省略和插入語
三、省略
為了使講話和行文簡潔，句中某些成分有時可省略。省略可分以下幾種情況：
（一）簡單句中的省略
1、省略主語：祈使句中主語通常省略。其它省略主語多限于少數(shù)現(xiàn)成的說法。
e.g. (I) Thank you for your help.（括號內(nèi)為省略的詞語，下同）
(I) see you tomorrow. (It) Doesn’t matter.
2、省略主謂語或主謂語的一部分。
e.g. (There is) No smoking. (Is there) Anything wrong? Why (do you) not say hello to him?
3、省略作賓語的不定式短語，只保留to。
e.g. ---- Are you going there? ---- I’d like to (go there).
He did not give me the chance, though he had promised to (give me the chance).
注意：如果該賓語是be動詞或完成時態(tài)，則須在to之后加上be或have。
e.g. ---- Are you an engineer? ---- No, but I want to be.
---- He hasn’t finished the task yet. ---- Well, he ought to have.
4、省略表語。
e.g. ---- Are you thirsty? ---- Yes, I am (thirsty).
5、同時省略幾個成分。
e.g. Let’s meet at the same place as (we met) yesterday.
---- Have you finished your work? ---- (I have) Not (finished my work) yet.
（二）并列句中的省略
兩個并列分句中，后一個分句常省略與前一分句中相同的部分。
e.g. My father is a doctor and my mother (is) a nurse.
I study at college and my sister (studies) at high school.
（三）主從復(fù)合句中的省略
1、主句中有一些成分被省略。
e.g. (I’m) Sorry to hear that you are ill.
(It is a) Pity that he missed such a good chance.
2、省略了一個從句或從句的一部分，用so或not（切不可用it或that）代替。
e.g. ---- Is he coming back tonight? ---- I think so.
---- Is he feeling better today? ---- I’m afraid not.
這種用法常見的有：How so? Why so? Is that so? I hope so. He said so 及I suppose not. I believed not. I hope not等。（但I don’t think so比I think not更常用）。
（四）其它省略
1、連詞that的省略：
①、賓語從句中常省略連詞that，但也有不能省略的情況（參看“名詞性從句”等有關(guān)部分）。
②、在定語從句中，that在從句中作賓語時可省略。
③、引導(dǎo)主語從句、同位語從句等的連詞that一般不可省略。在表語從句中偶爾可省略。
2、不定式符號to的省略
①、并列的不定式可省去后面的to。
e.g. I told him to sit down and wait for a moment.
②、某些使役動詞（如let, make, have）及感官動詞（如see, watch, notice, hear, feel, look at和listen to等）后面作賓語補足的不定式一定要省去to，但在被動語態(tài)中須把to復(fù)原。
e.g. ---- I saw the boy fall from the tree. ---- The boy was seen to fall from the tree.
③、介詞but前若有動詞do，后面的不定式不帶to。
e.g. The boy did nothing but play.
3、在某些狀語從句中，從句的主語與主句主語一致時，可省去“主語 + be”部分。（參看“狀語從句”有關(guān)部分）
4、連詞if在部分虛擬條件句中可省略，但后面的語序有變化（參見“倒裝句”有關(guān)部分）
5、主句與從句各有一些成分省略。
e.g. The sooner (you do it), the better (it will be).
四、插入語
英語句子中（尤其在口語中）常插入一些單詞、短語或者句子，用來補充某些含義。語法上稱他們?yōu)椤安迦胝Z”。
（一）插入語的類型：
1、單詞（多是副詞），如：besides, however, otherwise, therefore, though等。
e.g. She is looking fit, though. 他看起來倒是健康。
I can, however, discuss this when I see you.
2、短語
e.g. China and India, for example, are neighbours.
By the way, where are you from?
3、句子
e.g. He is an honest man, I believe.
Jack, as far as I know, isn’t clever.
