TEXT D
Migration is usually defined as "permanent or semipermanent change of residence. " This broad definition, of course, would include a move across the street or ac ross a city. Our concern is with movement between nations, not with internal mig ration within nations, although such movements often exceed international moveme nts in volume. Today, the motives of people who move short distances are very si milar to those of international migrants.
Students of human migration speak of "push" and "pull" factors, which influence an individual's decision to move from one place to another. Push factors are ass ociated with the place of origin. A push factor can be as simple and mild a matt er as difficulty in finding a suitable job. or as traumatic as war, or severe fa mine. Obviously, refugees who leave their homes with guns pointed at their heads are motivated almost entirely by push factors (although pull factors do influen ce their choice of destination).
Pull factors are those associated with the place of destination. Most often thes e are economic，such as better job opportunities or the availability of good lan d to farm. The latter was an important factor in attracting settlers to the Unit ed States during the 19th century. In general, pull factors add up to an apparen tly better chance for a good life and material well-being than is offered by the place of origin. When there is a choice between several attractive potential de stinations, the deciding factor might be a non-economic consideration such as th e presence of relatives, friends, or at least fellow countrymen already establis hed in the new place who are willing to help the newcomers settle in. Considerat ions of this sort cad to the development of migration flow.
Besides push and pull actors, there are what the sociologists call "intervening obstacles" Even if push and(or) pull factors are very strong they still may be ou tweighed by intervening obstacles, such as the distance of the move, the trouble and cost of moving, the difficulty of entering the new country, and the problem s likely to be encountered on arrival. The decision to move is also influenced by "personal factors" of the potential m igrant. The same push-pull factors and obstacles operate differently on differen t people, sometimes because they are at different stages of their lives, or just because of their varying abilities and personalities. The prospect of packing u p everything and moving to a new and perhaps very strange environment may appear interesting and challenging to an unmarried young man and appallingly difficult to a slightly older man with a wife and small kids. Similarly, the need to lear n a new language and customs may excite one person and frighten another. Regardless of why people move, migration of large numbers of people causes confl ict. The United States and other western countries have experienced adjustment p roblems with each new wave of immigrants. The newest arrivals are usually given the lowest-paid jobs and are resented by native people who may have to compete w ith them for those jobs. It has usually taken several decades for each group to be accepted into the mainstream of society in the host country.
78. The author thinks that pull factors___.
A. are all related to economic considerations
B. are not as decisive as push factors
C. include a range of considerations
D. are more important than push factors
79. People's decisions to migrate might be influenced by all the follow ing EXC EPT___.
A. personalities. B. education. C. marital status. D. abilities.
80. The purpose of the passage is to discuss___.
A. the problems of international migrants
B. the motives of international migrants
C. migration inside the country
D. migration between countries
答案與詳解
