英文和我們中文大的不同,是在動(dòng)詞,我們中文的動(dòng)詞很簡(jiǎn)單,沒(méi)有所謂的第幾人稱,也沒(méi)有復(fù)數(shù)和單數(shù)之分,更沒(méi)有過(guò)去式或進(jìn)行式,英文可不同了,凡是用動(dòng)詞的時(shí)候,必須注意很多很多的規(guī)則,一旦弄錯(cuò)了,常常是犯了大錯(cuò)。
在這我要將英文基本的規(guī)則一一列下。這些規(guī)則都是我們中國(guó)人所常常不注意的。
為了不要誤導(dǎo)讀者,凡本書內(nèi)錯(cuò)誤的句子前面都有〝*〞的符號(hào)。
規(guī)則(1):兩個(gè)動(dòng)詞是不能聯(lián)在一起用的。
在中文,我們常說(shuō)“我是愛(ài)你的”,翻成英文,這就變成了
* I am love you.
滑稽的是,這句英文句子犯了大忌,因?yàn)楱攁m〞是動(dòng)詞,〝love〞也是動(dòng)詞,兩個(gè)動(dòng)詞是不能聯(lián)在一起用的。這句話的正確說(shuō)法是:
I love you. 或者 I am in love with you.
我們中國(guó)人也會(huì)說(shuō)〝我喜歡看電視〞,翻成英文,這變成
* I love watch television.
這個(gè)句子也犯了同樣的錯(cuò)。
以下幾個(gè)句子都是錯(cuò)的,因?yàn)檫@些句子中都有兩個(gè)動(dòng)詞連在一起的情形:
I hate eat fish.
I love play basketball.
I love swim.
如果你一定要講“我愛(ài)游泳”,怎么辦呢?請(qǐng)看以下的規(guī)則。
規(guī)則(2):如一定要同時(shí)用兩個(gè)動(dòng)詞,后者的前面必須加“to”或者將后者加入“ing”。
“我愛(ài)游泳”,因此有兩種正確的譯法:
I love to swim.
I love swimming.
以下的句子都是正確的:
I hate to eat fish.
I hate eating fish.
I love to play basketball.
I love playing basketball
I keep going to church
規(guī)則(3):主詞如果是第三人稱,現(xiàn)在式及單數(shù),動(dòng)詞必須加s.
我們中國(guó)人不容易記得的規(guī)則,恐怕就是這一條了,以下的句子都是錯(cuò)的。
* He write very well.
* Jack love playing the violin.
* Mary swim every day.
正確的句子是:
He writes very well.
Jack loves playing the violin.
Mary swims every day.
規(guī)則(4):絕大多數(shù)的否定的句子,不能直接加“not”。
我們中文對(duì)否定語(yǔ)氣,規(guī)則極為簡(jiǎn)單,我們可以說(shuō)“我不愛(ài)你”,但是我們不能說(shuō)
* I not love you.
我們也不能說(shuō):
* I not saw that movie.
* I not like swimming.
* He not likes playing violin.
我們必須用一種助動(dòng)詞來(lái)完成否定的句子,以下才是正確的否定句子:
I do not love you.
I did not see that movie.
He does not like playing violin.
請(qǐng)注意,在以上的句子中,do和did都是助動(dòng)詞,do是現(xiàn)在式,did是過(guò)去式。
關(guān)于現(xiàn)在式和過(guò)去式,究竟是怎么一回事,以后我們會(huì)解釋清楚的。
助動(dòng)詞不限于“do”和它的變型,can、will、would、shall、may、must等等都是助動(dòng)詞,因此,以下的英文句子又都是對(duì)的:
He can not swim.
They will not go to church tomorrow.
Mary should not go to the party.
I shall not see you.
He may not go out tonight.
He must not eat meat any more.
規(guī)則(5):在不定詞“to”的后面,必須用原形動(dòng)詞
英文中的動(dòng)詞,是會(huì)變化的,以have為例,第一人稱和第三人就不同:
I have a dog.
He has a dog.
如果是過(guò)去式,動(dòng)詞又要變化。have的過(guò)去式是had,不論第幾人稱,一概都要用had.
幾乎每一個(gè)英文動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去式都有變化,以下是幾個(gè)例子:
現(xiàn)在式 過(guò)去式
go went
come came
eat ate
play played
swim swam
不論那一個(gè)動(dòng)詞,都有一個(gè)原形動(dòng)詞,一切都是從這個(gè)原形動(dòng)詞變出來(lái)的,像go、drink、have、walk、love、like等等都是原形動(dòng)詞。
如果我們有必要要用不定詞to,就必須用原形動(dòng)詞,例如to go、to drink、to have,都是正確的,*to went;*to drank;*to loved等等都是錯(cuò)的。
英文中有一個(gè)動(dòng)詞為麻煩,那就是am、are、is、was、were等等,翻譯成中文,這都是,而這些動(dòng)詞的來(lái)源都是be,所以我們說(shuō)這些動(dòng)詞都是verb to be.
以下的句子都用上了〝be〞
I want to be a teacher.
He wants to be a good father.
They all love to be rich.
No one likes to be poor.