（二）插入語的位置
通常插入語位于句中，并用逗號隔開。但有時，也可位于句首或句末（見上面例句）。也有時，并不用逗號隔開。
e.g. You know that I think you are wrong. 我認為，你明白你錯了。
What on earth do you mean? 你究竟是什么意思？
（三）插入語在句中的作用
一般來說，插入語在句中不起主要作用。如果把插入語抽去，句子的含義不大受影響。但是，有的插入語卻是句子不可缺少的一部分。
e.g. He got the news from nobody knows where. 他這消息誰也不知道是從哪兒得來的。
（四）插入語的特殊用法
下面這種復(fù)雜的特殊疑問句，也可認為包含有“插入語”。這種疑問句（有的語法書也稱為“混合疑問句”或“連鎖疑問句”）常用來征詢對方對某一疑問點的看法、判斷、認識、猜度或請求對方重復(fù)一遍說過的話?？谡Z中出現(xiàn)頻率極高。常用動詞有say, suppose, guess, believe, consider, think, imagine 等。
e.g. How long did you say she would stay here?
When do you suppose they’ll be back?
How old did you think she was
（五）大綱中要求掌握的常用作插入語的詞語
by the way 順便說，順便問一下；so far 到目前為止；and so on 等等；on the contrary 相反； no wonder 不足為奇；as a matter of fact 事實上；come along 快點，來吧；in other words 換句話說；as usual 如同以往；as a result 因此，結(jié)果。
下面的練習(xí)題要做熟! 做熟之后,你就會發(fā)現(xiàn)上面的規(guī)則你已經(jīng)記得差不多了. 不要硬記規(guī)則,一是不記住,二是就是記住了,到時應(yīng)用也成問題
省略和插入語檢測練習(xí)
1. ---- Won’t you have another try? ---- ____.
A. Yes, I will B. Yes, I won’t C. Yes, I will have D. Yes, I won’t have
2. ---- I won’t do it any more. ---- ____?
A. Why don’t B. Why don’t do it any more C. Why not D. Why not do
3. ---- Do you think it will snow tomorrow? ---- ____.
A. No, I don’t think B. I don’t think C. No, I don’t so D. I don’t think so
4. ---- Will he fail in the exam? ---- ____.
A. Don’t hope to B. Let’s hope not C. Not hope so D. Let’s hope not to
5. ____ usual, I have forgotten something.
A. As B. As it is C. It’s D. That is
6. ____ she a man, she might be elected president.
A. If B. Unless C. Was D. Were
7. ____ I had time, I would have played it again.
A. If B. Unless C. Had D. When
8. ____ it rain tomorrow, I’d stay at home.
A. Should B. Would C. When D. If
9. I like sports and ____ my brother.
A. so B. so does C. so is D. so likes
10. Francis, ____ born in Kentucky, lived and practised law in Missouri.
A. was B. He was C. who is D. although
11. ---- Aren’t you the manager? ---- No, and I ____.
A. don’t want B. don’t want to C. don’t want to be D. don’t
12. ---- Have you fed the dog? ---- No, but ____.
A. I am B. I’m just going to C. I’m D. I’m just going
13. Your performance in the driving test didn’t reach the required standard（標準） — ____, you failed.
A. in the end B. after all C. in other words D. at the same time
14. How long ____ she would stay here?
A. did she say B. she said C. did D. /
15. ____ could do such thing?
A. Whom do you think B. Who do you think
C. Do you think whom D. Did you think who
1-5 ACDBA 6-10 DCABD 11-15 CBCAB
綜合訓(xùn)練
1. John was ill. Have you heard about ____?
A. this B. he C. it D. the one
2. Hurry up! ____ getting darker and darker.
A. The sky is B. It’s C. Weather is D. Time is
3. It’s the third time ____ I have been here.
A. that B. when C. after D. who
4. It was simply for that reason ____ I wouldn’t tell him the truth.
A. why B. which C. so D. that
5. Was it in the place ____ the last emperor died?
A. where B. that C. which D. in which
6. ____ is no difference between A and B.
A. It B. Where C. There D. What
7. It ____ Mike and Mary who helped the old man several days ago.
A. was B. were C. are D. had been
8. He said, “ ____ a long way to school. ____ a long way to go
yet before we arrive.”