TEXT A
短文大意：這篇文章通過(guò)調(diào)查，反映了當(dāng)孩子們生病住院時(shí)，醫(yī)院里的教學(xué)問題。
66．答案：B
【參考譯文】作者在文章開頭指出了什么？
【試題分析】本題為細(xì)節(jié)題。
【詳細(xì)解答】在第一段中，作者告訴我們說(shuō)"沒有人知道有多少孩子在醫(yī)院里能接受到教育，更少有人知道教育的內(nèi)容和教學(xué)質(zhì)量"，這與選項(xiàng)B"not enough is known about hospital teaching"的意思一致。
67．答案：D
【參考譯文】由后調(diào)查可以推知什么？
【試題分析】本題為細(xì)節(jié)理解題。
【詳細(xì)解答】短文第三段第二、三句說(shuō)"It is found that half the hospitals in England which admit children have no teacher. A further quarter have only a part-time teacher．"由此可知，一半的醫(yī)院沒有老師，四分之一的醫(yī)院有兼職老師，那么剩余的四分之一的醫(yī)院就有全職老師了。
68. 答案：B
【參考譯文】為了趕上學(xué)校的功課，住院的孩子常常求助于誰(shuí)？
【試題分析】本題為細(xì)節(jié)理解題。
【詳細(xì)解答】短文第六段第一句說(shuō)"Children tend to rely on concerned school friends to keep in touch with school work"，由此可知，他們求助的是同學(xué)們。
69. 答案：C
【參考譯文】我們可以推知作者是何態(tài)度？
【試題分析】本題為概括題。
【詳細(xì)解答】 作者一開頭就用Surprisingly一詞，清楚表達(dá)了對(duì)醫(yī)院教育現(xiàn)狀的態(tài)度。然后通過(guò)具體的調(diào)查結(jié)果，表明了對(duì)醫(yī)院里兒童教學(xué)現(xiàn)狀的不滿。
TEXT B
短文大意：本文介紹了"英國(guó)電腦城"的特點(diǎn)和功用。
70．答案：B
【參考譯文】根據(jù)David Tebbutt的觀點(diǎn)，"英國(guó)電腦城"的目的是什么？
【試題分析】本題為細(xì)節(jié)題。
【詳細(xì)解答】短文第二段后一句說(shuō)"…Computertown UK was formed for just the opposite reason, to bring computers to the people and make them'people-literate'"，由此可知，其目的是使得電腦"能理解人"(people-literate)，使電腦更好地為人們服務(wù)，故選項(xiàng)B 為正確答案。
71. 答案：B
【參考譯文】由該短文可知，美國(guó)的電腦城是什么？
【試題分析】本題為細(xì)節(jié)題。
【詳細(xì)解答】短文第三段中第二句說(shuō)"Albrecht had started a project called Computertown USA in the local library．．．"，由此可直接選出答案B。
72. 答案：C
【參考譯文】下列哪種說(shuō)法是錯(cuò)誤的？
【試題分析】本題為細(xì)節(jié)題。
【詳細(xì)解答】短文第四段第二、三句說(shuō)"…they are most successful when tied to a computer club. He insists there is a vast and important difference between the two, although they complement each other."它告訴了我們，computertowns和computerclubs是有區(qū)別而互補(bǔ)的，由此可知，選項(xiàng)C的說(shuō)法是錯(cuò)誤的，故答案應(yīng)選C。
73．答案：A
【參考譯文】下列哪一項(xiàng)不是computertowns的優(yōu)點(diǎn)？
【試題分析】本題為細(xì)節(jié)題。
【詳細(xì)解答】短文第五段第二句說(shuō)"The computer experts have to learn not to tell people about computers，but have to be able to explain the answers to the questions that people really want to know．"這與選項(xiàng)A "give lectures and talks on computers"相矛盾，而其它幾項(xiàng)優(yōu)點(diǎn)在本段都提到了，故選項(xiàng)A 為正確答案。
TEXT C
短文大意：本文討論的是關(guān)于人們睡眠長(zhǎng)短的問題。
74. 答案：D
【參考譯文】作者似乎暗示什么？
【試題分析】本題為細(xì)節(jié)理解題。
【詳細(xì)解答】短文首句說(shuō)"There must be few questions on which responsible opinionis so utterly divided as on that of how much sleep we ought to have．"意思是說(shuō)"很少有問題像睡眠多長(zhǎng)時(shí)間為適量這一問題那樣存在如此大的意見分歧"，由此可以推知選項(xiàng)D為正確答案。
75. 答案：A
【參考譯文】作者為何不同意Dr．Burton的意見？
【試題分析】本題為細(xì)節(jié)理解題。
【詳細(xì)解答】由短文第一段第四句說(shuō)"If he is right many people must be undersleeping, including myself."要是按照Dr．Burton的說(shuō)法，很多人就一定是睡眠不足，由此可知，作者認(rèn)為實(shí)際情況并非如此，也就是說(shuō)很少的人如此，故答案選A。
76. 答案：D
【參考譯文】在文章的后一段，作者指出了什么？
【試題分析】本題為細(xì)節(jié)題。
【詳細(xì)解答】短文第三段第四句說(shuō)"It would be a pity to retard our development by holding back those people who are gifted enough to work and play well with less than the average amount of sleep, if indeed it does them no harm." 由此可知，作者認(rèn)為那些生來(lái)就可以少睡覺而且不誤工作和玩耍的人不應(yīng)受到約束，故答案選D。
77. 答案：A
【參考譯文】從短文可知作者怎樣？
【試題分析】本題為概括題。
【詳細(xì)解答】通讀全文可知，作者先列出了有關(guān)睡眠量問題的三種不同觀點(diǎn)，繼而對(duì)每種觀點(diǎn)都做了評(píng)論，說(shuō)明了自己的看法，但并沒有提出支持哪一觀點(diǎn)，也沒有提出自己獨(dú)創(chuàng)的新觀或修正別人的觀點(diǎn)，故選項(xiàng)A為正確答案。
TEXT D
短文大意：本文談?wù)摰氖菄?guó)際間移民的原因及其影響等問題。
78. 答案：C
【參考譯文】作者認(rèn)為"pull factors"如何？
【試題分析】本題為細(xì)節(jié)題，可用排除法解答。
【詳細(xì)解答】短文第三段說(shuō)"Most often these are economic，such as better job opportunities or the availability of good land to farm. …When there is a choice between several attractive potential destinations, the deciding factor might be a non-economic consideration such as the presence of relatives, friends, or at leastfellow countrymen already established in the new place who are willing to help the newcomers settle in." 由此可排除選項(xiàng)A；文中沒有談到與選項(xiàng)B和D相關(guān)的信息，故正確答案只有選項(xiàng)C。