規(guī)則(6):英文中有所謂的助動(dòng)詞。必須注意
英文中有很多動(dòng)詞都是助詞動(dòng),在規(guī)則(4)中,我們說(shuō)在絕大多數(shù)的否定語(yǔ)句中,必須用助動(dòng)詞do或did.Do是原形動(dòng)詞,did 和does都是do的變形。
除了do是助動(dòng)詞以外,can、may、might、will、would、must也都是助動(dòng)詞。
以上所提到的助動(dòng)詞,都有一個(gè)共同的特色,那就是這些助動(dòng)詞后的動(dòng)詞必須是原形動(dòng)詞,以下的句子都是正確的:
He can swim.
He does not swim.
I do not speak English.
You must walk to work every day.
I did not work yesterday.
You may leave now.
I will go to Taipei tomorrow.
以下的句子都是錯(cuò)的:
* I did not went.
* He does not goes to work.
* You must walked to work.
除了以上的助動(dòng)詞以外,還有一個(gè)非常特殊的助動(dòng)詞,那就是have,在這個(gè)助動(dòng)詞的后面,動(dòng)詞絕對(duì)不能用原形動(dòng)詞,以下是用這個(gè)助動(dòng)詞的例子:
I have been to England.
I have slept all day.
I have studied English since I was a child.
been、slept 和studied都是過(guò)去分詞(past participle),以下的句子也都是現(xiàn)在完成式,我們后討論完成式的時(shí)候,會(huì)將這些解釋清楚的。
規(guī)則(7):英文問(wèn)句要有助動(dòng)詞
我們先看看以下的英文句子,這些都是錯(cuò)的:
* How many books you wrote?
* How many sons you have?
正確的句子是:
Why do you drink so much water?
How many books did you write?
How many sons do you have?
絕大多數(shù)的英文問(wèn)句子是一定要有助動(dòng)詞,以下全是正確的英文問(wèn)句,你可以看出每一句的助動(dòng)詞嗎?
Do you love me?
Did you go to school yesterday?
How many books do you have?
How much money does he have?
Why don‘t you go back home?
Do you like to swim?
Can you play violin?
Will you go home tomorrow?
Would you give me a call?
當(dāng)然啦,一旦動(dòng)詞是verb to be,我們又不需要助動(dòng)詞了,以下都是正確的英文問(wèn)句:
Are you a teacher?
Is he a student?
Is Mr. Chang your father?
Were your mother and father in England last year?
規(guī)則(8):特殊動(dòng)詞隨主詞的變化
英文中,有些動(dòng)詞因主詞不同而改變,verb to be是其中之一,因此,我們必須記得以下的規(guī)則:
第一人稱 第二人稱 第三人稱
現(xiàn)在式 單數(shù) I am You are (He,She,It)is
復(fù)數(shù) We are You are They are
過(guò)去式 單數(shù) I was You were (He,She,It)was
復(fù)數(shù) We were You were They were
Verb to have也有類似的變化:
第一人稱 第二人稱 第三人稱
現(xiàn)在式 單數(shù) I have You have (He,She,It)has
復(fù)數(shù) We have You have They have
過(guò)去式 單數(shù) I had You had (He,She,It)had
復(fù)數(shù) We had You had They had
[練習(xí)一]
以下的句子都有錯(cuò),請(qǐng)將正確的句子寫出來(lái):
1.* I am like my parent.
2.* He is loves his teacher.
3.* He keeps swim every day.
4.* He wants drink a glass of water.
5.* He likes play violin.
6.* Jack do not love mathematics.
7.* Mary hate singing.
8.* My mother cook very good food.
9.* He want me to see him tomorrow.
10.* He not knows my name.
11.* I not like you.
12.* He not like swimming.
13.* You not went home.
14.* I not like swimming.
15.* I wanted to went to my mother‘s home.
16.* I do not like to swimming.
17.* I did not ate dinner.
18.* I will not went home.
19.* He did not went home.
20.* You may leaving now.
21.* He can swimming.
22.* He does not goes to work.
第二章 現(xiàn)在式和現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行式
2§1 現(xiàn)在式
英文中,現(xiàn)在式(present tense)好像是容易的,其實(shí)現(xiàn)在式都是我們常常用錯(cuò)的時(shí)式。
首先,我們不妨舉一個(gè)例子來(lái)說(shuō)明我們對(duì)現(xiàn)在式慣有的誤解,假設(shè)我們要說(shuō)〝我在吃午飯〞,這總該用現(xiàn)在式了吧。很多人將這句話翻成
I eat lunch.
這就錯(cuò)了,因?yàn)楱擨 eat lunch.〞的意思并不是〝我在吃午飯〞,而是〝我有吃午飯的習(xí)慣〞,意思是說(shuō),有人中午不吃午飯(可能是在減肥),我可是每天中午都會(huì)吃午飯的。
〝我在吃午飯〞,應(yīng)該要用現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行式,這是我們以后會(huì)談的。
現(xiàn)在式不是指任何一個(gè)行為,而是一種狀況。舉例來(lái)說(shuō),以下幾句話都應(yīng)該用現(xiàn)在式:
我是一個(gè)學(xué)生 I am a student.
他是一個(gè)老師 He is a teacher.
他每天游泳 He swims every day.
湯姆勤奮工作 Tom works hard
他早起 He gets up early.
瑪莉喜歡看電影 Mary loves watching movies.
這里常常下雨 It rains often here.
我每天喝一杯牛奶 I drink a glass of milk every day.
我是中國(guó)人 I am a Chinese.
