改錯題語法類錯誤解析
●主謂不一致錯誤
主謂不一致,即主語和謂語在人稱和數(shù)等方面未能保持一致。此類錯誤形式主要有以下幾種:
A.主語因其形式特殊或因由一個或幾個復(fù)雜成分修飾而導(dǎo)致主語與謂語單復(fù)數(shù)形式不能保持一致。如:
①Acoustics are taught in some colleges.(are應(yīng)改為is——以-s或-es結(jié)尾的用以表示學科、疾病、游戲等的名詞作主語時,其謂語動詞應(yīng)用單數(shù)形式。)
② Understanding the cultural habits of another nation,especially one containing so many diversified subcultures as the US,area complex,bewildering task to us.(are應(yīng)改為is——主語是一個動名詞短語,盡管其后有較長的修飾成分,然而其謂語仍需用單數(shù)形式。)
B.定語從句的謂語動詞未能與先行詞在人稱和數(shù)上保持一致。如:
① I,who is your friend,will do my best to help you.(is應(yīng)改為am——先行詞在定語從句結(jié)構(gòu)中作主語時,定語從句的謂語動詞要與被修飾的先行詞保持一致。)
② Tom is the only one of the pupils who are willing to take make-up examinations.(are應(yīng)改為is——在由the only one of等加復(fù)數(shù)名詞或代詞再加定語從句結(jié)構(gòu)中,謂語動詞應(yīng)用單數(shù)形式。)
C.按照語法要求,某些短語或結(jié)構(gòu)后所跟謂語動詞必須用單數(shù)或復(fù)數(shù)形式。如:
①Six times two are twelve.(are應(yīng)改為 is——在加、減、乘、除運算中,謂語動詞要用單數(shù)形式。)
② The police is looking for the escaped criminal.(is應(yīng)改為are——當主語為people, police,folk,cattle等集合名詞時,謂語動詞通常用復(fù)數(shù)形式。)
●時態(tài)及語態(tài)錯誤
時態(tài)及語態(tài)使用錯誤也是改錯題??純?nèi)容之一,其中時態(tài)方面錯誤主要包括:
A.單句或并列句中的時態(tài)用錯或不一致。如:
At the party the film star sang a song for us and later dances for the elderly.(dances應(yīng)
改為danced——在并列句中,謂語動詞時態(tài)多保持一致。)
B.主句與從句的時態(tài)不一致。如:
He was a teacher before he became the manager of a big firm.(was應(yīng)改為had been——當教師的時間應(yīng)在做經(jīng)理之前。)
語態(tài)方面的錯誤主要表現(xiàn)為主動語態(tài)及被動語態(tài)的混用等。如:
①I never imagined that waste paper can use so widely.(can use應(yīng)改為can be used——紙張與利用之間應(yīng)為被動關(guān)系。)
②Large masses of data must be generally undergone a process of summarization.(must be generally undergone應(yīng)改為must generally undergo——undergo“經(jīng)歷,遭受”多用主動形式。)
●形容詞、副詞用法錯誤
形容詞、副詞用法錯誤主要包括:
A.形容詞、副詞使用不當。如:
①I frequently feel weakly and dissatisfied with myself.(weakly應(yīng)改為weak——feel為系動詞。)
②The cat ran quick as soon as he saw the dog.(quick應(yīng)改為quickly——run為實意動詞,修飾動詞應(yīng)用副詞。)
B.形容詞、副詞在原級、比較級、級方面的使用錯誤。
①形容詞或副詞未用比較級形式。如:It is well-known that the sun is much big than the moon.(big應(yīng)改為bigger——比較級前可以
由many ,much,a little等詞修飾表示程度。)
②不可分級的形容詞、副詞誤用了比較級結(jié)構(gòu)。如:But for some spelling mistakes, your composition would be more perfect.(應(yīng)去掉more——perfect沒有比較級和級形式。)
③比較級與級混淆。如:Of all the toys the boy saw in the window,the thing he wanted more was a new watch.(more應(yīng)改為 most——在有of all the,of the whole等短語的句子中應(yīng)使用形容詞級形式。)
④比較級、級結(jié)構(gòu)中的副詞、連詞、固定結(jié)構(gòu)等方面的錯誤。如:a.The more you study during the semester,the lesser you have to do that before the exam.(lesser應(yīng)改為 less——the less本身已是比較級形式。); b.This product is more inferior than the one you bought yesterday.(than應(yīng)改為to——表示比較時inferior后應(yīng)加介詞to。);c.Everest is three times as high than the Matterhorn,the highest mountain in Europe.(than應(yīng)改為as——此處為“數(shù)詞+times+as+形容詞原級形式+as”的同級比較結(jié)構(gòu)。)