79. 答案：B
【參考譯文】下列哪一項(xiàng)不是影響人們決定移民的因素？
【試題分析】本題為細(xì)節(jié)題。
【詳細(xì)解答】短文第五段第二句說(shuō)"The same push-pull factors and obstacles operatedifferently on different people…or just because of their varying abilities and personalities．"這里提到了abilities和personalities；本段第三句中提到了marital status。文中沒有談到與education相關(guān)的信息，故選項(xiàng)B為正確答案。
80. 答案：B
【參考譯文】這篇文章的論題是什么？
【試題分析】本題為主旨題。
【詳細(xì)解答】綜觀全文，作者在文中主要討論了導(dǎo)致人員遷徙的四種不同動(dòng)機(jī)，故答案選B
Migration is usually defined as "permanent or semipermanent change of residence. " This broad definition, of course, would include a move across the street or ac ross a city. Our concern is with movement between nations, not with internal mig ration within nations, although such movements often exceed international moveme nts in volume. Today, the motives of people who move short distances are very si milar to those of international migrants.
Students of human migration speak of "push" and "pull" factors, which influence an individual's decision to move from one place to another. Push factors are ass ociated with the place of origin. A push factor can be as simple and mild a matt er as difficulty in finding a suitable job. or as traumatic as war, or severe fa mine. Obviously, refugees who leave their homes with guns pointed at their heads are motivated almost entirely by push factors (although pull factors do influen ce their choice of destination).
Pull factors are those associated with the place of destination. Most often thes e are economic，such as better job opportunities or the availability of good lan d to farm. The latter was an important factor in attracting settlers to the Unit ed States during the 19th century. In general, pull factors add up to an apparen tly better chance for a good life and material well-being than is offered by the place of origin. When there is a choice between several attractive potential de stinations, the deciding factor might be a non-economic consideration such as th e presence of relatives, friends, or at least fellow countrymen already establis hed in the new place who are willing to help the newcomers settle in. Considerat ions of this sort cad to the development of migration flow.
Besides push and pull actors, there are what the sociologists call "intervening obstacles" Even if push and(or) pull factors are very strong they still may be ou tweighed by intervening obstacles, such as the distance of the move, the trouble and cost of moving, the difficulty of entering the new country, and the problem s likely to be encountered on arrival. The decision to move is also influenced by "personal factors" of the potential m igrant. The same push-pull factors and obstacles operate differently on differen t people, sometimes because they are at different stages of their lives, or just because of their varying abilities and personalities. The prospect of packing u p everything and moving to a new and perhaps very strange environment may appear interesting and challenging to an unmarried young man and appallingly difficult to a slightly older man with a wife and small kids. Similarly, the need to lear n a new language and customs may excite one person and frighten another. Regardless of why people move, migration of large numbers of people causes confl ict. The United States and other western countries have experienced adjustment p roblems with each new wave of immigrants. The newest arrivals are usually given the lowest-paid jobs and are resented by native people who may have to compete w ith them for those jobs. It has usually taken several decades for each group to be accepted into the mainstream of society in the host country.
