Passage 4 問題解決型（翼龍的屬性）
The fossil remains殘骸，遺跡 of the first flying vertebrates, the pterosaurs（P）翼龍, have intrigued paleontologists古生物學家 for more than two centuries. 提出第一個問題：如何飛How such large creatures, which weighed in some cases as much as a piloted hang-glider有人駕駛的滑翔機 (hang-glider: n. 懸掛式滑翔機) and had wingspans from 8 to 12 meters, solved the problems of powered flight主動飛行, and 提出第二個問題：分類exactly what these creatures were—reptiles or birds—are among the questions scientists have puzzled over.
回答了第二個問題：爬行動物，與鳥對比Perhaps the least controversial assertion*1 about the pterosaurs is that they were reptiles*1D. Their skulls頭骨, pelvises, and hind feet are reptilian. 最重要的論據The anatomy of their wings*3C suggests that they did not evolve into the class of birds鳥綱. In pterosaurs a greatly elongated fourth finger of each forelimb supported a wing-like membrane. The other fingers were short and reptilian, with sharp claws. In birds the second finger is the principal strut of the wing, which consists primarily of feathers. If the pterosaurs walked on all fours, the three short fingers may have been employed for grasping. When a pterosaur walked or remained stationary, the fourth finger, and with it the wing, could only turn upward in an extended inverted V-shape*5A（不完全折疊，只能算bend，不能算fold） along each side of the animal’s body.
像鳥的地方是由別的原因導致的The pterosaurs resembled both birds and bats in their overall structure and proportions. This is not surprising because the design of any flying vertebrate is subject to aerodynamic constraints. Both the pterosaurs and the birds have hollow bones, a feature that represents a savings in weight. In the birds, 不同之處however, these bones are reinforced more massively by internal struts.
像鳥的地方是由別的原因導致的Although scales鱗片 typically cover reptiles, the pterosaurs probably had hairy coats. T. H. Huxley（H） reasoned that flying vertebrates must have been warm-blooded because flying implies a high rate of metabolism, which in turn implies a high internal temperature. Huxley speculated that a coat of hair would insulate against loss of body heat and might streamline流線型 the body to reduce drag in flight. The recent discovery of a pterosaur specimen covered in long, dense, and relatively thick hairlike fossil material was the first clear evidence that his reasoning was correct（+for H）.
解決第一個問題，怎么飛的問題：三個理論Efforts to explain how the pterosaurs became airborne have led to suggestions that they launched themselves by jumping from cliffs, by dropping from trees, or even by rising into light winds from the crests of waves*2*7A浪尖. （列舉） Each hypothesis has its difficulties*2B（-）. 解釋缺點The 理論一first wrongly assumes that the pterosaurs’ hind feet resembled a bat’s and could serve as hooks by which the animal could hang in preparation for flight. The 理論二second hypothesis seems unlikely because large pterosaurs could not have landed in trees without damaging their wings. The third calls for high waves to channel updrafts. 理論三The wind that made such waves however, might have been too strong for the pterosaurs to control their flight once airborne.
1. It can be inferred from the passage that scientists now generally agree*1 that the直接事實題（很簡單）
(A) enormous wingspan of the pterosaurs enabled them to fly great distances
(B) structure of the skeleton of the pterosaurs suggests a close evolutionary relationship to bats
(C) fossil remains of the pterosaurs reveal how they solved the problem of powered flight
(D) pterosaurs were reptiles*1D（D）
(E) pterosaurs walked on all fours
2. The author views the idea that the pterosaurs became airborne by rising into light winds created by waves*2（最后一段） as態(tài)度題
(A) revolutionary（+）
(B) unlikely*2B不可能（-）
(C) unassailable無懈可擊（+）
(D) probable（+）（B）
(E) outdated過時（-）
3. According to the passage, the skeleton of a pterosaur can be distinguished（第二段，強對比） from that of a bird by the直接事實題
(A) size of its wingspan
(B) presence of hollow spaces in its bones
(C) anatomic origin of its wing strut*3C
(D) presence of hooklike projections on its hind feet（C）
(E) location of the shoulder joint joining the wing to its body
4. The ideas attributed to T. H. Huxley（第四段） in the passage suggest that he would most likely agree with which of the following statements?直接事實題ACD無，E反
(A) An animal’s brain size沒提到過 has little bearing on its ability to master complex behaviors.
