題的選擇，也包括一些對(duì)整個(gè)事件的評(píng)價(jià)等。如：① W： We all talk about how liberated we are， but in fact woman are still not treated equally. M：I don't think so. You've got the vote， you've got your careers I think you've got everything important. Q： What are they talking about？
A. The woman's job as a librarian. B. Woman's rights in society. C. An important election. D. Career planning.談?wù)摰脑掝}應(yīng)是一個(gè)抽象的概括性的東西，所以答案是B.②M： This has been the worst flood for the past 20 years. It has caused much damage and destruction. W： Look at the price of fruits and vegetables. No wonder they are expensive. Q： What are they talking about？
A. The effects of the flood. B. The heroic fight against flood. C. The cause of the flood. D. Floods of the past twenty years.能夠概括對(duì)話中物價(jià)上漲的應(yīng)該是A. 7）肯定與不肯定相對(duì)，含義不肯定的是解這一技巧用于解答說(shuō)話者言外之意的聽力題。如：①W：I intend to buy some fruits for the children. These apples and pears seem to be in season. I'll get two dozen of each. M： I hope they're as good as they look. Q： What does the man mean？
A. The apples and pears might no be so good. B. The apples are not as good as the pears. C. The apples and pears are very good. D. The apples and pears are as good as they look. hope的使用說(shuō)明答案應(yīng)該是不太可能的選項(xiàng)，自然是A.②W： If this weather keeps up， I'm going to have to buy a warmer coat. M： Sounds like a good idea. Spring is still a long way off， you know. Q： What does the man mean？
A. The woman should wait to buy new clothes. B. The cold weather will probably continue. C. The weather will warm up soon. D. He already has a warm coat. Sounds like a good idea說(shuō)明了語(yǔ)氣的不可能，答案應(yīng)該是B. 8）“同意”是解一般情況下，如果四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中有一個(gè)表示“同意”的概念，那么，此選項(xiàng)就是正確選項(xiàng)。如：① W： It's a wonderful film， isn't it？
M： You can say that again. Q： What does the man mean？
A. He agrees with the woman. B. He didn't hear what the woman said. C. He is surprised by her opinion. D. He thinks she should look at it again.② M： This is the longest assignment we've had all semester. W： You're telling me. We'll be lucky if we can do half of it. Q： What does the woman say about the assignment？
A. She has done half of it already. B. She agrees that it is very long. C. They have all semester to do it. D. There's nothing wrong with it.請(qǐng)同學(xué)們注意以下表示同意對(duì)方觀點(diǎn)的常用語(yǔ)。如果聽到這些，就可以選擇含有“同意”的選項(xiàng)：You said it. You can say that again. You are telling me. You may/might well say so. I'll say. I couldn't agree more. 2.短文根據(jù)短文聽力的特點(diǎn)，同學(xué)們可以做以下工作。
1） 注意把握首尾句，從整體上理解全文，這同樣有利于主題題的解答。
2） 聽前閱讀選項(xiàng)，增加聽的目的性和針對(duì)性。
3） 聽時(shí)記筆記，以掌握文章的主要細(xì)節(jié)內(nèi)容。
4） 根據(jù)不同的聽力材料采用不同的聽力技巧。如故事性的文章一般可以邊聽邊劃答案，標(biāo)出故事中提到的信息；說(shuō)明文要注意要說(shuō)明的主題是什么，支撐細(xì)節(jié)有哪些。
5） 做完后通讀所有答案，看是否能相互說(shuō)明，成為一個(gè)整體。
3.復(fù)合式聽寫在前面我已經(jīng)給大家介紹了復(fù)合式聽寫中可以運(yùn)用的一些技巧。復(fù)合式聽寫很大程度上利用了完形填空的詞匯和篇章技巧，同時(shí)在有三題中又運(yùn)用了寫作的技法。但是否能夠以適當(dāng)?shù)恼Z(yǔ)言準(zhǔn)確地補(bǔ)全短文所缺信息，不是技巧本身所能做到的，需要同學(xué)們平時(shí)加強(qiáng)這方面的訓(xùn)練。
以上簡(jiǎn)要分析了四級(jí)聽力測(cè)試的特點(diǎn)和可以運(yùn)用的一些方法技巧。但是，聽力能力的發(fā)展不是一朝一夕可練就的，更不是知道幾個(gè)小竅門就能解決問(wèn)題的。希望同學(xué)們結(jié)合四級(jí)考試聽力測(cè)試的特點(diǎn)，有針對(duì)性地強(qiáng)化訓(xùn)練，同時(shí)注意解題的技巧，可望在短時(shí)間之內(nèi)有個(gè)突破。
1.對(duì)話聽力部分一般是20個(gè)小題，由A和B兩部分組成。A部分通常是10個(gè)對(duì)話，每個(gè)對(duì)話設(shè)一個(gè)小題，要求同學(xué)們根據(jù)對(duì)話內(nèi)容從四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中選擇正確答案。
2.短文B部分有兩種形式，一是聽短文。一般是三篇120-140字之間的短文，每篇短文后有三到四個(gè)問(wèn)題，共10道小題。該部分主要測(cè)試同學(xué)們的整體理解能力。
3.復(fù)合式聽寫B(tài)部分的另一種是復(fù)合式聽寫。復(fù)合式聽寫由兩部分組成。一是單詞聽寫，要求同學(xué)們毫無(wú)差錯(cuò)地填出短文所缺單詞。另一種是補(bǔ)全信息。一般是，每段的第一句主題句已經(jīng)給出，要求填出具體細(xì)節(jié)內(nèi)容說(shuō)明主題，可以使用聽到的原話，也可以使用自己的語(yǔ)言。
第二單元、四級(jí)英語(yǔ)聽力的命題規(guī)律和測(cè)試重點(diǎn)