他會(huì)講英文 He speaks English.
他有喝茶的習(xí)慣 He drinks tea.
我騎腳踏車上學(xué) I ride a bicycle to school.
他搭乘公交車上班 He rides a bus to go to work.
我不喜歡你 I do not like you.
他愛(ài)他的太太 He loves his wife.
他守法 He obeys the law.
我不喜歡莎士比亞 I do not like Shakespeare.
他不抽煙 He does not smoke.
他喝酒 He drinks.
他唱歌唱得很好 He sings well.
他跳舞跳得很好 He dances well.
他不會(huì)游泳 He can not swim.
他不是一個(gè)好學(xué)生 He is not a good student.
他們都很懶 They are all very lazy.
凡是真理,自然界的現(xiàn)象,數(shù)學(xué)里的定理,都要用現(xiàn)在式:
太陽(yáng)從東方升起 The sun rises in the east.
地球是圓的 The earth is round.
月亮是地球的一個(gè)衛(wèi)星 The moon is a satellite of the earth.
美國(guó)是一個(gè)大的國(guó)家 America is a large country.
在北極的夏天,太陽(yáng)永不落下 The sun never sets at the North Pole in summer.
樹(shù)葉吸收二氧化碳 Tree leaves absorb CO2 .
計(jì)算機(jī)的基本原理是布爾代數(shù) The basic principle of computers is Boolean algebra
二點(diǎn)決定一線 Two points define a line.
三點(diǎn)決定一平面 Three points define a plane.
三基本顏色是紅、黃、藍(lán) Three of the basic colors are red, yellow and blue.
[練習(xí)二]
將以下中文句子翻成英文,都用現(xiàn)在式。
1.他是一個(gè)好學(xué)生。
2.我的哥哥17歲。
3.我弟弟每天游泳。
4.他們都喜歡音樂(lè)。
5.他們現(xiàn)在在日本。
6.喜瑪拉雅山是全世界高的山。
7.亞馬孫河是全世界長(zhǎng)的。
8.他的爸爸是位老師。
9.我們都喜歡中國(guó)菜。
10.他不喜歡冰淇淋。
11.我愛(ài)你。
12.每個(gè)人都怕蛇。
13.每個(gè)人都喜歡狗。
14.今天真冷。
2§2 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行式
假如我們正在做一件事,是不能用現(xiàn)在式的,而必須用現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行式,現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行式的形態(tài)是:
verb to be + present participle(現(xiàn)在分詞)
verb to be 大家都懂,什么叫做現(xiàn)在分詞呢?現(xiàn)在分詞就是
動(dòng)詞+ing
以下是現(xiàn)在分詞的例子
動(dòng)詞 現(xiàn)在分詞
work working
go going
read reading
run running
play playing
swim swimming
sing singing
write writing
eat eating
walk walking
come coming
love loving
like liking
watch watching
smoke smoking
如果我們說(shuō)
I am watching a movie.
那是指我現(xiàn)在正在看電影,這和
I watch movies.
意義上截然不同的,I watch movies是說(shuō)我有看電影的習(xí)慣。
因此有些動(dòng)詞是沒(méi)有現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行式的,舉例來(lái)說(shuō)
I am loving you.
是不通的,因?yàn)閲?yán)格說(shuō)起來(lái),love是一種狀態(tài),而不是一個(gè)動(dòng)作?,F(xiàn)在進(jìn)行式,都是指動(dòng)作,很少指狀態(tài)的。
以下是現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行式的例子:
I am calling my father.
He is swimming now.
He is playing basketball.
They are all eating now.
He is walking in the woods now.
He is reading a detective novel.
Mr. Brown is driving to work.
Mrs. Brown is cooking.
It is raining now.
[練習(xí)三]
將以下句子譯成英文,都用現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行式:
1.他在看電影。
2.我在游泳。
3.她在和她媽媽打電話。
4.他的哥哥在散步。
5.我現(xiàn)在正在吃飯。
6.我們?cè)诔琛?BR> 7.他在彈鋼琴。
8.他在看一本小說(shuō)。
9.我在寫一封信。
10.他在跑步。
[練習(xí)四]
將下列句子譯成英文,有的用現(xiàn)在式,有的用現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行式:
1.我愛(ài)你。
2.我正在吃飯。
3.他不是一個(gè)學(xué)生。
4.我是一個(gè)老師。
5.他正在唱歌。
6.他在游泳。
7.他喜歡游泳。
8.他會(huì)唱歌。
9.他正在唱歌。
10.他的爸爸是一個(gè)醫(yī)生。
11.他的爸爸在美國(guó)。
12.我正在洗澡。
13.他正在睡覺(jué)。
14.你的姊姊在騎腳踏車。
15.你的姊姊每天騎腳踏車上學(xué)。
第三章 過(guò)去式和過(guò)去進(jìn)行式
3§1 過(guò)去式
過(guò)去式是指過(guò)去所發(fā)生的事,舉例來(lái)說(shuō),假如我昨天去看了一場(chǎng)電影,我就可以說(shuō)
I went to see a movie yesterday.
以下全部是正確的句子:
I saw your father last night.
I met your son last month.
I ate three apples this morning.
He went to church to pray last night.
可是,我們必須非常小心,因?yàn)橐徊恍⌒?,我們就可能犯了大錯(cuò),我們?nèi)绻蚯閭H表示愛(ài)情,當(dāng)然說(shuō)
I love you.