A. It is, It is B. There is, There is C. There is, It is D. It is, There is
9. I don’t like ____ you speak to her.
A. the way B. the way in that C. the way which D. the way of which
10. If you go to Xi’an, you’ll find the palaces there more magnificent
than commonly ____.
A. supposing B. suppose C. to suppose D. supposed
11. ____ is a fact that English is being accepted as an international language.
A. There B. This C. That D. It
12. It was about 600 years ago ____ the first clock with a face and
an hour hand was made.
A. that B. until C. before D. when
13. It was not until 1920 ____ regular radio broadcast began.
A. while B. which C. that D. since
14. ---- Do you mind my taking this seat? ---- ____.
A. Yes, sit down please B. No, of course not
C. Yes, take it please D. No, you can’t take it
15. ---- I’ll be away on a business trip.
Would you mind looking after my cat? --- Not at all. ____.
A. I’ve no time B. I’d rather not C. I’d like it D. I’d be happy to
16. The boy wanted to ride his bicycle in the street, but his mother told him _____.
A. not to B. not to do C. not do it D. do not to
17. It was not until she came to see us ____ her mother was ill in bed.
A. when we knew B. that did we knew C. that we knew D. that did we know
18. ---- This store has such high prices. ---- I agree. Never again ____ here.
A. I will shop B. will I shop C. I do shop D. shop I
19. ____ was his kindness that everyone praised him.
A. It B. What C. So D. Such
20. ____, he would have passed the exam.
A. If he were to study B. If he studied hard
C. Had he studied hard D. Should he study hard
21. ---- David has made great progress recently.
---- ____, and ____.
A. So he has, so have you B. So he has, so you have
C. So has he, so have you D. So has he, so you have
22. No sooner ____ they rushed out into the street.
A. did they hear the news than
B. did they hear the news when
C. had they heard the news than
D. had they heard the news when
23. He was unable to make such progress, ____.
A. hard as he tried B. as hard he tried C. hard he has tried D. tried hard as he
1-5 CBADB 6-10 CADAD 11-15 DACBD 16-20 ACBDC 21-23 ACA
三、省略
為了使講話和行文簡潔，句中某些成分有時可省略。省略可分以下幾種情況：
（一）簡單句中的省略
1、省略主語：祈使句中主語通常省略。其它省略主語多限于少數(shù)現(xiàn)成的說法。
e.g. (I) Thank you for your help.（括號內(nèi)為省略的詞語，下同）
(I) see you tomorrow. (It) Doesn’t matter.
2、省略主謂語或主謂語的一部分。
e.g. (There is) No smoking. (Is there) Anything wrong? Why (do you) not say hello to him?
3、省略作賓語的不定式短語，只保留to。
e.g. ---- Are you going there? ---- I’d like to (go there).
He did not give me the chance, though he had promised to (give me the chance).
注意：如果該賓語是be動詞或完成時態(tài)，則須在to之后加上be或have。
e.g. ---- Are you an engineer? ---- No, but I want to be.
---- He hasn’t finished the task yet. ---- Well, he ought to have.
4、省略表語。
e.g. ---- Are you thirsty? ---- Yes, I am (thirsty).
5、同時省略幾個成分。
e.g. Let’s meet at the same place as (we met) yesterday.
---- Have you finished your work? ---- (I have) Not (finished my work) yet.
（二）并列句中的省略
兩個并列分句中，后一個分句常省略與前一分句中相同的部分。
e.g. My father is a doctor and my mother (is) a nurse.
I study at college and my sister (studies) at high school.
（三）主從復(fù)合句中的省略
1、主句中有一些成分被省略。
e.g. (I’m) Sorry to hear that you are ill.
(It is a) Pity that he missed such a good chance.
2、省略了一個從句或從句的一部分，用so或not（切不可用it或that）代替。
e.g. ---- Is he coming back tonight? ---- I think so.
---- Is he feeling better today? ---- I’m afraid not.