1. 對(duì)話對(duì)話部分考查的重點(diǎn)有：1） 地點(diǎn)根據(jù)對(duì)話內(nèi)容判斷對(duì)話發(fā)生的地點(diǎn)或?qū)υ捴兴崾录l(fā)生的地點(diǎn)是四級(jí)英語(yǔ)聽力測(cè)試中常見的也是比較重要的一個(gè)題型。地點(diǎn)題一般有以下幾種：（1）根據(jù)信息詞設(shè)題① W： Dear， I feel hungry now. How about you？
M： So do I. Let me call room service. Hello， room service. Please send a menu to 320 right away. Q： Where are the two speakers？
A. In a hotel. B. At a dinner table. C. In the street. D. At the man's house.該題通過(guò)hungry 和menu來(lái)迷惑同學(xué)們，引導(dǎo)大家選擇B，其實(shí)，本題所借助的信息詞是room service 和320這個(gè)房間號(hào)，答案是A.② M： Can you stay for dinner？
W： I'd love to. But I have to go and send some registered mail before picking up the children from school. Q： Where will the woman go first？
A. To the school B. To a friend's house. C. To the post office. D. Home本題借助registered mail設(shè)題，答案是C.但這里同樣也有地點(diǎn)的辨析問(wèn)題，要求同學(xué)們能聽出是“首先到……地方”。
③ M： Excuse me， I'm looking for the emergency room. I thought that it was on the first floor. W： It is. This is the basement. Take the elevator one flight up and turn left. Q： Where did the conversation most probably take place？
A. In a library B. In a hotel. C. In a hospital. D. In an elevator本題設(shè)題所依據(jù)的信息詞是emergency room，只要考生了解其語(yǔ)域就可判斷答案為C.（2）借助對(duì)話中提到的多個(gè)地點(diǎn)設(shè)題有時(shí)對(duì)話中提到的地點(diǎn)不只一個(gè)，這時(shí)，一般是將所有的地點(diǎn)都包括在選項(xiàng)之中。這種情況下，同學(xué)們不必考慮信息詞問(wèn)題，只要能將地點(diǎn)與其相關(guān)事件聯(lián)系起來(lái)就可確定答案。如：① M： I did not see our boss yesterday. Has he come back？
W： He was just back from France besides visiting Britain， Germany，and Spain. Q： Which country did the woman visit first？
A. France B. Britain C. Germany D. Spain四個(gè)地點(diǎn)都是訪問(wèn)過(guò)的地點(diǎn)，要求同學(xué)們能夠分清先后。答案為B.② M： Will Mr. Smith come to the party at the weekend？
W： He'll be supposed to，but he won't be back from his trip until the next week. Q： Where will Mr. Smith be on Saturday？
A. At the party B. At home C. Still on his trip D. Back from his trip.本題是將地點(diǎn)與時(shí)間連在一起，要求同學(xué)們?cè)诼牭耐瑫r(shí)注意區(qū)別每個(gè)事件所發(fā)生的時(shí)間，答案為C. 2） 職業(yè)、身份根據(jù)說(shuō)話內(nèi)容判斷說(shuō)話者的身份和職業(yè)是四級(jí)聽力測(cè)試中又一常見題型。該題型的題項(xiàng)設(shè)計(jì)有兩種：（1）說(shuō)話者自身的身份或職業(yè)根據(jù)談話內(nèi)容判斷說(shuō)話者一方的職業(yè)或身份：① W： Good evening， Professor David. My name is Susan Gray. I'm with the local newspaper. Do you mind if I ask you a few questions？
M： Not at all. Go ahead， please. Q： What is Susan Gray. A. A writer. B. A teacher. C. A reporter. D. A student.由local newspaper可以判斷說(shuō)話者是位記者，在采訪。
② M： How about the food I ordered？ I've been waiting for 20 minutes already. W： I'm very sorry， sir. I'll be back with your order in a minute. Q： Who is the man most probably speaking to？
A. A shop assistant. B. A telephone operator C. A waitress. D. A clerk.與order有關(guān)的自然是waitress，答案為A.（2）說(shuō)話雙方之間的關(guān)系該題型是上一題型的延伸，要求同學(xué)們能判斷說(shuō)話者雙方的身份，問(wèn)題經(jīng)常是 What's the relationship between the two speakers？
① W： How long will it take you to fix my watch？
M： I'll call you when it's ready. But it shouldn't take longer than a week. Q： What is the probable relationship between the speakers？
A. Librarian and student. B. Operator and caller. C. Boss and secretary. D. Customer and repairman.既然女士讓男的fix my watch，說(shuō)明對(duì)方是repairman，而自己是customer.② M： Sorry to trouble you. But is there any possibility of borrowing a blanket？ I feel cold. W： I think we've got one. Could you wait until after take-off please？
Q： What is the probable relationship between the two speakers？
A. A guest and a receptionist. B. A passenger and an air hostess. C. A customer and a shop assistant. D. A guest and a waitress. take-off一詞的使用說(shuō)明女的是空姐，答案自然是B.可以看出，職業(yè)、身份以及說(shuō)話雙方關(guān)系的選擇所依據(jù)的同樣是信息詞。當(dāng)然，要判斷雙方的關(guān)系，還可以從說(shuō)話的方式入手。如：M： Make thirty copies for me and twenty copies for Mr. Brown. W： Certainly sir. As soon as I make the final corrections on the original. Q： What's the relationship between the two speakers？