如果我們說(shuō)
I loved you.
事情就可能鬧大了,因?yàn)檫@表示我過(guò)去曾經(jīng)愛(ài)過(guò)你,可是現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)不愛(ài)了。〝I loved you〞等于是〝I loved you before. But I do not love you now.〞
假如我們看過(guò)一個(gè)小男孩然后我們說(shuō)
He was a good boy.
那就是說(shuō)他現(xiàn)在已不是一個(gè)好男孩了,變成了一個(gè)不乖的孩子,或者他已經(jīng)死了。
英文里的過(guò)去式常常是偵探用來(lái)破案的線索。有,有一個(gè)母親,向警察報(bào)案,說(shuō)她的女兒失蹤了,她在記者面前,聲淚俱下地說(shuō)
She was such a nice girl.
警察馬上覺(jué)得這位母親有問(wèn)題,因?yàn)樗辉撚眠^(guò)去式的,用了過(guò)去式,表示女兒已經(jīng)死了,可是母親不是說(shuō)她失蹤了嗎?為什么她用過(guò)去式,極有可能因?yàn)樗浪畠阂呀?jīng)死了,才脫口而出,用了過(guò)去式。警察因此懷疑母親本人就是兇手,事實(shí)也果真如此:這位母親打自己的女兒,出手太重,將女兒打死了,謊報(bào)女兒失蹤,她用了過(guò)去式,使警察知道她有問(wèn)題。整個(gè)案子的偵破,就在于過(guò)去式。
我們因此不能輕易用過(guò)去式,但我們也千萬(wàn)要注意,該用過(guò)去式的時(shí)候,一定要用過(guò)去式,以下句子都是錯(cuò)的:
*I go to school yesterday.
*I see a movie last night.
*My mother comes to see me last month.
*I eat three apples this morning.
*He is happy yesterday.
以上句子的正確寫法是:
I went to school yesterday.
I saw a movie last night.
My mother came to see me last month.
I ate three apples this morning.
He was happy yesterday.
[練習(xí)五]
將以下中文句子翻成英文,全部用過(guò)去式:
1.我昨天參加了一個(gè)舞會(huì)。
2.他的哥哥昨天打電話給我。
3.我去年到美國(guó)去。
4.昨夜我遇到你的姊姊。
5.我寫了一封信給你。
6.我今晨吃了一個(gè)蛋。
7.他昨夜整夜跳舞。
8.我們昨天跑了五千公尺。
9.他昨夜非常疲倦。
10.他昨夜去臺(tái)北探訪他的爸爸。
[練習(xí)六]
將下列的句子譯成英文句子,有的用現(xiàn)在式,有的用過(guò)去式:
1.他是一個(gè)強(qiáng)壯的男孩。
2.他昨天生病了。
3.他每天吃一個(gè)蘋果。
4.他昨天吃了三個(gè)蘋果。
5.我喜歡看電影。
6.我是個(gè)快樂(lè)的人。
7.昨天我看了兩場(chǎng)電影。
8.他昨天寄了一封信給你。
9.他常常抽煙。
10.我每天讀圣經(jīng)。
11.他昨天沒(méi)有念圣經(jīng)。
12.他昨天沒(méi)有游泳。
[練習(xí)七]
將以下句子譯成英文,用現(xiàn)在式,現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行式或過(guò)去式:
1.他在打籃球。
2.他喜歡打籃球。
3.他昨天打籃球。
4.他每天騎腳踏車上學(xué)。
5.他昨天騎腳踏車到鄉(xiāng)下去。
6.我喜歡唱歌。
7.他正在唱歌。
8.你的爸爸昨天來(lái)看我。
9.他的哥哥每天步行二公里。
10.他的弟弟是個(gè)好孩子。
11.他去年非常虛弱。
12.他正在打電話。
13.他每天都努力工作(work hard)。
14.你的弟弟喜歡游泳。
15.他過(guò)去是個(gè)好學(xué)生。
3§2 過(guò)去進(jìn)行式
過(guò)去進(jìn)行式和現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行式有點(diǎn)類似,只是verb to be要用過(guò)去式的。可是有一點(diǎn)不同,過(guò)去進(jìn)行式,很少單獨(dú)用的,而常和另一句子一齊用。舉例來(lái)說(shuō)以下的中文句子:
我昨天去看你的時(shí)候,你正在打籃球,如譯成中文,就是
You were playing basketball when I went to see you yesterday.
以下是典型的過(guò)去進(jìn)行式用法
I was taking a bath when you called.
I was watching TV when you came to see me.
They were dancing when the teacher came in.
They were singing in the station when the train arrived.
Mr. Brown was cleaning his house when his son came home.