這種用法常見的有：How so? Why so? Is that so? I hope so. He said so 及I suppose not. I believed not. I hope not等。（但I don’t think so比I think not更常用）。
（四）其它省略
1、連詞that的省略：
①、賓語從句中常省略連詞that，但也有不能省略的情況（參看“名詞性從句”等有關(guān)部分）。
②、在定語從句中，that在從句中作賓語時可省略。
③、引導(dǎo)主語從句、同位語從句等的連詞that一般不可省略。在表語從句中偶爾可省略。
2、不定式符號to的省略
①、并列的不定式可省去后面的to。
e.g. I told him to sit down and wait for a moment.
②、某些使役動詞（如let, make, have）及感官動詞（如see, watch, notice, hear, feel, look at和listen to等）后面作賓語補足的不定式一定要省去to，但在被動語態(tài)中須把to復(fù)原。
e.g. ---- I saw the boy fall from the tree. ---- The boy was seen to fall from the tree.
③、介詞but前若有動詞do，后面的不定式不帶to。
e.g. The boy did nothing but play.
3、在某些狀語從句中，從句的主語與主句主語一致時，可省去“主語 + be”部分。（參看“狀語從句”有關(guān)部分）
4、連詞if在部分虛擬條件句中可省略，但后面的語序有變化（參見“倒裝句”有關(guān)部分）
5、主句與從句各有一些成分省略。
e.g. The sooner (you do it), the better (it will be).
四、插入語
英語句子中（尤其在口語中）常插入一些單詞、短語或者句子，用來補充某些含義。語法上稱他們?yōu)椤安迦胝Z”。
（一）插入語的類型：
1、單詞（多是副詞），如：besides, however, otherwise, therefore, though等。
e.g. She is looking fit, though. 他看起來倒是健康。
I can, however, discuss this when I see you.
2、短語
e.g. China and India, for example, are neighbours.
By the way, where are you from?
3、句子
e.g. He is an honest man, I believe.
Jack, as far as I know, isn’t clever.
（二）插入語的位置
通常插入語位于句中，并用逗號隔開。但有時，也可位于句首或句末（見上面例句）。也有時，并不用逗號隔開。
e.g. You know that I think you are wrong. 我認為，你明白你錯了。
What on earth do you mean? 你究竟是什么意思？
（三）插入語在句中的作用
一般來說，插入語在句中不起主要作用。如果把插入語抽去，句子的含義不大受影響。但是，有的插入語卻是句子不可缺少的一部分。
e.g. He got the news from nobody knows where. 他這消息誰也不知道是從哪兒得來的。
（四）插入語的特殊用法
下面這種復(fù)雜的特殊疑問句，也可認為包含有“插入語”。這種疑問句（有的語法書也稱為“混合疑問句”或“連鎖疑問句”）常用來征詢對方對某一疑問點的看法、判斷、認識、猜度或請求對方重復(fù)一遍說過的話?？谡Z中出現(xiàn)頻率極高。常用動詞有say, suppose, guess, believe, consider, think, imagine 等。
e.g. How long did you say she would stay here?
When do you suppose they’ll be back?
How old did you think she was
（五）大綱中要求掌握的常用作插入語的詞語
by the way 順便說，順便問一下；so far 到目前為止；and so on 等等；on the contrary 相反； no wonder 不足為奇；as a matter of fact 事實上；come along 快點，來吧；in other words 換句話說；as usual 如同以往；as a result 因此，結(jié)果。
下面的練習(xí)題要做熟! 做熟之后,你就會發(fā)現(xiàn)上面的規(guī)則你已經(jīng)記得差不多了. 不要硬記規(guī)則,一是不記住,二是就是記住了,到時應(yīng)用也成問題
省略和插入語檢測練習(xí)
1. ---- Won’t you have another try? ---- ____.
A. Yes, I will B. Yes, I won’t C. Yes, I will have D. Yes, I won’t have
2. ---- I won’t do it any more. ---- ____?
A. Why don’t B. Why don’t do it any more C. Why not D. Why not do
3. ---- Do you think it will snow tomorrow? ---- ____.
A. No, I don’t think B. I don’t think C. No, I don’t so D. I don’t think so
4. ---- Will he fail in the exam? ---- ____.