78. The author thinks that pull factors___.
A. are all related to economic considerations
B. are not as decisive as push factors
C. include a range of considerations
D. are more important than push factors
79. People's decisions to migrate might be influenced by all the follow ing EXC EPT___.
A. personalities. B. education. C. marital status. D. abilities.
80. The purpose of the passage is to discuss___.
A. the problems of international migrants
B. the motives of international migrants
C. migration inside the country
D. migration between countries
答案與詳解
TEXT A
短文大意：這篇文章通過(guò)調(diào)查，反映了當(dāng)孩子們生病住院時(shí)，醫(yī)院里的教學(xué)問題。
66．答案：B
【參考譯文】作者在文章開頭指出了什么？
【試題分析】本題為細(xì)節(jié)題。
【詳細(xì)解答】在第一段中，作者告訴我們說(shuō)"沒有人知道有多少孩子在醫(yī)院里能接受到教育，更少有人知道教育的內(nèi)容和教學(xué)質(zhì)量"，這與選項(xiàng)B"not enough is known about hospital teaching"的意思一致。
67．答案：D
【參考譯文】由后調(diào)查可以推知什么？
【試題分析】本題為細(xì)節(jié)理解題。
【詳細(xì)解答】短文第三段第二、三句說(shuō)"It is found that half the hospitals in England which admit children have no teacher. A further quarter have only a part-time teacher．"由此可知，一半的醫(yī)院沒有老師，四分之一的醫(yī)院有兼職老師，那么剩余的四分之一的醫(yī)院就有全職老師了。
68. 答案：B
【參考譯文】為了趕上學(xué)校的功課，住院的孩子常常求助于誰(shuí)？
【試題分析】本題為細(xì)節(jié)理解題。
【詳細(xì)解答】短文第六段第一句說(shuō)"Children tend to rely on concerned school friends to keep in touch with school work"，由此可知，他們求助的是同學(xué)們。
69. 答案：C
【參考譯文】我們可以推知作者是何態(tài)度？
【試題分析】本題為概括題。
【詳細(xì)解答】 作者一開頭就用Surprisingly一詞，清楚表達(dá)了對(duì)醫(yī)院教育現(xiàn)狀的態(tài)度。然后通過(guò)具體的調(diào)查結(jié)果，表明了對(duì)醫(yī)院里兒童教學(xué)現(xiàn)狀的不滿。
TEXT B
短文大意：本文介紹了"英國(guó)電腦城"的特點(diǎn)和功用。
70．答案：B
【參考譯文】根據(jù)David Tebbutt的觀點(diǎn)，"英國(guó)電腦城"的目的是什么？
【試題分析】本題為細(xì)節(jié)題。
【詳細(xì)解答】短文第二段后一句說(shuō)"…Computertown UK was formed for just the opposite reason, to bring computers to the people and make them'people-literate'"，由此可知，其目的是使得電腦"能理解人"(people-literate)，使電腦更好地為人們服務(wù)，故選項(xiàng)B 為正確答案。
71. 答案：B
【參考譯文】由該短文可知，美國(guó)的電腦城是什么？
【試題分析】本題為細(xì)節(jié)題。
【詳細(xì)解答】短文第三段中第二句說(shuō)"Albrecht had started a project called Computertown USA in the local library．．．"，由此可直接選出答案B。
72. 答案：C
【參考譯文】下列哪種說(shuō)法是錯(cuò)誤的？
【試題分析】本題為細(xì)節(jié)題。
【詳細(xì)解答】短文第四段第二、三句說(shuō)"…they are most successful when tied to a computer club. He insists there is a vast and important difference between the two, although they complement each other."它告訴了我們，computertowns和computerclubs是有區(qū)別而互補(bǔ)的，由此可知，選項(xiàng)C的說(shuō)法是錯(cuò)誤的，故答案應(yīng)選C。
73．答案：A
【參考譯文】下列哪一項(xiàng)不是computertowns的優(yōu)點(diǎn)？