⑤混淆句中用于比較的兩個部分。如: The climate in the coastal cities is much warmer than in the interior cities.(在than與 in之間應(yīng)加指示代詞that——句中用于比較的兩個部分是氣候而不是地區(qū)。)
●虛擬語氣用法錯誤
虛擬語氣用法錯誤主要包括:
A.主句或從句的動詞形式未用虛擬語氣形式。如:
If we had more rain last summer,we would have a harvest.(應(yīng)分別改為had had與would have had——此句應(yīng)用與過去事實相反的虛擬語氣形式。)
B.混合型虛擬句中的主從句動詞形式出現(xiàn)錯誤。如:
If you had been older,I would have al- lowed you to go that day.(had been應(yīng)改為 were——條件句可以指目前情況下的一種假設(shè)。)
C.在由表示“建議、要求、命令、堅持”等意思的動詞引導(dǎo)的賓語從句中,動詞使用出現(xiàn)錯誤。如:
The employer ordered that
the letter would be delivered at once.(應(yīng)改為 should be或be——在表示“建議、要求、命令、堅持”等意思的動詞引導(dǎo)的賓語從句中,謂語動詞要用should加動詞原形或直接用動詞原形。)
D.特殊虛擬語氣形式出現(xiàn)錯誤。如: Without the radio-receiver,the large an- tenna will be of no use.(應(yīng)改為would——由連詞suppose,provided或介詞without,but for等引導(dǎo)的句子,謂語動詞應(yīng)用虛擬形式。)
●非謂語動詞即不定式、動名詞、 分詞用法錯誤
非謂語動詞用法錯誤主要由以下幾個部分構(gòu)成:
A.現(xiàn)在分詞形式與過去分詞形式混淆。如:
① The victory was no more convinced than I had expected.(convinced應(yīng)改為convincing———此處表語為“令人信服的”之意,表示主語的特征。)
②The teacher went into the classroom, following by some students.(following應(yīng)改為 followed——動詞follow與其邏輯主語 teacher之間應(yīng)為被動關(guān)系。)
③The boy's delighting look tells us that he passed the exam.(delighting應(yīng)改為de- lighted——此處定語為“高興的、興奮的”之意,表示主語的狀態(tài)。)
B.不定式與動名詞相互混淆。如:
①To lie is vice.(To lie應(yīng)改為Lying——此處主語指的是抽象的概念性動作。)
② Lying about it will only make matters worse.(Lying應(yīng)改為To lie——此處主語指的是具體的、一次性的動作。)
C.非謂語動作發(fā)生時間與謂語動作發(fā)生時間的方面出現(xiàn)錯誤。如:
I remember locking the door when I left home this morning.(locking應(yīng)改為having locked——非謂語動作發(fā)生時間早于主語動作發(fā)生時間。)
D.特殊非謂語動詞結(jié)構(gòu)方面出現(xiàn)錯誤。如:
You have to practise to speak English as much as possible now since you are going to England next year.(to speak應(yīng)改為speaking——practise后的賓語要用-ing形式。)
●倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)錯誤
倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)錯誤主要表現(xiàn)為:
A.表示否定意義的詞或詞組位于句首時,句子未用倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)。如:
Under no circumstances we should do anything that will benefit ourselves but harm the others.(we should do應(yīng)改為should we do——具有否定意義的詞及詞組位于句首時,句子需用倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)。)
B.only引導(dǎo)狀語位于句首時,句子未用倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)。如:
Only when David did it a second time he realized his mistakes.(he realized應(yīng)改為did he realize——only引導(dǎo)狀語位于句首修飾全句時,句子要用倒裝語序。)
C.以so,such等開頭的句子未用倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)。如:
So badly the boy was injured that he was detained in the hospital for months.(the boy was應(yīng)改為was the boy——so,such等加形容詞、副詞位于句首時,句子要用倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)。)
