Summary: This is the second part of Chapter 2 (The Origins of a Nation). It introduced some important events and important people in
England from 446 to 1066. These most important events are The
Anglos-Saxons’ invasion; The Viking and Danish Invasions and The
Norman Conquest.
(簡要：這是第二章“國家的起源”的第二部分。在這一部分里，主要是介紹了英
國從公元446年到1066年所發(fā)生的重要事件及人物。這些重要事件分別是盎格魯—
撒克遜人的入侵，北歐海盜和丹麥人的入侵及諾曼征服)。
III. The Anglo-Saxons (446-871)
盎格魯—撒克遜人（公元446—871年）
1． Basis of Modern English race: the Anglo-Saxons.
盎格魯—薩克遜時代（奠定了英國的基礎(chǔ)）
In the mid-5th century a new wave of invaders, Jutes, Saxons, and
Angles came to Britain. They were three Teutonic tribes.
The Jutes, who fished and farmed in Jutland, came to Britain first. A
Jutish chief became the King of Kent in 449. Then the Saxons, users of
the short-sword from northern Germany, established their kingdom in
Essex, Sussex and Wessex from the end of the 5th century to the
beginning of the 6th century. In the second half of the 6th century. In
the second half of the 6th century, the Angles, who also came from
northern Germany and were to give their name to the English people,
settled in East Anglia, Mercia and Northumbria. These seven principal
kingdoms of Kent, Essex, Sussex, Wessex, East Anglia, Mercia and
Northumbria have been given the name of Heptarchy.
五世紀中葉，朱特人、撒克遜人和盎格魯人不斷入侵不列顛。這是三支日耳曼（
條頓）部落。
居住在朱特蘭島（現(xiàn)丹麥南部）上從事打漁農(nóng)耕的朱特人先抵不列顛。后來從德
國北部來的使用短劍的撒克遜人在埃撒克斯、蘇塞克斯和威塞克斯建立了王國，
統(tǒng)治期從五世紀末至六世紀初。六世紀后半葉，同樣來自德國北部的盎格魯人，
在東盎格利亞、麥西亞以及諾森伯利來定居，同時也他們也把名字給了英國人。
這七個主要王國（肯特、埃塞克斯、蘇塞克斯、威塞克斯、東盎格利亞、麥西亞
和諾森伯利亞），合稱為七王國。
2．The early Anglo-Saxons converted to Christianity.
最早的盎格魯—撒克遜人改信基督教。
The Anglo-Saxons brought their own Teutonic religion to Britain.
Christianity soon disappeared, except among the Celts of Cornwall,
Wales, Scotland and Ireland. In 597, Pope Gregory I sent St. Augustine,
the Prior of St. Andrew’s Monastery in Rome, to England to convert the
heathen English to Christianity. In 579 St. Augustine became the first
Archbishop of Canterbury. He was remarkably successful in converting
the king and the nobility, but the conversion of the common people was
largely due to the missionary activities of the monks in the north.
盎格魯—撒克遜人把日耳曼宗教帶到了英國。除了康瓦爾、威爾士、蘇格蘭和愛
爾蘭中的克爾特人還信奉基督教外，基督教很快就消失了。公元597，教皇格里高
一世把羅馬圣安德魯修道院的副院長圣奧古斯丁派遣到英格蘭，其使命是使異教
徒的英國人皈依基督教。公元579年圣奧古丁成為坎特伯雷大主教。在使國王和貴
族皈依基督教方面，奧古斯丁特別成功。但是普通人的皈依很大程度上歸功于北
部修士們的傳教活動。
3．The Early Anglo-Saxons make the contributions to the English state.
早期盎格魯—撒克遜人為英國做出的貢獻。
The Anglo-Saxons laid the foundations of the English state. Firstly,
they divided the country into shires, with shire courts and shire
reeves, or sheriffs, responsible for administering law. Secondly, they
devised the narrow-strip, three-field farming system which continued to
the 18th century. Thirdly, they also established the manorial system.
Finally, they created the Witan（council or meeting of the wisemen） to
advise the king, the basis of the Privy Council which still exists
today.