A. Boss and secretary. B. Lawyer and client. C Teacher and student. D. Nurse and patient.兩人間說(shuō)話的語(yǔ)氣和方式表明是“老板與秘書”的關(guān)系。
3）計(jì)算題計(jì)算題在四級(jí)英語(yǔ)聽力中屬于比較難的題型，要求同學(xué)們不僅能分辨不同的時(shí)間、金錢等數(shù)量概念，還應(yīng)能將聽到的各個(gè)數(shù)量聯(lián)系起來(lái)進(jìn)行加減運(yùn)算。如：① M： Your son seems to have made much progress in playing the piano. Does he attend any piano classes？
W： Yes， he takes lessons twice a week， but from next week on， he will go to the class on Saturday evenings， too. Q： How often will the woman's son have piano lessons from next week on？
A. Once a week. B. Twice a week. C. Three times a week. D. Four times a week.兩次加自然是三次，答案是C.② W： Professor Clark said that the mid-term exam would cover the first 15 lessons. M： Really？ I thought it only included the first 12 lessons. Then I must spend the weekend to go over the rest of the lessons. Q： How many lessons must the man review over the weekend？
A. Five lessons. B. Three lessons. C. Twelve lessons D. Fifteen lessons.這是簡(jiǎn)單的計(jì)算題，只要同學(xué)們不將答案誤認(rèn)為是C或D，就不會(huì)出錯(cuò)。
③ W： Here's a 10-dollar bill. Give me two tickets for tonight's show please. M： Sure. Two tickets and here is $1，40 change. Q： How much does one ticket cost？
A. $1.40. B. $4.30. C. $6.40. D. $8.60 10美元，兩張票，找零1.40美元，說(shuō)明每張票為4.30美元。
從以上例子可以看出，含有數(shù)量概念的題，對(duì)話中提到的數(shù)量一般不可能為正確答案，總要同學(xué)們進(jìn)行一些簡(jiǎn)單的加減運(yùn)算。
4）言外之意、弦外之音推測(cè)說(shuō)話者話中之話是聽力中必考的題型。從試題的設(shè)計(jì)特點(diǎn)來(lái)看，大體有一下幾種：（1）對(duì)虛擬語(yǔ)氣的考查包含虛擬語(yǔ)氣的聽力考題中一般都有“是不非”相對(duì)的選項(xiàng)，這就要求同學(xué)們了解虛擬語(yǔ)氣的表意功能，根據(jù)虛擬語(yǔ)氣判斷正確選項(xiàng)。如：① W： I'm thinking of going to Austin for a visit. Do you think it's worth seeing？
M： Well， I wish I had been there. Q： What do we learn from the conversation？
A. The man is planning a trip to Austin. B. The man has not been to Austin before. C. The man doesn't like Austin. D. The man has been to Austin before. I wish I had been there.說(shuō)明說(shuō)話人沒(méi)有去過(guò)。
② W： If it hadn't been snowing so hard， I might have been home by 9 o'clock. M： It's too bad you didn't make it. Jane was here and she wanted to see you. Q： What happened to the woman？
A. She got home before 9 o'clock. B. She had a bad cold. C. She had a car accident. D. She was delayed. If it hadn't been snowing so hard， I might have been home by 9 o'clock.說(shuō)明因?yàn)檠┨?，說(shuō)話者未能在9點(diǎn)前到家。也就是說(shuō)she was delayed.（2）對(duì)建議的考查建議題要求同學(xué)們掌握建議的各種表達(dá)方式，根據(jù)建議選擇正確選項(xiàng)。如：① W： The movie starts in 5 minutes and there's bound to be a long time. M： Why don't we come back for the next show？ I'm sure it would be less crowded. Q： What is the man suggesting？
A. Coming back for a later show. B. Waiting in a queue. C. Coming back in five minutes. D. Not going to the movie today. Why don't…？上一種建議表達(dá)方式，根據(jù)該句所表達(dá)的內(nèi)容可以判斷答案是A.② W： We do need another bookshelf in this room. But the problem is the space for it. M： How about moving the old dining table to the kitchen？
Q： What does the man suggest they should do？
A. Finding a larger room. B. Sell the old table. C. Buy two bookshelves. D. Rearrange some furniture.根據(jù)moving the dining table to the kitchen來(lái)判斷答案為D.建議的表達(dá)方式還有：Why not …？ What do you think of …？
If I were you/If I were in your shoes， I would …
Shall we …？ I suggest …。
You'd better/You ought to…。
（3） 對(duì)話題的考查話題指會(huì)話雙方所談?wù)摰脑掝}，要求同學(xué)們具有概括能力。如：① W： Do you want a day course or an evening course？
M： Well， it would have to be an evening course since I work during the day. Q： What are they talking about？
