一、確定中心思想（大意）型
此類題主要測試考生總結和歸納文章大意的能力。這種題型 往往用下列句型進行測試：The main idea of this passage is ______；The passage is mainly about ______； Which of the following titles best sum up the idea of the passage/paragraph？等等。這種題目的答案往往在主題句中。演繹型主題句多位于段落開頭，歸納型主題句一般在段落結尾。少數(shù)主題句也可在段落中間。若從主題句中找不到答案，則要經過反復閱讀，歸納總結出來。
二、辯認重要事實型
這類題目大都可在短文中直觀地找到答案。其測試方式主要有：用“How many…”“Which of the following…”“How long…”等為開頭的試題，要求找出相關的時間、地點、人物、數(shù)字等；用“Which of the following statements is（not） true/mentioned/the cause？”提出問題的試題，要求判斷試題中的備選答案是否符合短文中的有關事實。
三、判斷、推理、概括型
這類試題可分為三種情況：一是試題所提供的信息在短文中可直觀找到，順此往下讀，可以找到與備選答案中的某一答案意思相近的敘述。二是試題所提供的信息是短文中的某些詞語或句子改寫的，不能直觀地找到。備選答案也往往是從不同角度改寫的，帶有干擾性，這樣，首先要在文中找到試題信息，順此略讀一下。再回過頭來理解備選答案，把備選答案與文中有關信息分別比較，通過排除不合理的或與文中有關文字不相符的備選答案，來獲取正確答案。三是試題沒有提供可供聯(lián)系的信息，只要求回答問題或解釋原因。這種試題應在對備選答案加以理解后，通過排除不合理答案使目標變小，再經判斷、推理、對比等方法，找到正確答案。
我們不妨以一篇閱讀理解文章為例，看一看以上三種類型技能的實際應用。
Wood carving began as a necessity in America and developed into an art. Because of the lack of other materials， early settlers were forced to make tools and utensils out of wood. At first， these articles were whittled with a knife， but when pioneer craftsmen set up their primitive shops most of them were fashioned on a lathe —— a machine which holds an object and rotates it while it is being shaped by a tool.
However， even after Massachusetts —— born Thomas Blancard designed a lathe which could turn irregular shapes —— an innovation that made possible mass production of gunstocks， shoe lasts， oblong and square wooden wares —— craftsmen who could use knife and chisel skillfully were still in demand. Some found ready employment in shops of cabinetmakers， while others， carved decoy. Still others specialized in creating shop signs， ship figureheads， or in decorating interior woodwork. A few even accepted commissions to make busts of prominent citizens.
（1） This passage most likely came from a longer work about early American
A. arts and crafts.
B. political leaders.
C. logging industries.
D. fashion design.
分析：此題屬確定中心思想型。整個語篇講述的是美洲木刻工藝的發(fā)展。第一句話作為主題句總領全文，因此只有備選答案A符合文義。
（2）According to the passage， the first settlers used wood for their utensils and tools because it was______
A. durable.
B. inexpensive.
C. available.
D. attractive.
分析：此題為判斷、推理、概括型。在第一段可直觀地找到信息“Because of the lack of other materials， early settlers were forced to make tools and utensils out of wood.”由此可推斷出與備選取答案C相符的含義。
（3）The passage suggests that the early shops for making tools were.