D.倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)中的其他常見錯誤。如:
①Away the car went like a whirlwind.(the car went應(yīng)改為went the car——些表示運動方向的副詞位于句首時,句子要用全部倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)。)
②“Come back on time,my boy,”the mother said angrily.(the mother said應(yīng)改為 said the mother——直接引語置于句首且主語為非人稱代詞時,主謂部分應(yīng)采用倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)。)
●肯定形式與否定形式錯誤
肯定、否定形式錯誤主要表現(xiàn)為在特定的上下文環(huán)境中該用肯定形式卻用成了否定形式或反之。如:
①There is enough audience and also it is a large room,you will probably not have to use a microphone.(去掉not——由上下文內(nèi)容來看,該句應(yīng)用肯定形式。)
②Science itself is harmless,but as soon as it can provide technology,it is not necessarily harmful.(harmful應(yīng)改為harmless——本句所要說明的是科學在某種條件下的危害性。)
③The Department of Environment that was created shows how unimportant this issue is considered to be.(unimportant應(yīng)改為important——上下文所要說明的是該問題的重要性。)
●平行結(jié)構(gòu)錯誤
平行結(jié)構(gòu)錯誤指的是根據(jù)句子的意思需要、句子的結(jié)構(gòu)要求或表達習慣的限制等,句中某些并列、對等部分應(yīng)在形式上或意義上保持一致而實際上卻未能如此。如:
①My room mate is generous,inconsiderate,and easy to get along with.(inconsiderate應(yīng)改為considerate——根據(jù)上下文的意思應(yīng)為“體諒人的”之意。)
②Black Smith mopped the floor,cleaned the windows,and other odd jobs.(應(yīng)在and與other之間加did——該句謂語部分是由三個不同動作構(gòu)成的并列謂語。)
③The value of a course depends as much on its inherent interest on its practical use.(應(yīng)在interest與on之間加as——本句應(yīng)為as...a(chǎn)s固定結(jié)構(gòu)。)
●詞序錯誤
詞序錯誤主要指的是由于違背了一些固定的表達式或詞語習慣的、約定俗成的先后順序而造成的錯誤。如:
① With this kind of instrument the navigator is able to determine where exactly he is.(應(yīng)改為exactly where——根據(jù)語法習慣,exactly應(yīng)位于特殊疑問詞之前。)
②The vest is enough hard to resist a bullet shot from 100 meters away.(應(yīng)改為 hard enough——enough修飾形容詞、副詞及其短語時應(yīng)位于所修飾詞之后。)
③The wise man can give you a quite good idea if you ask him.(應(yīng)改為quite a good——quite作定語修飾名詞時應(yīng)位于不定冠詞a /an之前。)
●缺漏及贅述錯誤
缺漏及贅述錯誤主要表現(xiàn)為漏掉介詞、代詞、關(guān)系詞、冠詞、連詞等或重復(fù)意義相同或相近的詞語以及出現(xiàn)兩個主語等。如:
①We have to make clear to each worker that everybody must observe these rules.(在 make后加it——賓語為動詞不定式或從句時,必須在動詞與賓語補足語之間加上形式賓語it。)
② Though we have known great deal about space,we still have a lot to learn.(在 great deal之前應(yīng)加a——詞組a great deal“大量,許多”,修飾不可數(shù)名詞。)
③The songs sounded via radios in restaurants,from cars passing on the highways and shoeshine parlors.(在and與shoeshine之間加in——此處應(yīng)是與前面詞組on the highways并列的介詞短語。)
④Both natural and synthetic man-made rubber are of little value in their raw state.(去掉synthetic或man-made——兩個同義詞放在一起,造成重復(fù)。)
⑤Monsoon winds,sometimes masked by other features of the general atmospheric circulation,they are associated with nearly all large continental land masses.(去掉they——出現(xiàn)Monsoon winds與they兩個主語,造成重復(fù)。)