(B) An animal’s appearance is often influenced by environmental requirements and physical capabilities.
(C) Animals within a given family科，沒提到過 group are unlikely to change their appearance dramatically over a period of time.
(D) The origin of flight in vertebrates was an accidental沒提到過 development rather than the outcome of specialization or adaptation.（B）
(E) The pterosaurs should be classified as birds, not reptiles.和文中的意思相反
5. It can be inferred from the passage that which of the following is characteristic of the pterosaurs?直接事實題（無定位）BCDE無
(A) They were unable to fold*5A their wings when not in use.
(B) They hung upside down from branches as bats do before flight.沒提到過
(C) They flew in order to capture prey. 沒提到過
(D) They were an early stage in the evolution of the birds. 沒提到過（A）
(E) They lived primarily in a forest-like habitat. 沒提到過
6. Which of the following best describes the organization of the last paragraph of the passage?主題題（寫法性）
(A) New evidence is introduced to support a traditional point of view.
(B) Three explanations for a phenomenon are presented, and each is disputed by means of specific information.提出三個理論，三個都*
(C) Three hypotheses are outlined, and evidence supporting each is given.
(D) Recent discoveries are described, and their implications for future study are projected.（B）
(E) A summary of the material in the preceding paragraphs is presented, and conclusions are drawn.
7. It can be inferred from the passage that some scientists（可能對，也可能錯，因為文中就有些科學家錯了） believe that pterosaurs
(A) lived near large bodies of water*7A
(B) had sharp teeth for tearing food
(C) were attacked and eaten by larger reptiles
(D) had longer tails than many birds（A）
(E) consumed twice their weight daily to maintain their body temperature
The fossil remains殘骸，遺跡 of the first flying vertebrates, the pterosaurs（P）翼龍, have intrigued paleontologists古生物學家 for more than two centuries. 提出第一個問題：如何飛How such large creatures, which weighed in some cases as much as a piloted hang-glider有人駕駛的滑翔機 (hang-glider: n. 懸掛式滑翔機) and had wingspans from 8 to 12 meters, solved the problems of powered flight主動飛行, and 提出第二個問題：分類exactly what these creatures were—reptiles or birds—are among the questions scientists have puzzled over.
回答了第二個問題：爬行動物，與鳥對比Perhaps the least controversial assertion*1 about the pterosaurs is that they were reptiles*1D. Their skulls頭骨, pelvises, and hind feet are reptilian. 最重要的論據The anatomy of their wings*3C suggests that they did not evolve into the class of birds鳥綱. In pterosaurs a greatly elongated fourth finger of each forelimb supported a wing-like membrane. The other fingers were short and reptilian, with sharp claws. In birds the second finger is the principal strut of the wing, which consists primarily of feathers. If the pterosaurs walked on all fours, the three short fingers may have been employed for grasping. When a pterosaur walked or remained stationary, the fourth finger, and with it the wing, could only turn upward in an extended inverted V-shape*5A（不完全折疊，只能算bend，不能算fold） along each side of the animal’s body.
像鳥的地方是由別的原因導致的The pterosaurs resembled both birds and bats in their overall structure and proportions. This is not surprising because the design of any flying vertebrate is subject to aerodynamic constraints. Both the pterosaurs and the birds have hollow bones, a feature that represents a savings in weight. In the birds, 不同之處however, these bones are reinforced more massively by internal struts.