總而言之,過(guò)去進(jìn)行式通常牽涉到幾件事,這兩件事同時(shí)發(fā)生,其中一件事用過(guò)去式,另一件事用過(guò)去進(jìn)行式
[練習(xí)八]
將以下句子譯成英文,其中一部份使用過(guò)去進(jìn)行式:
1.他昨天到學(xué)校去的時(shí)候,天在下雨。
2.當(dāng)火車停下的時(shí)候,他在看報(bào)(read newspaper)。
3.當(dāng)火車進(jìn)站的時(shí)候,他們?cè)诔琛?BR> 4.我昨天去他家的時(shí)候,他在和他爸爸打電話。
5.昨天晚上八點(diǎn)鐘,我在家看電視。
6.當(dāng)我爸爸昨晚打電話給我的時(shí)候,我正在刷牙(brush my teeth)。
7.當(dāng)我昨晚打電話給他時(shí),他在游泳。
8.當(dāng)這貓走進(jìn)來(lái)的時(shí)候,那只狗在睡覺(jué)。
9.當(dāng)他弟弟回家的時(shí)候,他在拉小提琴。
10.當(dāng)我爸爸回家的時(shí)候,我媽媽在燒飯。
[練習(xí)九]
填充
1. I (be) a Christian.
2. He (be) a Catholic when he was a child.
3. I (go) to see my mother yesterday.
4. I (like) to play piano.
5. He (eat) now.
6. It (rain) now.
7. He (walk) to school every day.
8. He (walk) now.
9. He (be) a good boy.
10. He (swim) when I called him.
11. He (go) to see his mother yesterday.
12. I (take) a bath when my mother called me.
13. I (like) to swim.
14. I (like) to swim when I was young. Now, I don‘t because I am too old.
15. It (rain) now.
16. It (rain) when I drove to work yesterday.
17. It (rain) last night.
18. It (rain)very often here.
19. He (read) a book when I went to see him yesterday.
20. I (be) a student when I was young. Now I am a teacher.
[練習(xí)十]
改正以下句子的錯(cuò)誤
*They are driving when I went to see them yesterday.
*It rained here very often in Taipei.
*He gives his book to his brother last month.
*He go to work every morning.
*He likes to told stories.
*I like to went to church.
*The sun sets now.
*They are play the piano now.
*I am love you.
*He were a good student before.
*He goes to church last Sunday.
*It rains last night.
*I am playing when you called.
*It is raining when I drove to work last night.
*He do not know me.
*I were swimming when my mother came.
*They is singing now.
*He do not like to swim.
*He always wear a black coat.
*He is watch TV now.
第四章 完成式(Perfect Tense)
4§1 現(xiàn)在完成式(Present Perfect Tense)
完成式的形式是 verb to have + past participle,每一個(gè)動(dòng)詞,都有過(guò)去式和過(guò)去分詞,以下就是一些例子:
原式 過(guò)去式 過(guò)去分詞(past participle)
go went gone
come came come
see saw seen
do did done
watch watched watched
get got gotten(或got)
have had had
use used used
buy bought bought
listen listened listened
draw drew drawn
paint painted painted
leave left left
arrive arrived arrived
dance danced danced
kill killed killed
write wrote written
run ran run
swim swam swum
snow snowed snowed
eat ate eaten
love loved loved
fly flew flown
spread spread spread
hit hit hit
drink drank drunk
take took taken
grow grew grown
sell sold sold
ride rode ridden
steal stole stolen
break broke broken
walk walked walked
read read read
sing sang sung
work worked worked
以下的句子都是用了現(xiàn)在完成式:
I have read this book.
I have seen the movie.
I have lived here since 1973.
I have studied English for a long time.
He has washed his hands.
He has left.
He has already completed the report.
The storm has arrived.
I have taken the job.
I have written the letters.
I have not seen him since 1975.
I have never seen this man before.
什么情況之下要用現(xiàn)在完成式呢?
首先假設(shè)我們有一件事,發(fā)生在過(guò)去,而一直延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在,就要用現(xiàn)在完成式,這種句子后面常有since或for.以下是這種情形的例子:
(1)自從1963年,我一直在念英文。
I have studied English since 1963.
(2)自從1975年以后,我就住在這里。
I have lived here since 1975.
(3)自從我是一個(gè)小孩子,我就喜歡搖滾樂(lè)。
I have loved rock and roll music since I was a child.
(4)自從去年,我就從來(lái)沒(méi)有見(jiàn)過(guò)他。
Since last year, I have never seen him.
(5)自從1950年以后,他就一直在此工作。
He has worked here since 1950.
(6)我認(rèn)識(shí)他已經(jīng)很久了。
I have known him for a long time.
(7)他練習(xí)網(wǎng)球已經(jīng)四年了。
He has already practiced tennis for (the past) four years.
(8)我穿這件夾克很久了。
I have worn this jacket for a very long time.
(9)我開(kāi)這輛汽車很久了。
I have driven this car for a long time.
(10)好久沒(méi)有下雨了。
It has not rained for a long time.
2.使用現(xiàn)在完成式的另一情況是強(qiáng)調(diào)已經(jīng)完成的事,比方說(shuō),你說(shuō)“我已經(jīng)寫了那封信”,就可以用現(xiàn)在完成式,或者,你說(shuō)“他已經(jīng)完成了工作”。以下是這類的例子:
(1)我已經(jīng)寫了這封信。
I have already written the letter.
(2)他已經(jīng)完成了工作。
He has already completed the work.
(3)我已經(jīng)測(cè)試了這個(gè)程序。
I have already tested the program.
(4)我已經(jīng)收到了你的信。
I have already received your letter.
(5)他已搬到了一個(gè)較大的房子。
He has already moved to a bigger house.
(6)雖然他很年輕,但他已寫了三本小說(shuō)。
Although he is young, he has already written three novels.
(7)我打了二次電話給他,他都沒(méi)有回答。
I called him twice, he has never answered.