A. The choice of courses. B. A day course. C. An evening course. D. Their work.兩個(gè)人談?wù)摰氖沁x白天的課還是晚上的課，由此可以判斷答案應(yīng)該是A.② M：I was terribly embarrassed when some of the audience got up and left in the middle of the performance. W： Well， some people just can't seem to appreciate the real-life drama. Q： What are they talking about？
A. A movie. B. A lecture. C. A play. D. A speech.從對(duì)話中的audience， performance與其說(shuō) drama可以判斷他們所談?wù)摰氖莂 play.（4）同義表達(dá)方式的考查四級(jí)聽力測(cè)試中對(duì)隱含意思的考查很大程度上依賴于同義表達(dá)方式，也就是同學(xué)們對(duì)具體句式、短語(yǔ)、詞組甚至單詞的理解。如：①M(fèi)： What do you think of Professor Brown's lecture？
W： The topic was interesting， but the lecture was much more difficult to follow than I had expected. Q： What does the woman say about the lecture？
A. It was a long lecture， but easy to understand. B. It was not as easy as she had expected. C. It was as difficult as she had expected. D. It was interesting and easy to follow.與much more difficult to follow than I had expected同義的應(yīng)該是B.②M： Nancy， why were you late today？
W： I overslept and missed the bus. Q： Why was Nancy late？
A. She got up later than usual. B. The bus was late. C. She forgot she had class. D. Her clock was slow. overslept也就是got up later than usual.③M： Did you mind coming back by coach instead of by train？
W： No， we didn't mind at all. It took a lot longer， but it was very comfortable and it was much cheaper. Q： How did the woman feel about the coming back by coach？
A. She felt it was tiring. B. She felt it was very nice. C. She felt it took less time. D. She thought it was expensive.從comfortable和 much cheaper來(lái)看，女士的感覺(jué)應(yīng)該是very nice，答案應(yīng)該是B. 5）上下義概念的考查有些題盡管問(wèn)題可能問(wèn)的是含義之類，但其實(shí)考查的是同學(xué)們對(duì)上下義關(guān)系的掌握。如：①M(fèi)： Let me see. I've printed my family name， first name， date of birth and address. Anything else？
W： No， that's all right. We'll fill in the rest of it if you just sign your name at the bottom. Q： What has the man been doing？
A. Having an interview. B. Filling out a form. C. Talking with a friend. D. Asking for information.上義詞為概括性詞語(yǔ)，下義詞所表示的則是具體的東西。本題中能夠概括男士所做之事的應(yīng)該是選項(xiàng)B.② M： What happened to you？ You are so late. W： The bus I took broke down in front of the hospital and I had to walk from there. Q： Why was the woman so late？
A. Something went wrong with the bus. B. She took somebody to hospital. C. Something prevented her from catching the bus. D. She came on foot instead of taking a bus. Something went wrong 是對(duì)the bus break down的概括性表述。
對(duì)話聽力中其它考查項(xiàng)目，如因果、條件、否定、比較等可參看四級(jí)考試的《聽力分冊(cè)》。
2.短文該部分共有短文三篇，設(shè)10個(gè)小題，重要考查兩方面的內(nèi)容：1）對(duì)主題的判斷（1）提問(wèn)的方式主題題通常以下列方式提問(wèn)：What is the main idea/topic of this passage？
What does the passage mainly discuss？
What can we learn from the passage？
What is the passage mainly about？
（2）選項(xiàng)特點(diǎn)主題題的四個(gè)選項(xiàng)一般都以短語(yǔ)的方式出現(xiàn)。如：① A. Two types of only children. B. Parent's responsibilities. C. The necessity of family planning. D. The relationship between parents and children.② A. Environmental pollution and protection. B. Taxes and services for the public. C. Police efforts to protect people. D. People's attitude toward taxes.③ A. The difference between classical music and rock music. B. Why classical music is popular with math students. C. The effects of music on the results of math tests. D. How to improve your reasoning activity.（3）解題技巧對(duì)于這類題，同學(xué)們?cè)诼牭臅r(shí)候應(yīng)特別注意文章的首句和尾句，首句一般開篇點(diǎn)名主題，而尾句則總結(jié)全文，根據(jù)這兩句進(jìn)行推斷一般可以確定文章的主題。如上面②題可根據(jù)文章后一段的尾句解答，請(qǐng)看原文：We use all sort of services without thinking how we get them. But such services cost money. We pay for them through taxes. What would happen if everyone in a city stop paying taxes？ The water supply would stop. The street might not be cleaned. There would be no police force to protect people and property. The chief duty of every government is to protect persons and proper- ty. More than three-fourths of the money spent by our government is used for this purpose. The next largest amount of public money goes to teach and train our citizens. Billions of dollars each year are spent on schools and libraries. Public money is used to pay the teachers and other public officials. Years ago the government made money from the sale of public lands. But most of the best public lands has now been sold. The money raised was used to help pay the cost of government. There are still some public lands that contain oil， coal， gas， and other natural products. They could be sold， but we want to save them for future years. So we all must pay our share for the services that make our lives comfortable.從尾句可以看出文章談?wù)摰氖侨藗優(yōu)槭裁炊紤?yīng)該交稅以使我們的生活更加美好。
再如③題，同學(xué)們可以通過(guò)文章的開始幾句，找到文章的主題。請(qǐng)看原文：Do you have a tough math test coming up？ Then listen to some classical piano music just before the test. You might end up with a higher score. Researchers at a university in California conducted an experiment. They asked a group of college students to listen to some piano music by a famous 18th century composer before taking a math test. They were surprised to find that the students' scores jumped 8 to 9 points. The music seems to excite nerve activities in the brain； similar to the activity that occurs when a person is figuring out a math problem. However， the scientists warn that before you get too excited about applying the method to your math test， you should remember that brain exciting effects last only 10 or 15 minutes. Would rock music work as well as the piano music did？ No， the scientists say. In fact， the less complex music might even interfere with the brain's reasoning ability.顯然，黑體部分表明了文章的主題，緊接著的實(shí)驗(yàn)為支撐細(xì)節(jié)，用于說(shuō)明文章的主題。
2） 對(duì)具體事實(shí)的判斷（1）提問(wèn)的方式對(duì)細(xì)節(jié)的提問(wèn)通常以wh-question的方式出現(xiàn)，主要針對(duì)文章的有關(guān)人物、事件、地點(diǎn)、時(shí)間、原因、目的、數(shù)據(jù)等。
如上面兩篇短文的其它幾個(gè)問(wèn)題的選項(xiàng)。
① What's the chief duty of every government？
A. To protect persons and property. B. To collect taxes. C. To teach and train citizens. D. To save natural resources for future use.② How did the government raise money in the past？
A. By selling services that make life comfortable. B. By selling land containing oil. C. By selling public lands. D. By selling coal and other natural products.① Why can classical music play a positive role in problem solving？
A. Because it stimulates your nerve activity. B. Because it keeps you calm. C. Because it strengthens your memory. D. Because it improves your problem solving ability.②What is one of the findings of the research？
A. Piano music could interfere with your reasoning ability. B. The effects of music do not last long？
C. The more you listen to music， the higher your test scores will be. D. Music， whether classical or rock， helps improve your memory.（2）選項(xiàng)特點(diǎn)這種細(xì)節(jié)判斷題以辨認(rèn)題居多。有可能幾個(gè)選項(xiàng)在文章中都有所提及，但只要同學(xué)們仔細(xì)聽，注意分別，就能從原文中找到出處。如上面99年6月的考題，第① 題可以在文章找到The chief duty of every government is to protect persons and property，這同樣也是第二段的主題句，是整段要說(shuō)明的內(nèi)容。第②題也能從文章找到Y(jié)ears ago the government made money from the sale of public lands.一句為佐證。
再如99年1月的考題，①②兩題也都能從文章中找到信息句，如The music seems to excite nerve activities in the brain. 和… you should remember that brain exciting effects last only 10 or 15 minutes.。