【試題分析】本題為細(xì)節(jié)題。
【詳細(xì)解答】短文第五段第二句說(shuō)"The computer experts have to learn not to tell people about computers，but have to be able to explain the answers to the questions that people really want to know．"這與選項(xiàng)A "give lectures and talks on computers"相矛盾，而其它幾項(xiàng)優(yōu)點(diǎn)在本段都提到了，故選項(xiàng)A 為正確答案。
TEXT C
短文大意：本文討論的是關(guān)于人們睡眠長(zhǎng)短的問題。
74. 答案：D
【參考譯文】作者似乎暗示什么？
【試題分析】本題為細(xì)節(jié)理解題。
【詳細(xì)解答】短文首句說(shuō)"There must be few questions on which responsible opinionis so utterly divided as on that of how much sleep we ought to have．"意思是說(shuō)"很少有問題像睡眠多長(zhǎng)時(shí)間為適量這一問題那樣存在如此大的意見分歧"，由此可以推知選項(xiàng)D為正確答案。
75. 答案：A
【參考譯文】作者為何不同意Dr．Burton的意見？
【試題分析】本題為細(xì)節(jié)理解題。
【詳細(xì)解答】由短文第一段第四句說(shuō)"If he is right many people must be undersleeping, including myself."要是按照Dr．Burton的說(shuō)法，很多人就一定是睡眠不足，由此可知，作者認(rèn)為實(shí)際情況并非如此，也就是說(shuō)很少的人如此，故答案選A。
76. 答案：D
【參考譯文】在文章的后一段，作者指出了什么？
【試題分析】本題為細(xì)節(jié)題。
【詳細(xì)解答】短文第三段第四句說(shuō)"It would be a pity to retard our development by holding back those people who are gifted enough to work and play well with less than the average amount of sleep, if indeed it does them no harm." 由此可知，作者認(rèn)為那些生來(lái)就可以少睡覺而且不誤工作和玩耍的人不應(yīng)受到約束，故答案選D。
77. 答案：A
【參考譯文】從短文可知作者怎樣？
【試題分析】本題為概括題。
【詳細(xì)解答】通讀全文可知，作者先列出了有關(guān)睡眠量問題的三種不同觀點(diǎn)，繼而對(duì)每種觀點(diǎn)都做了評(píng)論，說(shuō)明了自己的看法，但并沒有提出支持哪一觀點(diǎn)，也沒有提出自己獨(dú)創(chuàng)的新觀或修正別人的觀點(diǎn)，故選項(xiàng)A為正確答案。
TEXT D
短文大意：本文談?wù)摰氖菄?guó)際間移民的原因及其影響等問題。
78. 答案：C
【參考譯文】作者認(rèn)為"pull factors"如何？
【試題分析】本題為細(xì)節(jié)題，可用排除法解答。
【詳細(xì)解答】短文第三段說(shuō)"Most often these are economic，such as better job opportunities or the availability of good land to farm. …When there is a choice between several attractive potential destinations, the deciding factor might be a non-economic consideration such as the presence of relatives, friends, or at leastfellow countrymen already established in the new place who are willing to help the newcomers settle in." 由此可排除選項(xiàng)A；文中沒有談到與選項(xiàng)B和D相關(guān)的信息，故正確答案只有選項(xiàng)C。
79. 答案：B
【參考譯文】下列哪一項(xiàng)不是影響人們決定移民的因素？
【試題分析】本題為細(xì)節(jié)題。
【詳細(xì)解答】短文第五段第二句說(shuō)"The same push-pull factors and obstacles operatedifferently on different people…or just because of their varying abilities and personalities．"這里提到了abilities和personalities；本段第三句中提到了marital status。文中沒有談到與education相關(guān)的信息，故選項(xiàng)B為正確答案。
80. 答案：B
【參考譯文】這篇文章的論題是什么？
【試題分析】本題為主旨題。
【詳細(xì)解答】綜觀全文，作者在文中主要討論了導(dǎo)致人員遷徙的四種不同動(dòng)機(jī)，故答案選B