3.現(xiàn)在完成式用來(lái)表示一種經(jīng)驗(yàn),舉例來(lái)說(shuō),“我曾經(jīng)到過(guò)美國(guó)”、“我曾見(jiàn)過(guò)李總統(tǒng)”、“我有生以來(lái)沒(méi)有跳過(guò)舞”,這些都應(yīng)該用現(xiàn)在完成式,例如:
我曾經(jīng)到過(guò)美國(guó)。
I have been to America.
我曾見(jiàn)過(guò)李總統(tǒng)。
I have seen President Lee.
我有生以來(lái)沒(méi)有跳過(guò)舞。
I have never danced in my life.
我看過(guò)“雙城記”。
I have read The Tale of Two Cities.
他曾吃過(guò)這種冰淇淋。
He has tasted this kind of ice cream.
我未曾見(jiàn)過(guò)雪。
I have never seen snow.
你曾見(jiàn)過(guò)雪嗎?
Have you ever seen snow?
你登過(guò)玉山嗎?
Have you ever climbed Jade Mountain?
4.現(xiàn)在完成式可以用來(lái)表示一件過(guò)去常發(fā)生的事:
今年我國(guó)已有二次臺(tái)風(fēng)。
We have already had two typhoons so far this year.
他今年已發(fā)表了三篇論文。
He has already published three papers this year.
過(guò)去一年,我看了三次“鐵達(dá)尼號(hào)”。
In the past year, I have seen The Titanic three times.
對(duì)讀者而言,重要的是“現(xiàn)在完成式”和“過(guò)去式”不同究竟在那里?重要的不同在于,一旦在句子中講一件過(guò)去發(fā)生的事,而且指定特定的時(shí)間,就一定要用“過(guò)去式”,而不能用“現(xiàn)在完成式”。比方說(shuō),“我曾經(jīng)看過(guò)“鐵達(dá)尼號(hào)”,可以用現(xiàn)在完成式,因?yàn)檫@句話沒(méi)有指明任何特定的時(shí)間,假如說(shuō),我昨天晚上去看“鐵達(dá)尼號(hào)”,就一定用過(guò)去式,讀者不妨看看以下的比較:
(a)I went to America last year.
I have been to America.
(b)I saw The Titanic last year.
I have seen The Titanic twice.
(c)I finished my homework late last night.
I have finally finished my homework.
(d)I studied English when I was a small child.
I have studied English since I was a child.
(e)I went to church yesterday.
I have never been to church.
以下的句子是錯(cuò)的,請(qǐng)?zhí)貏e注意:
*(1)I have seen the movie last year.
*(2)I have never been to America last year.
*(3)He has never finished his work last night.
現(xiàn)在完成式常和since、for、already、never、ever等字一起使用,以下都是這類的例子:
(1)I have already had dinner.
(2)Since this summer began, we have already had two storms.
(3)It has not rained for a long time.
(4)I have never talked to this man before.
(5)I have never met your father.
(6)Have you ever been to America?
(7)He has already won three awards.
(8)I have stayed here since June.
Never 和 ever 也常是我們弄不清楚如何使用的字,一般說(shuō)來(lái), never 有否定的意思,ever則只有在問(wèn)句中才會(huì)出現(xiàn)。
[練習(xí)十一]
將以下句子譯成英文,全部用現(xiàn)在完成式:
1.自從1980年,我就每天早上游泳。
2.我已收到了你的信。
3.我從未去過(guò)美國(guó)。
4.從他是一個(gè)小孩開(kāi)始,他就是一個(gè)基督徒(Christian)。
5.我見(jiàn)過(guò)你的祖父。
6.你的弟弟一直住在這里。
7.他學(xué)鋼琴已經(jīng)很久了。
8.我已寫了三封信給他,他都沒(méi)有回。
9.過(guò)去三年我都在開(kāi)這部車。
10.自從1975年以來(lái),他一直是一位老師。
11.他教英文很久了。
12.我曾經(jīng)看過(guò)亂世佳人(Gone with the Wind)。
13.我已吃過(guò)飯了。
14.今年我去過(guò)海灘三次。
15.我終其一生都愛(ài)你的。
[練習(xí)十二]
將以下句子譯成英文,有的用過(guò)去式,有的用現(xiàn)在完成式
1.昨天我去看“亂世佳人”(Gone with the Wind)。
2.我從未看過(guò)“亂世佳人”。
3.去年,我住在美國(guó)。
4.自從1985年,我就一直住在美國(guó)。
5.他從未去過(guò)英國(guó)。
6.他已經(jīng)完成了報(bào)告。
7.我昨天晚上完成了報(bào)告。
8.昨夜,我見(jiàn)到了你的父親。
9.我已經(jīng)見(jiàn)過(guò)你的父親好幾次了。
10.我終生都住在臺(tái)中。
[練習(xí)十三]
填充
1. I (become) a Christian when I was a child.
2. I (be) a Christian all my life.
3. He (live) here since 1939.
4. Stop eating now. You (eat) too much.
5. It (rain) last night.
6. John is a writer. He (written) thirteen novels.
7. Last night, I (see) your father for the first time in my life.
8. I (talk) to my father last night.
9. Since 1961, I (be) a teacher. Before that, I (be) a student.
10. I (read) many novels written by Charles Dickens
4§2現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行式(Present Perfect Progressive Tense)
在上一節(jié),我們知道,如果有一個(gè)行動(dòng),從過(guò)去發(fā)生后,就一直延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在,我們可以用現(xiàn)在完成式。舉例來(lái)說(shuō),以下的例子都應(yīng)該用現(xiàn)在完成式:
自從1974年,我就在學(xué)校學(xué)英文。
Since 1974, I have studied English at school.