像鳥的地方是由別的原因導致的Although scales鱗片 typically cover reptiles, the pterosaurs probably had hairy coats. T. H. Huxley（H） reasoned that flying vertebrates must have been warm-blooded because flying implies a high rate of metabolism, which in turn implies a high internal temperature. Huxley speculated that a coat of hair would insulate against loss of body heat and might streamline流線型 the body to reduce drag in flight. The recent discovery of a pterosaur specimen covered in long, dense, and relatively thick hairlike fossil material was the first clear evidence that his reasoning was correct（+for H）.
解決第一個問題，怎么飛的問題：三個理論Efforts to explain how the pterosaurs became airborne have led to suggestions that they launched themselves by jumping from cliffs, by dropping from trees, or even by rising into light winds from the crests of waves*2*7A浪尖. （列舉） Each hypothesis has its difficulties*2B（-）. 解釋缺點The 理論一first wrongly assumes that the pterosaurs’ hind feet resembled a bat’s and could serve as hooks by which the animal could hang in preparation for flight. The 理論二second hypothesis seems unlikely because large pterosaurs could not have landed in trees without damaging their wings. The third calls for high waves to channel updrafts. 理論三The wind that made such waves however, might have been too strong for the pterosaurs to control their flight once airborne.
1. It can be inferred from the passage that scientists now generally agree*1 that the直接事實題（很簡單）
(A) enormous wingspan of the pterosaurs enabled them to fly great distances
(B) structure of the skeleton of the pterosaurs suggests a close evolutionary relationship to bats
(C) fossil remains of the pterosaurs reveal how they solved the problem of powered flight
(D) pterosaurs were reptiles*1D（D）
(E) pterosaurs walked on all fours
2. The author views the idea that the pterosaurs became airborne by rising into light winds created by waves*2（最后一段） as態(tài)度題
(A) revolutionary（+）
(B) unlikely*2B不可能（-）
(C) unassailable無懈可擊（+）
(D) probable（+）（B）
(E) outdated過時（-）
3. According to the passage, the skeleton of a pterosaur can be distinguished（第二段，強對比） from that of a bird by the直接事實題
(A) size of its wingspan
(B) presence of hollow spaces in its bones
(C) anatomic origin of its wing strut*3C
(D) presence of hooklike projections on its hind feet（C）
(E) location of the shoulder joint joining the wing to its body
4. The ideas attributed to T. H. Huxley（第四段） in the passage suggest that he would most likely agree with which of the following statements?直接事實題ACD無，E反
(A) An animal’s brain size沒提到過 has little bearing on its ability to master complex behaviors.
(B) An animal’s appearance is often influenced by environmental requirements and physical capabilities.
(C) Animals within a given family科，沒提到過 group are unlikely to change their appearance dramatically over a period of time.
(D) The origin of flight in vertebrates was an accidental沒提到過 development rather than the outcome of specialization or adaptation.（B）
(E) The pterosaurs should be classified as birds, not reptiles.和文中的意思相反
5. It can be inferred from the passage that which of the following is characteristic of the pterosaurs?直接事實題（無定位）BCDE無
(A) They were unable to fold*5A their wings when not in use.
(B) They hung upside down from branches as bats do before flight.沒提到過
(C) They flew in order to capture prey. 沒提到過
(D) They were an early stage in the evolution of the birds. 沒提到過（A）
(E) They lived primarily in a forest-like habitat. 沒提到過
6. Which of the following best describes the organization of the last paragraph of the passage?主題題（寫法性）
(A) New evidence is introduced to support a traditional point of view.
(B) Three explanations for a phenomenon are presented, and each is disputed by means of specific information.提出三個理論，三個都*
(C) Three hypotheses are outlined, and evidence supporting each is given.
(D) Recent discoveries are described, and their implications for future study are projected.（B）
(E) A summary of the material in the preceding paragraphs is presented, and conclusions are drawn.
7. It can be inferred from the passage that some scientists（可能對，也可能錯，因為文中就有些科學家錯了） believe that pterosaurs
(A) lived near large bodies of water*7A
(B) had sharp teeth for tearing food
(C) were attacked and eaten by larger reptiles
(D) had longer tails than many birds（A）
(E) consumed twice their weight daily to maintain their body temperature