●主謂不一致錯誤
主謂不一致,即主語和謂語在人稱和數(shù)等方面未能保持一致。此類錯誤形式主要有以下幾種:
A.主語因其形式特殊或因由一個或幾個復(fù)雜成分修飾而導(dǎo)致主語與謂語單復(fù)數(shù)形式不能保持一致。如:
①Acoustics are taught in some colleges.(are應(yīng)改為is——以-s或-es結(jié)尾的用以表示學科、疾病、游戲等的名詞作主語時,其謂語動詞應(yīng)用單數(shù)形式。)
② Understanding the cultural habits of another nation,especially one containing so many diversified subcultures as the US,area complex,bewildering task to us.(are應(yīng)改為is——主語是一個動名詞短語,盡管其后有較長的修飾成分,然而其謂語仍需用單數(shù)形式。)
B.定語從句的謂語動詞未能與先行詞在人稱和數(shù)上保持一致。如:
① I,who is your friend,will do my best to help you.(is應(yīng)改為am——先行詞在定語從句結(jié)構(gòu)中作主語時,定語從句的謂語動詞要與被修飾的先行詞保持一致。)
② Tom is the only one of the pupils who are willing to take make-up examinations.(are應(yīng)改為is——在由the only one of等加復(fù)數(shù)名詞或代詞再加定語從句結(jié)構(gòu)中,謂語動詞應(yīng)用單數(shù)形式。)
C.按照語法要求,某些短語或結(jié)構(gòu)后所跟謂語動詞必須用單數(shù)或復(fù)數(shù)形式。如:
①Six times two are twelve.(are應(yīng)改為 is——在加、減、乘、除運算中,謂語動詞要用單數(shù)形式。)
② The police is looking for the escaped criminal.(is應(yīng)改為are——當主語為people, police,folk,cattle等集合名詞時,謂語動詞通常用復(fù)數(shù)形式。)
●時態(tài)及語態(tài)錯誤
時態(tài)及語態(tài)使用錯誤也是改錯題??純?nèi)容之一,其中時態(tài)方面錯誤主要包括:
A.單句或并列句中的時態(tài)用錯或不一致。如:
At the party the film star sang a song for us and later dances for the elderly.(dances應(yīng)
改為danced——在并列句中,謂語動詞時態(tài)多保持一致。)
B.主句與從句的時態(tài)不一致。如:
He was a teacher before he became the manager of a big firm.(was應(yīng)改為had been——當教師的時間應(yīng)在做經(jīng)理之前。)
語態(tài)方面的錯誤主要表現(xiàn)為主動語態(tài)及被動語態(tài)的混用等。如:
①I never imagined that waste paper can use so widely.(can use應(yīng)改為can be used——紙張與利用之間應(yīng)為被動關(guān)系。)
②Large masses of data must be generally undergone a process of summarization.(must be generally undergone應(yīng)改為must generally undergo——undergo“經(jīng)歷,遭受”多用主動形式。)
●形容詞、副詞用法錯誤
形容詞、副詞用法錯誤主要包括:
A.形容詞、副詞使用不當。如:
①I frequently feel weakly and dissatisfied with myself.(weakly應(yīng)改為weak——feel為系動詞。)
②The cat ran quick as soon as he saw the dog.(quick應(yīng)改為quickly——run為實意動詞,修飾動詞應(yīng)用副詞。)
B.形容詞、副詞在原級、比較級、級方面的使用錯誤。
①形容詞或副詞未用比較級形式。如:It is well-known that the sun is much big than the moon.(big應(yīng)改為bigger——比較級前可以
由many ,much,a little等詞修飾表示程度。)
②不可分級的形容詞、副詞誤用了比較級結(jié)構(gòu)。如:But for some spelling mistakes, your composition would be more perfect.(應(yīng)去掉more——perfect沒有比較級和級形式。)
③比較級與級混淆。如:Of all the toys the boy saw in the window,the thing he wanted more was a new watch.(more應(yīng)改為 most——在有of all the,of the whole等短語的句子中應(yīng)使用形容詞級形式。)
④比較級、級結(jié)構(gòu)中的副詞、連詞、固定結(jié)構(gòu)等方面的錯誤。如:a.The more you study during the semester,the lesser you have to do that before the exam.(lesser應(yīng)改為 less——the less本身已是比較級形式。); b.This product is more inferior than the one you bought yesterday.(than應(yīng)改為to——表示比較時inferior后應(yīng)加介詞to。);c.Everest is three times as high than the Matterhorn,the highest mountain in Europe.(than應(yīng)改為as——此處為“數(shù)詞+times+as+形容詞原級形式+as”的同級比較結(jié)構(gòu)。)