自從我大學(xué)畢業(yè)以后,我就在這里工作。
Since I graduated from college, I have worked here.
以第一句話為例,假如我們要強(qiáng)調(diào)我一直在練習(xí)游泳,而且沒(méi)有間斷,我們可以用現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行式(present perfect progressive tense)。所謂現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行式,形式如下:
verb to have + been + present participle
verb to have 是為了完成式,been 和 present participle 都是為了進(jìn)行式。
以下是現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行式的例子:
I have been studying English since 1974.
I have been working here since I graduated from college.
I have been living here since I was a child.
He has been acting like a fool lately.(他近一直在做傻事)
They have been dancing since seven o'clock.
It has been snowing since yesterday.
I have been taking music lessons since last year.
He has been drinking heavily since last year.(他去年起,就一直在酗酒)
[練習(xí)十四]
將以下的句子譯成英文,全部用現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行式:
1. 自從我們是小孩子起,我們就一直努力工作。
2. 從去年起,他就在念英文。
3. 從昨天起,就一直在下雨。
4. 從五時(shí)起,他就在做功課(do homework)。
5. 從三歲起,我就一直住在臺(tái)中。
4§3 過(guò)去完成進(jìn)行式(Past Perfect Progressive Tense)
過(guò)去完成式的形式如下:
had + past participle
過(guò)去完成式是不能單獨(dú)用的。我們用的時(shí)候,必須有另一個(gè)事件。也就是說(shuō),假如我們有兩件事 A 和 B,兩件事都發(fā)生在過(guò)去,但 A 發(fā)生在 B 以前,A 應(yīng)該用過(guò)去完成式,B 則用過(guò)去式。以下是幾個(gè)例子:
他到臺(tái)灣以前,曾學(xué)過(guò)中文。
He had studied Chinese before he came to Taiwan.
他念大學(xué)以前,曾前工作過(guò)。
He had worked before he decided to go to college.
我寫這篇有關(guān)愛(ài)爾蘭的小說(shuō)以前,曾去過(guò)愛(ài)爾蘭。
I had been to Ireland before I wrote this book about Ireland‘s people.
我在上大學(xué)以前,已經(jīng)學(xué)過(guò)微積分。
I had studied calculus before I got into college.
周一以前,已經(jīng)下過(guò)雪了。
It had already snowed before Monday.
如果我們要強(qiáng)調(diào)較早發(fā)生事件的連續(xù)性,我們可以用過(guò)去完成進(jìn)行式。占去完成進(jìn)行式和現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行式惟一不同的地方是 verb to have 的地方一定要用had .以下是一些過(guò)去完成進(jìn)行式的例子:
I had been watching TV before you called me.
I had been working hard in a company for many years before I went to college.
He had been studying before he went to class.
He had been driving all day before he went to sleep.
[練習(xí)十五]
將以下中文句子譯成英文,每一句都要用過(guò)去式和過(guò)去完成式:
1.我十四歲以前,就曾見(jiàn)過(guò)你的母親。
2.我1974年以前,曾去過(guò)美國(guó)。
3.六年前,他曾念過(guò)圣經(jīng)(the Bible)。
4.我念大學(xué)以前,曾經(jīng)是個(gè)工程師(engineer)。
5.你來(lái)以前,我曾打電話給你。
6.在我昨天晚上吃飯以前,曾和李先生見(jiàn)過(guò)面。
7.在他辭職(resign)以前,他是個(gè)好校長(zhǎng)(president)。
8.在他去世(die),他是個(gè)好醫(yī)生。
9.在他到教堂以前,他一直在練習(xí)唱歌。
10.在今天早上八時(shí)以前,天一直在下雨。
[練習(xí)十六]
將以下的中文句子譯成英文,選適宜的時(shí)態(tài)。
1.他昨天去看你的時(shí)候,你在唱歌。
2.他從前是個(gè)好孩子。
3.他們都喜歡打籃球。
4.我們正在看電視。
5.你在臺(tái)灣住了很久了。
6.我已經(jīng)看完了這本書。
7.他們一直都住在這里。
8.我來(lái)以前,曾去過(guò)教堂。
9.他喜歡看日出。
10.他喜歡游泳。
11.他自從六歲起,就一直在學(xué)鋼琴(piano)。
12.他過(guò)去是個(gè)強(qiáng)壯的孩子。
13.在他生病以前,他曾是個(gè)非常健康(healthy)的人。
14.當(dāng)火車進(jìn)站時(shí),人們?cè)谔琛?BR> 15.在戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)爆發(fā)(break out)以前,他曾是個(gè)音樂(lè)家(musician)。
16.我曾見(jiàn)過(guò)你。
17.我去年見(jiàn)過(guò)你。
18.我已經(jīng)將信寫好了。
19.自從1974年以來(lái),我就是一個(gè)軍人(soldier)。
20.我讀了很多英文書。
[練習(xí)十七]
將正確的動(dòng)詞填入以下各句的空白:(有的地方可能有多種答案)