A. Don’t hope to B. Let’s hope not C. Not hope so D. Let’s hope not to
5. ____ usual, I have forgotten something.
A. As B. As it is C. It’s D. That is
6. ____ she a man, she might be elected president.
A. If B. Unless C. Was D. Were
7. ____ I had time, I would have played it again.
A. If B. Unless C. Had D. When
8. ____ it rain tomorrow, I’d stay at home.
A. Should B. Would C. When D. If
9. I like sports and ____ my brother.
A. so B. so does C. so is D. so likes
10. Francis, ____ born in Kentucky, lived and practised law in Missouri.
A. was B. He was C. who is D. although
11. ---- Aren’t you the manager? ---- No, and I ____.
A. don’t want B. don’t want to C. don’t want to be D. don’t
12. ---- Have you fed the dog? ---- No, but ____.
A. I am B. I’m just going to C. I’m D. I’m just going
13. Your performance in the driving test didn’t reach the required standard（標準） — ____, you failed.
A. in the end B. after all C. in other words D. at the same time
14. How long ____ she would stay here?
A. did she say B. she said C. did D. /
15. ____ could do such thing?
A. Whom do you think B. Who do you think
C. Do you think whom D. Did you think who
1-5 ACDBA 6-10 DCABD 11-15 CBCAB
綜合訓(xùn)練
1. John was ill. Have you heard about ____?
A. this B. he C. it D. the one
2. Hurry up! ____ getting darker and darker.
A. The sky is B. It’s C. Weather is D. Time is
3. It’s the third time ____ I have been here.
A. that B. when C. after D. who
4. It was simply for that reason ____ I wouldn’t tell him the truth.
A. why B. which C. so D. that
5. Was it in the place ____ the last emperor died?
A. where B. that C. which D. in which
6. ____ is no difference between A and B.
A. It B. Where C. There D. What
7. It ____ Mike and Mary who helped the old man several days ago.
A. was B. were C. are D. had been
8. He said, “ ____ a long way to school. ____ a long way to go
yet before we arrive.”
A. It is, It is B. There is, There is C. There is, It is D. It is, There is
9. I don’t like ____ you speak to her.
A. the way B. the way in that C. the way which D. the way of which
10. If you go to Xi’an, you’ll find the palaces there more magnificent
than commonly ____.
A. supposing B. suppose C. to suppose D. supposed
11. ____ is a fact that English is being accepted as an international language.
A. There B. This C. That D. It
12. It was about 600 years ago ____ the first clock with a face and
an hour hand was made.
A. that B. until C. before D. when
13. It was not until 1920 ____ regular radio broadcast began.
A. while B. which C. that D. since
14. ---- Do you mind my taking this seat? ---- ____.
A. Yes, sit down please B. No, of course not
C. Yes, take it please D. No, you can’t take it
15. ---- I’ll be away on a business trip.
Would you mind looking after my cat? --- Not at all. ____.
A. I’ve no time B. I’d rather not C. I’d like it D. I’d be happy to
16. The boy wanted to ride his bicycle in the street, but his mother told him _____.
A. not to B. not to do C. not do it D. do not to
17. It was not until she came to see us ____ her mother was ill in bed.
A. when we knew B. that did we knew C. that we knew D. that did we know
18. ---- This store has such high prices. ---- I agree. Never again ____ here.
A. I will shop B. will I shop C. I do shop D. shop I
19. ____ was his kindness that everyone praised him.
A. It B. What C. So D. Such
20. ____, he would have passed the exam.
A. If he were to study B. If he studied hard
C. Had he studied hard D. Should he study hard
21. ---- David has made great progress recently.
---- ____, and ____.
A. So he has, so have you B. So he has, so you have
C. So has he, so have you D. So has he, so you have
22. No sooner ____ they rushed out into the street.
A. did they hear the news than
B. did they hear the news when
C. had they heard the news than
D. had they heard the news when
23. He was unable to make such progress, ____.
A. hard as he tried B. as hard he tried C. hard he has tried D. tried hard as he
1-5 CBADB 6-10 CADAD 11-15 DACBD 16-20 ACBDC 21-23 ACA