從考查的范圍來(lái)看，短文聽力中原因的考查多，其次是對(duì)具體所發(fā)生的事情的判斷，也包括依據(jù)事實(shí)所做的推理判斷。如99年6月第二篇短文、 2000年1月第二篇短文全是原因的考查，一般原因考查題多出現(xiàn)在故事短文中，只要同學(xué)們能夠理清故事的來(lái)龍去脈，這種原因題就比較簡(jiǎn)單。如：When I was at school， my ambition was to be a pilot in the Air Force. But my eyesight wasn't good enough. So I had to give up that idea. I went to university and studied physics. I wanted to stay on there and do research， but my father died at about that time. So I thought I'd better get a job and earn my living. I started working in an engineering firm I expected to stay in that job for a long time. But then， they appointed a new managing director. I didn't get on with him， so I resigned and applied for a job with another engineering company. I would certainly have accepted the job if they had offered it to me， but on my way to the interview I met a friend who was working for a travel agency. He offered me a job in Spain. And I've always liked Spain， so I took it. I worked in the travel agency for two years and then they wanted to send me to South America. But I had just got married. So I decided to stay here. Then we had a baby and I wasn't earning enough to support the family. So I started giving English lessons at school in the evenings. I liked the English teaching more than working for the travel agency， and then the owner of the school offered me a full-time job as a teacher. So I resigned from the agency. Two years later， the owner of the school wanted to retire， so he asked me to take over as the director. And here I am. 14. Why did the man give up studying physics？
15. Why did the man resign from the engineering firm？
16. Why did the man take the job at the travel agency？
17. Why did the man start to teach English part time？
很顯然本短文要求同學(xué)們了解文中的“我”工作變化的原因。但考試時(shí)同學(xué)們看不到問(wèn)題，只能看到選項(xiàng)。在這種情況下，同學(xué)們應(yīng)該做的是：注意問(wèn)題的順序與短文所講故事發(fā)生的時(shí)間順序是一致的。
一邊聽，一邊判斷選項(xiàng)是否符合事實(shí)，在短文中是否提到。
后再聽問(wèn)題，這時(shí)只是驗(yàn)證一下自己的答案而已。
（3）解題技巧一篇文章，一個(gè)主題，內(nèi)容上完整統(tǒng)一，所有的細(xì)節(jié)都是圍繞主題展開，為主題服務(wù)。聽力理解所要求的是對(duì)文章的整體把握，細(xì)節(jié)也應(yīng)該是用于說(shuō)明主題的主要細(xì)節(jié)。也就是說(shuō)，每篇短文的幾個(gè)題是相互關(guān)聯(lián)的，相互說(shuō)明的。選擇細(xì)節(jié)理解題時(shí)應(yīng)注意：① 注意抓主要細(xì)節(jié)；② 注意信息的直接辨認(rèn)，從聽力文章中找到信息句；③ 注意各題之間的關(guān)聯(lián)，保證相互說(shuō)明，不能相互矛盾。
3.復(fù)合式聽寫試題分布復(fù)合式聽寫共有短文一篇，設(shè)10個(gè)小題。1-7題要求用原詞填寫，8-10只是補(bǔ)全信息，不必用原詞。
題眼設(shè)計(jì)1）1- 7題設(shè)計(jì)規(guī)律① 所填單詞以實(shí)詞為主。97，98兩年的復(fù)合式聽寫中只有一個(gè)是介詞，其他13個(gè)全是名詞、形容詞或副詞。
② 7個(gè)單詞以評(píng)價(jià)性詞匯為主，也就是說(shuō)可以從上下文找到說(shuō)明的信息。如97年6月的復(fù)合式聽寫：In police work， you can never predict the next crime or problem. No working day is identical to any other， so there is no （1）“______” day for a police officer.既然沒(méi)有一天是相同的，也就沒(méi)有哪一天是“典型的”。根據(jù)這種因果說(shuō)明可以判斷所填單詞為 typical.而沒(méi)有一天完全相同，也正說(shuō)明了警察的工作富于變化，由此也可以判斷下面的第5個(gè)空填variety（ I think I can （describe） police word in one word：（5） _______.）。
③ 表示信息復(fù)現(xiàn)的詞匯為題眼有些詞語(yǔ)即使聽不清楚同樣可以填出。如98年1月的復(fù)合式聽寫。
文章的第一段介紹了Michael如何5歲上高中，10歲上大學(xué)，11歲攻讀碩士學(xué)位。第二段開始一個(gè)轉(zhuǎn)折，介紹他的這種“成功”也來(lái)之不易。 所填單詞為上義詞復(fù)現(xiàn)，對(duì)上文的總結(jié)，自然應(yīng)該是success.（But Michael's _____ hasn't always come easy.④ 表示信息同現(xiàn)的詞匯為題眼復(fù)合式聽寫所天詞匯一部分是同現(xiàn)詞匯，如97年考題：One day， for example， I was working undercover； that is， I was on the job， but I was wearing?。?）____ clothes， not my police （7）______.通常情況下警察所穿的應(yīng)該是“制服”，即uniform，這樣，uniform， wear就構(gòu)成的同現(xiàn)關(guān)系。根據(jù)（6）（7）的對(duì)照同現(xiàn)關(guān)系，可以判斷（6）所表示的應(yīng)該是“便裝”，這也正式對(duì)上文working undercover的解釋。
⑤ 對(duì)文章敘述邏輯的考查敘述邏輯即上下文的因果、轉(zhuǎn)折、遞進(jìn)、解釋等關(guān)系。如果同學(xué)們能看出這些關(guān)系，則不用聽就可以將所缺單詞填上。如98年考題。
But Michael's?。╯uccess） hasn't always come easy. （5）______ his intelligence， he still lacks important life （6）_______. In one class， he had to struggle to understand?。?）______ novels， because， he says， “I'm 11. I've never been in love before.”由上下文個(gè)邏輯關(guān)系可以判斷（5）應(yīng)該填Despite，即雖然他很聰慧，但卻缺乏很重要的生活……。后面在課上所發(fā)生的事情是說(shuō)明他缺乏（……）的一個(gè)例證。例證本身不僅說(shuō)明了（6）應(yīng)該填experiences，同時(shí)也說(shuō)明（7）應(yīng)該填love. 2）8-10題設(shè)計(jì)規(guī)律8-10基本上是三句話，從句子內(nèi)容來(lái)看，大體有兩種情況。