盎格魯—撒克遜人為英國國家的形成打下了基礎(chǔ)。首先，他們把國家劃分為郡，
郡法庭和郡法官、或行政司法長官負責執(zhí)法。其次，他們設(shè)計的窄條三圃田農(nóng)耕
制延用至18世紀。此外，他們還建立了領(lǐng)地制。最后，他們還創(chuàng)立了議會(賢人會
議)，向國王提供建議，這就成為了今天仍存在的樞密院的基礎(chǔ)。
IV．Viking and Danish invasions
北歐海盜和丹麥人的入侵
1．The invaders were the Norwegians and the Danes. They attacked
various parts of England from the end of the 8th century. They became a
serious problem in the 9th century, especially between 835 and 878.
They even managed to capture York, an important center of Christianity
in 867. By the middle of 9th century, the Viking and the Danes were
posing a threat to the Saxon kingdom of Wessex.
入侵者是挪威人和丹麥人，從8世紀末開始，他們不斷襲擊英格蘭的各個地方。9
世紀，尤其是公元835-878年間已成為嚴重問題。他們甚至占領(lǐng)了約克郡，公元
867年時的基督教中心。到9世紀中葉，北歐海盜和丹麥人威脅到撒克遜人的威撒
克斯王國的安全。
2．King Alfred (849-899) and his contributions
艾爾弗雷德國王（849-899）和他所做出的貢獻
Alfred was a king of Wessex. He defeated the Danes and reached a
friendly agreement with them in 879. The Danes gained control of the
north and east, while he ruled the rest. He also converted some leading
Danes into Christians.
He founded a strong fleet and is known as “ the father of the British
navy”. He reorganized the Saxon army, making it more efficient. He
translated a Latin book into English. He also established schools and
formulated a legal system. All this earns him the title “Alfred the
Great.”
阿爾弗雷德是威塞克斯的國王。他打敗了丹麥人，并于公元879年與他們達成了友
好協(xié)議。協(xié)議規(guī)定丹麥人控制英格蘭北部和西部（丹麥法區(qū)），而他統(tǒng)治其他地
區(qū)。他還勸服一些丹麥首領(lǐng)成為基督教徒。
他因為建立了強大艦隊，而以“英國海軍之父”聞名于世。他改組了“弗立德”
（撒克遜軍隊），使之更為高效。他將一本拉丁語的書翻譯成英語。同時他還建
立了學(xué)校，并且闡明了法律制度。所有這一切使他當之無愧于“阿爾弗雷德大王
?！钡姆Q號。
V．The Norman Conquest (1066)
諾曼征服（公元1066年）
1．Reasons for William’s invasion of England after Edward’s death.
威廉在愛德華死后入侵英國的原因。
It was said that king Edward had promised the English throne to
William, but the Witan chose Harold as king. So William led his army to
invade England. In October 1066, during the important battle of
Hastings, William defeated Harold and killed him. One Christmas Day,
William was crowned king of England, thus beginning the Norman Conquest
of England.
據(jù)說，愛德華國王曾答應(yīng)把英格蘭王位傳給諾曼底公爵威廉，但是賢人會議挑選
了哈羅德為國王。公元1066年10月，在哈斯丁斯附近的激烈交鋒中，威廉打敗了
哈羅德軍隊，同時哈羅德也在此戰(zhàn)爭中戰(zhàn)死。
2．The Norman Conquest and its consequences
諾曼征服及其產(chǎn)生的影響。
The Norman Conquest of 1066 is perhaps the best-known event in English
history. William the Conqueror confiscated almost all the land and gave
it to his Norman followers. He replaced the weak Saxon rule with a
strong Norman government. He replaced the weak Saxon rule with a strong
Norman government. So the feudal system was completely established in
England. Relations with the Continent were opened, and the civilization
and commerce were extended. Norman-French culture, language, manners
and architecture were introduced. The Church was brought into closer
connection with Rome, and the church courts were separated from the
civil courts.
1066年的諾曼征服也許是英國歷的最事件。征服者威廉幾乎沒收了所有
土地，將其分發(fā)給他的諾曼追隨者。他用強有力的諾曼政府代替了軟弱的薩克遜
政府。于是，封建制度在英國完全建立。開放了與歐洲大陸的關(guān)系，文明和商業(yè)
得到發(fā)展，引進了諾曼—法國文化、語言、舉止和建筑。教會與羅馬的聯(lián)系更為
密切，教會法庭與世俗法庭分離。
3．The English is a mixture of nationalities of different origins. The
ancestors of many English people were the ancient Angles and Saxons.
Some English people are of the Norman-French origin.
英國是一個集不同民族于一體的國家。許多英國人的祖先是古盎格魯和撒克遜人。而還有一些英國人的是諾曼血統(tǒng)。