⑤混淆句中用于比較的兩個部分。如: The climate in the coastal cities is much warmer than in the interior cities.(在than與 in之間應(yīng)加指示代詞that——句中用于比較的兩個部分是氣候而不是地區(qū)。)
●虛擬語氣用法錯誤
虛擬語氣用法錯誤主要包括:
A.主句或從句的動詞形式未用虛擬語氣形式。如:
If we had more rain last summer,we would have a harvest.(應(yīng)分別改為had had與would have had——此句應(yīng)用與過去事實相反的虛擬語氣形式。)
B.混合型虛擬句中的主從句動詞形式出現(xiàn)錯誤。如:
If you had been older,I would have al- lowed you to go that day.(had been應(yīng)改為 were——條件句可以指目前情況下的一種假設(shè)。)
C.在由表示“建議、要求、命令、堅持”等意思的動詞引導(dǎo)的賓語從句中,動詞使用出現(xiàn)錯誤。如:
The employer ordered that
the letter would be delivered at once.(應(yīng)改為 should be或be——在表示“建議、要求、命令、堅持”等意思的動詞引導(dǎo)的賓語從句中,謂語動詞要用should加動詞原形或直接用動詞原形。)
D.特殊虛擬語氣形式出現(xiàn)錯誤。如: Without the radio-receiver,the large an- tenna will be of no use.(應(yīng)改為would——由連詞suppose,provided或介詞without,but for等引導(dǎo)的句子,謂語動詞應(yīng)用虛擬形式。)
●非謂語動詞即不定式、動名詞、 分詞用法錯誤
非謂語動詞用法錯誤主要由以下幾個部分構(gòu)成:
A.現(xiàn)在分詞形式與過去分詞形式混淆。如:
① The victory was no more convinced than I had expected.(convinced應(yīng)改為convincing———此處表語為“令人信服的”之意,表示主語的特征。)
②The teacher went into the classroom, following by some students.(following應(yīng)改為 followed——動詞follow與其邏輯主語 teacher之間應(yīng)為被動關(guān)系。)
③The boy's delighting look tells us that he passed the exam.(delighting應(yīng)改為de- lighted——此處定語為“高興的、興奮的”之意,表示主語的狀態(tài)。)
B.不定式與動名詞相互混淆。如:
①To lie is vice.(To lie應(yīng)改為Lying——此處主語指的是抽象的概念性動作。)
② Lying about it will only make matters worse.(Lying應(yīng)改為To lie——此處主語指的是具體的、一次性的動作。)
C.非謂語動作發(fā)生時間與謂語動作發(fā)生時間的方面出現(xiàn)錯誤。如:
I remember locking the door when I left home this morning.(locking應(yīng)改為having locked——非謂語動作發(fā)生時間早于主語動作發(fā)生時間。)
D.特殊非謂語動詞結(jié)構(gòu)方面出現(xiàn)錯誤。如:
You have to practise to speak English as much as possible now since you are going to England next year.(to speak應(yīng)改為speaking——practise后的賓語要用-ing形式。)
●倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)錯誤
倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)錯誤主要表現(xiàn)為:
A.表示否定意義的詞或詞組位于句首時,句子未用倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)。如:
Under no circumstances we should do anything that will benefit ourselves but harm the others.(we should do應(yīng)改為should we do——具有否定意義的詞及詞組位于句首時,句子需用倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)。)
B.only引導(dǎo)狀語位于句首時,句子未用倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)。如:
Only when David did it a second time he realized his mistakes.(he realized應(yīng)改為did he realize——only引導(dǎo)狀語位于句首修飾全句時,句子要用倒裝語序。)
C.以so,such等開頭的句子未用倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)。如:
So badly the boy was injured that he was detained in the hospital for months.(the boy was應(yīng)改為was the boy——so,such等加形容詞、副詞位于句首時,句子要用倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)。)