① 用于說(shuō)明主題的細(xì)節(jié)這部分聽寫一般是段落的主題已經(jīng)給出，要求同學(xué)們補(bǔ)全支撐細(xì)節(jié)。如98年考題：Another challenge was his size.?。?） _____________________________.緊接著的一句顯然是用來(lái)說(shuō)明Another challenge was his size.的，原句是high school physical education was difficult， because all of the equipment was too big for the then five-year-old student. 97年的8-10題也是如此，所描述的是用來(lái)說(shuō)明警察工作危險(xiǎn)的細(xì)節(jié)。請(qǐng)看原文：Sometimes， it's dangerous. One day， for example， I was working undercover，……… I was trying to catch some robbers who were stealing money from people as they walked down the street. Suddenly，?。?） ____. Another policeman arrived， and together， we arrested three of the men； but the other four ran away. Another day， I helped a woman who was going to have a baby. （9） ______. I put her in my police car to get her there faster. I thought she was going to have the baby right there in my car. But fortunately，?。?0） ____________.② 概括性的結(jié)論或主題95年以來(lái)，復(fù)合式聽寫只考過(guò)不多幾次，其中98年的第十句為結(jié)論句（Michael is smart， but he is like every other kid.?。┦侨牡囊粋€(gè)概括。主題句還沒(méi)有考過(guò)，但主題與結(jié)論做為文章的重點(diǎn)之筆應(yīng)該是聽力理解的重點(diǎn)，也應(yīng)該是復(fù)合式聽力所應(yīng)包含的東西。
解題技巧：根據(jù)上面所談的復(fù)合式聽寫的特點(diǎn)，我建議在做復(fù)合式聽寫時(shí)好做到一下幾點(diǎn)：① 注意話題知識(shí)的運(yùn)用。
文章的話題規(guī)定了用詞范圍，根據(jù)話題判斷單詞有注意明確詞匯。
② 利用詞匯的同現(xiàn)和復(fù)現(xiàn)關(guān)系。
③ 根據(jù)上下文推測(cè)詞匯的運(yùn)用。
④ 在做8-10題時(shí)在不能將原句完全記下的情況下，將關(guān)鍵詞記下來(lái)，然后根 據(jù)關(guān)系詞，結(jié)合文章敘述的邏輯，重新編寫句子。
第三單元、四級(jí)英語(yǔ)聽力的解題技巧
1.對(duì)話根據(jù)對(duì)話聽力的設(shè)題特點(diǎn)，我認(rèn)為在解答對(duì)話聽力理解題時(shí)同學(xué)們應(yīng)注意以下幾點(diǎn)：1）提前閱讀選項(xiàng)，判斷問(wèn)題所屬，從而集中精力于有關(guān)信息。
2）注意根據(jù)信息詞匯判斷地點(diǎn)和說(shuō)話人的身份職業(yè)等。
當(dāng)同學(xué)們看到四個(gè)地點(diǎn)和職業(yè)名詞時(shí)，大腦中就應(yīng)該馬上出現(xiàn)與這些地點(diǎn)或職業(yè)相關(guān)的一系列詞語(yǔ)，在聽的過(guò)程中注意提到了什么信息詞語(yǔ)，這樣就可輕松地判斷談話發(fā)生的地點(diǎn)，說(shuō)話人的職業(yè)或身份，以及談話雙方的關(guān)系。
為此，同學(xué)們有必要了解與各種職業(yè)和地點(diǎn)行業(yè)有關(guān)的信息詞匯，如：飯店：menu， order， waitress， waiter， take order， go Dutch， It's my treat等；旅館：check in/out， make a reservation， register， reception desk等；醫(yī)院：physician， doctor， nurse， operation-room， emergency room， visiting hours， prescribe， pill等；銀行：open an account， withdraw， deposit， saving， cash a check等；飛機(jī)/機(jī)場(chǎng)：flight， safety-belt， boarding card， captain， airhostess， airline， take off， land， crash等。
有關(guān)信息詞匯同學(xué)們可以參看四級(jí)英語(yǔ)《聽力分冊(cè)》，這里就不再一一列舉。
3）注意加減運(yùn)算，聽到的不是答案在涉及時(shí)間、距離、金錢等數(shù)量概念的聽力中，一般都要求同學(xué)們進(jìn)行加減方面的運(yùn)算，很少是聽到什么就是什么。有時(shí)，計(jì)算可能會(huì)麻煩些，同學(xué)們可以先將聽到的時(shí)間等記下，等有時(shí)間再計(jì)算。在計(jì)算題中應(yīng)特別注意以下數(shù)字的讀音差別：13——30 14-40 15 —— 50 16 —— 60 17 -70 18 -80 19 -90選項(xiàng)中會(huì)有這種數(shù)字讀音差別的考查。如：W： when does the next train leave？
M： You have just missed one by 5 minutes. Trains leave every 50 minutes， so you'll have to wait for a while. Q： How long does the woman have to wait for the next train？
A. 45 minutes. B. 50 minutes. C. 10 minutes. D. 5 minutes.如果把50minutes 聽成了15 minutes，就會(huì)誤選選項(xiàng)C. 4）注意記筆記，將人物、地點(diǎn)、時(shí)間等對(duì)號(hào)入座聽力測(cè)試中的另外一種現(xiàn)象就是，四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中的人物、地點(diǎn)、時(shí)間或事件等在對(duì)話中可能都有提及。在這種情況下，同學(xué)們所需要的不是尋找信息詞，而是注意將四個(gè)選項(xiàng)與對(duì)話中提及的信息對(duì)號(hào)入座。如：① W： Do you enjoy life in Washington？
M： Yes， indeed. I'm planning to move to New York or Boston. Anyway， I've never regretted my earlier decision. Q： Where does the man live now？
A. In New York. B. In Boston C. In Newport D. In Washington四個(gè)地點(diǎn)對(duì)話中提到了三個(gè)，具體是哪一個(gè)，同學(xué)們?cè)诼牭臅r(shí)候應(yīng)注意分辨。
②M：Please buy two packs of cigarettes for me while you are at the store. W：I am not going to any store. I'm going to see Aunt Mary. But I will get them for you at the gas station. Q：Where will the woman stop on her way？