A. not very sophisticated.
B. known for doing very quick work.
C. dependent on imported materials.
D. frequented only by fashionable people.
分析：此題仍為判斷、推理、概括型。問題中的關鍵詞是“the early shops”，，由此可以在第一段第三句中找到有關信息“…when pioneer craftsmen set up their primitive shops…”。順此往下讀，至該段結尾，可知其文義與備選答案A相符。注意，本文中“primitive”與“early”同義。
（4）Which of the following objects was an important woodworking tool used by early American craftsmen？
A. A bust
B. A decoy
C. A figurehead
D. A chisel
分析：此題為辨認重要事實型。在第二段第四句中，可以找到與備選答案D相符的信息。
總之，學生在閱讀訓練中，不能為做題而做題，而是要在做題過程中總結解題規(guī)律和技巧，這樣才能迅速提高閱讀技能。同時還應注意，閱讀技能的發(fā)展是與各種背景知識、基礎知識相輔相成的，只有不斷擴大知識面，增加詞匯量，掌握閱讀技巧，才能實現(xiàn)閱讀能力的真正飛躍。
此類題主要測試考生總結和歸納文章大意的能力。這種題型 往往用下列句型進行測試：The main idea of this passage is ______；The passage is mainly about ______； Which of the following titles best sum up the idea of the passage/paragraph？等等。這種題目的答案往往在主題句中。演繹型主題句多位于段落開頭，歸納型主題句一般在段落結尾。少數(shù)主題句也可在段落中間。若從主題句中找不到答案，則要經過反復閱讀，歸納總結出來。
二、辯認重要事實型
這類題目大都可在短文中直觀地找到答案。其測試方式主要有：用“How many…”“Which of the following…”“How long…”等為開頭的試題，要求找出相關的時間、地點、人物、數(shù)字等；用“Which of the following statements is（not） true/mentioned/the cause？”提出問題的試題，要求判斷試題中的備選答案是否符合短文中的有關事實。
三、判斷、推理、概括型
這類試題可分為三種情況：一是試題所提供的信息在短文中可直觀找到，順此往下讀，可以找到與備選答案中的某一答案意思相近的敘述。二是試題所提供的信息是短文中的某些詞語或句子改寫的，不能直觀地找到。備選答案也往往是從不同角度改寫的，帶有干擾性，這樣，首先要在文中找到試題信息，順此略讀一下。再回過頭來理解備選答案，把備選答案與文中有關信息分別比較，通過排除不合理的或與文中有關文字不相符的備選答案，來獲取正確答案。三是試題沒有提供可供聯(lián)系的信息，只要求回答問題或解釋原因。這種試題應在對備選答案加以理解后，通過排除不合理答案使目標變小，再經判斷、推理、對比等方法，找到正確答案。
我們不妨以一篇閱讀理解文章為例，看一看以上三種類型技能的實際應用。
Wood carving began as a necessity in America and developed into an art. Because of the lack of other materials， early settlers were forced to make tools and utensils out of wood. At first， these articles were whittled with a knife， but when pioneer craftsmen set up their primitive shops most of them were fashioned on a lathe —— a machine which holds an object and rotates it while it is being shaped by a tool.
However， even after Massachusetts —— born Thomas Blancard designed a lathe which could turn irregular shapes —— an innovation that made possible mass production of gunstocks， shoe lasts， oblong and square wooden wares —— craftsmen who could use knife and chisel skillfully were still in demand. Some found ready employment in shops of cabinetmakers， while others， carved decoy. Still others specialized in creating shop signs， ship figureheads， or in decorating interior woodwork. A few even accepted commissions to make busts of prominent citizens.
（1） This passage most likely came from a longer work about early American
A. arts and crafts.
B. political leaders.
C. logging industries.
D. fashion design.
分析：此題屬確定中心思想型。整個語篇講述的是美洲木刻工藝的發(fā)展。第一句話作為主題句總領全文，因此只有備選答案A符合文義。
（2）According to the passage， the first settlers used wood for their utensils and tools because it was______
A. durable.
B. inexpensive.
C. available.
D. attractive.
分析：此題為判斷、推理、概括型。在第一段可直觀地找到信息“Because of the lack of other materials， early settlers were forced to make tools and utensils out of wood.”由此可推斷出與備選取答案C相符的含義。
（3）The passage suggests that the early shops for making tools were.
A. not very sophisticated.
B. known for doing very quick work.
C. dependent on imported materials.
D. frequented only by fashionable people.
分析：此題仍為判斷、推理、概括型。問題中的關鍵詞是“the early shops”，，由此可以在第一段第三句中找到有關信息“…when pioneer craftsmen set up their primitive shops…”。順此往下讀，至該段結尾，可知其文義與備選答案A相符。注意，本文中“primitive”與“early”同義。
（4）Which of the following objects was an important woodworking tool used by early American craftsmen？
A. A bust
B. A decoy
C. A figurehead
D. A chisel
分析：此題為辨認重要事實型。在第二段第四句中，可以找到與備選答案D相符的信息。
總之，學生在閱讀訓練中，不能為做題而做題，而是要在做題過程中總結解題規(guī)律和技巧，這樣才能迅速提高閱讀技能。同時還應注意，閱讀技能的發(fā)展是與各種背景知識、基礎知識相輔相成的，只有不斷擴大知識面，增加詞匯量，掌握閱讀技巧，才能實現(xiàn)閱讀能力的真正飛躍。