D.倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)中的其他常見錯誤。如:
①Away the car went like a whirlwind.(the car went應(yīng)改為went the car——些表示運動方向的副詞位于句首時,句子要用全部倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)。)
②“Come back on time,my boy,”the mother said angrily.(the mother said應(yīng)改為 said the mother——直接引語置于句首且主語為非人稱代詞時,主謂部分應(yīng)采用倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)。)
●肯定形式與否定形式錯誤
肯定、否定形式錯誤主要表現(xiàn)為在特定的上下文環(huán)境中該用肯定形式卻用成了否定形式或反之。如:
①There is enough audience and also it is a large room,you will probably not have to use a microphone.(去掉not——由上下文內(nèi)容來看,該句應(yīng)用肯定形式。)
②Science itself is harmless,but as soon as it can provide technology,it is not necessarily harmful.(harmful應(yīng)改為harmless——本句所要說明的是科學在某種條件下的危害性。)
③The Department of Environment that was created shows how unimportant this issue is considered to be.(unimportant應(yīng)改為important——上下文所要說明的是該問題的重要性。)
●平行結(jié)構(gòu)錯誤
平行結(jié)構(gòu)錯誤指的是根據(jù)句子的意思需要、句子的結(jié)構(gòu)要求或表達習慣的限制等,句中某些并列、對等部分應(yīng)在形式上或意義上保持一致而實際上卻未能如此。如:
①My room mate is generous,inconsiderate,and easy to get along with.(inconsiderate應(yīng)改為considerate——根據(jù)上下文的意思應(yīng)為“體諒人的”之意。)
②Black Smith mopped the floor,cleaned the windows,and other odd jobs.(應(yīng)在and與other之間加did——該句謂語部分是由三個不同動作構(gòu)成的并列謂語。)
③The value of a course depends as much on its inherent interest on its practical use.(應(yīng)在interest與on之間加as——本句應(yīng)為as...a(chǎn)s固定結(jié)構(gòu)。)
●詞序錯誤
詞序錯誤主要指的是由于違背了一些固定的表達式或詞語習慣的、約定俗成的先后順序而造成的錯誤。如:
① With this kind of instrument the navigator is able to determine where exactly he is.(應(yīng)改為exactly where——根據(jù)語法習慣,exactly應(yīng)位于特殊疑問詞之前。)
②The vest is enough hard to resist a bullet shot from 100 meters away.(應(yīng)改為 hard enough——enough修飾形容詞、副詞及其短語時應(yīng)位于所修飾詞之后。)
③The wise man can give you a quite good idea if you ask him.(應(yīng)改為quite a good——quite作定語修飾名詞時應(yīng)位于不定冠詞a /an之前。)
●缺漏及贅述錯誤
缺漏及贅述錯誤主要表現(xiàn)為漏掉介詞、代詞、關(guān)系詞、冠詞、連詞等或重復(fù)意義相同或相近的詞語以及出現(xiàn)兩個主語等。如:
①We have to make clear to each worker that everybody must observe these rules.(在 make后加it——賓語為動詞不定式或從句時,必須在動詞與賓語補足語之間加上形式賓語it。)
② Though we have known great deal about space,we still have a lot to learn.(在 great deal之前應(yīng)加a——詞組a great deal“大量,許多”,修飾不可數(shù)名詞。)
③The songs sounded via radios in restaurants,from cars passing on the highways and shoeshine parlors.(在and與shoeshine之間加in——此處應(yīng)是與前面詞組on the highways并列的介詞短語。)
④Both natural and synthetic man-made rubber are of little value in their raw state.(去掉synthetic或man-made——兩個同義詞放在一起,造成重復(fù)。)
⑤Monsoon winds,sometimes masked by other features of the general atmospheric circulation,they are associated with nearly all large continental land masses.(去掉they——出現(xiàn)Monsoon winds與they兩個主語,造成重復(fù)。)