A. At a cigarette store. B. At a bus station. C. At a gas station. D. At Aunt Mary's③M：I'd like to make two reservations on Flight 651 for June 8th. W：I'm sorry， we're booked up on the 8th. But we still have a few seats available on June 9th. Q：When does the man want to leave？
A. On the 6th of June. B. On the 8th of June. C. On the 9th of June. D. On the 19th of June如果地點(diǎn)不含職業(yè)性的對(duì)比，一般就很可能屬于這里所介紹的類型，那么同學(xué)們所做的就是分別。
5）從語(yǔ)法入手、從短語(yǔ)含義入手，判斷隱含之意在四級(jí)聽力中常考查到的語(yǔ)法是建議和虛擬語(yǔ)氣。要求同學(xué)們判斷建議是什么，虛擬中含義是什么。就建議而言，同學(xué)們只需注意建議的各種表達(dá)方式，就可解答這類聽力題；至于虛擬語(yǔ)氣，我想同學(xué)們可以記住這樣一條規(guī)律：與所聽到的相反的就是答案。
6） 概括與具體，具體與抽象相對(duì)，概括的、抽象的是解這類題主要是話題的選擇，也包括一些對(duì)整個(gè)事件的評(píng)價(jià)等。如：① W： We all talk about how liberated we are， but in fact woman are still not treated equally. M：I don't think so. You've got the vote， you've got your careers I think you've got everything important. Q： What are they talking about？
A. The woman's job as a librarian. B. Woman's rights in society. C. An important election. D. Career planning.談?wù)摰脑掝}應(yīng)是一個(gè)抽象的概括性的東西，所以答案是B.②M： This has been the worst flood for the past 20 years. It has caused much damage and destruction. W： Look at the price of fruits and vegetables. No wonder they are expensive. Q： What are they talking about？
A. The effects of the flood. B. The heroic fight against flood. C. The cause of the flood. D. Floods of the past twenty years.能夠概括對(duì)話中物價(jià)上漲的應(yīng)該是A. 7）肯定與不肯定相對(duì)，含義不肯定的是解這一技巧用于解答說(shuō)話者言外之意的聽力題。如：①W：I intend to buy some fruits for the children. These apples and pears seem to be in season. I'll get two dozen of each. M： I hope they're as good as they look. Q： What does the man mean？
A. The apples and pears might no be so good. B. The apples are not as good as the pears. C. The apples and pears are very good. D. The apples and pears are as good as they look. hope的使用說(shuō)明答案應(yīng)該是不太可能的選項(xiàng)，自然是A.②W： If this weather keeps up， I'm going to have to buy a warmer coat. M： Sounds like a good idea. Spring is still a long way off， you know. Q： What does the man mean？
A. The woman should wait to buy new clothes. B. The cold weather will probably continue. C. The weather will warm up soon. D. He already has a warm coat. Sounds like a good idea說(shuō)明了語(yǔ)氣的不可能，答案應(yīng)該是B. 8）“同意”是解一般情況下，如果四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中有一個(gè)表示“同意”的概念，那么，此選項(xiàng)就是正確選項(xiàng)。如：① W： It's a wonderful film， isn't it？
M： You can say that again. Q： What does the man mean？
A. He agrees with the woman. B. He didn't hear what the woman said. C. He is surprised by her opinion. D. He thinks she should look at it again.② M： This is the longest assignment we've had all semester. W： You're telling me. We'll be lucky if we can do half of it. Q： What does the woman say about the assignment？
A. She has done half of it already. B. She agrees that it is very long. C. They have all semester to do it. D. There's nothing wrong with it.請(qǐng)同學(xué)們注意以下表示同意對(duì)方觀點(diǎn)的常用語(yǔ)。如果聽到這些，就可以選擇含有“同意”的選項(xiàng)：You said it. You can say that again. You are telling me. You may/might well say so. I'll say. I couldn't agree more. 2.短文根據(jù)短文聽力的特點(diǎn)，同學(xué)們可以做以下工作。
1） 注意把握首尾句，從整體上理解全文，這同樣有利于主題題的解答。
2） 聽前閱讀選項(xiàng)，增加聽的目的性和針對(duì)性。
3） 聽時(shí)記筆記，以掌握文章的主要細(xì)節(jié)內(nèi)容。
4） 根據(jù)不同的聽力材料采用不同的聽力技巧。如故事性的文章一般可以邊聽邊劃答案，標(biāo)出故事中提到的信息；說(shuō)明文要注意要說(shuō)明的主題是什么，支撐細(xì)節(jié)有哪些。
5） 做完后通讀所有答案，看是否能相互說(shuō)明，成為一個(gè)整體。
3.復(fù)合式聽寫在前面我已經(jīng)給大家介紹了復(fù)合式聽寫中可以運(yùn)用的一些技巧。復(fù)合式聽寫很大程度上利用了完形填空的詞匯和篇章技巧，同時(shí)在有三題中又運(yùn)用了寫作的技法。但是否能夠以適當(dāng)?shù)恼Z(yǔ)言準(zhǔn)確地補(bǔ)全短文所缺信息，不是技巧本身所能做到的，需要同學(xué)們平時(shí)加強(qiáng)這方面的訓(xùn)練。
以上簡(jiǎn)要分析了四級(jí)聽力測(cè)試的特點(diǎn)和可以運(yùn)用的一些方法技巧。但是，聽力能力的發(fā)展不是一朝一夕可練就的，更不是知道幾個(gè)小竅門就能解決問(wèn)題的。希望同學(xué)們結(jié)合四級(jí)考試聽力測(cè)試的特點(diǎn)，有針對(duì)性地強(qiáng)化訓(xùn)練，同時(shí)注意解題的技巧，可望在短時(shí)間之內(nèi)有個(gè)突破。