1. He (love) his country.
2. He (love) his country, but now he does not.
3. I (be) a teacher since 1975.
4. I (be) a teacher before I went to college.
5. I (read) Shakespeare ever since I was a little girl.
6. When I went to see her yesterday, she (watch) TV.
7. I (see) your father before I saw you.
8. He (read) many detective stories.
9. He (go) to church every Sunday.
10. It (be) a cold day yesterday.
11. It (rain) for the last two days.
12. I (eat) too much. I am full now.
13. You (be) a nurse before the war broke out.
14. I (have) never (see) you in my life.
15. He (be) a teacher since 1980.
16. It (be) good to eat vegetables every day.
17. It (be) so nice to meet you last night.
18. She (be) such a nice girl before she died.
19. Peter (go) to America many times.
20. He (work) hard since last year. He (hope) to succeed in the college entrance examination this time.
在這我要將英文基本的規(guī)則一一列下。這些規(guī)則都是我們中國(guó)人所常常不注意的。
為了不要誤導(dǎo)讀者,凡本書內(nèi)錯(cuò)誤的句子前面都有〝*〞的符號(hào)。
規(guī)則(1):兩個(gè)動(dòng)詞是不能聯(lián)在一起用的。
在中文,我們常說(shuō)“我是愛(ài)你的”,翻成英文,這就變成了
* I am love you.
滑稽的是,這句英文句子犯了大忌,因?yàn)楱攁m〞是動(dòng)詞,〝love〞也是動(dòng)詞,兩個(gè)動(dòng)詞是不能聯(lián)在一起用的。這句話的正確說(shuō)法是:
I love you. 或者 I am in love with you.
我們中國(guó)人也會(huì)說(shuō)〝我喜歡看電視〞,翻成英文,這變成
* I love watch television.
這個(gè)句子也犯了同樣的錯(cuò)。
以下幾個(gè)句子都是錯(cuò)的,因?yàn)檫@些句子中都有兩個(gè)動(dòng)詞連在一起的情形:
I hate eat fish.
I love play basketball.
I love swim.
如果你一定要講“我愛(ài)游泳”,怎么辦呢?請(qǐng)看以下的規(guī)則。
規(guī)則(2):如一定要同時(shí)用兩個(gè)動(dòng)詞,后者的前面必須加“to”或者將后者加入“ing”。
“我愛(ài)游泳”,因此有兩種正確的譯法:
I love to swim.
I love swimming.
以下的句子都是正確的:
I hate to eat fish.
I hate eating fish.
I love to play basketball.
I love playing basketball
I keep going to church
規(guī)則(3):主詞如果是第三人稱,現(xiàn)在式及單數(shù),動(dòng)詞必須加s.
我們中國(guó)人不容易記得的規(guī)則,恐怕就是這一條了,以下的句子都是錯(cuò)的。
* He write very well.
* Jack love playing the violin.
* Mary swim every day.
正確的句子是:
He writes very well.
Jack loves playing the violin.
Mary swims every day.
規(guī)則(4):絕大多數(shù)的否定的句子,不能直接加“not”。
我們中文對(duì)否定語(yǔ)氣,規(guī)則極為簡(jiǎn)單,我們可以說(shuō)“我不愛(ài)你”,但是我們不能說(shuō)
* I not love you.
我們也不能說(shuō):
* I not saw that movie.
* I not like swimming.
* He not likes playing violin.
我們必須用一種助動(dòng)詞來(lái)完成否定的句子,以下才是正確的否定句子:
I do not love you.
I did not see that movie.
He does not like playing violin.
請(qǐng)注意,在以上的句子中,do和did都是助動(dòng)詞,do是現(xiàn)在式,did是過(guò)去式。
關(guān)于現(xiàn)在式和過(guò)去式,究竟是怎么一回事,以后我們會(huì)解釋清楚的。
助動(dòng)詞不限于“do”和它的變型,can、will、would、shall、may、must等等都是助動(dòng)詞,因此,以下的英文句子又都是對(duì)的:
He can not swim.
They will not go to church tomorrow.
Mary should not go to the party.
I shall not see you.
He may not go out tonight.
He must not eat meat any more.
規(guī)則(5):在不定詞“to”的后面,必須用原形動(dòng)詞
英文中的動(dòng)詞,是會(huì)變化的,以have為例,第一人稱和第三人就不同:
I have a dog.
He has a dog.
如果是過(guò)去式,動(dòng)詞又要變化。have的過(guò)去式是had,不論第幾人稱,一概都要用had.
幾乎每一個(gè)英文動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去式都有變化,以下是幾個(gè)例子:
現(xiàn)在式 過(guò)去式
go went
come came
eat ate
play played
swim swam
不論那一個(gè)動(dòng)詞,都有一個(gè)原形動(dòng)詞,一切都是從這個(gè)原形動(dòng)詞變出來(lái)的,像go、drink、have、walk、love、like等等都是原形動(dòng)詞。
如果我們有必要要用不定詞to,就必須用原形動(dòng)詞,例如to go、to drink、to have,都是正確的,*to went;*to drank;*to loved等等都是錯(cuò)的。
英文中有一個(gè)動(dòng)詞為麻煩,那就是am、are、is、was、were等等,翻譯成中文,這都是,而這些動(dòng)詞的來(lái)源都是be,所以我們說(shuō)這些動(dòng)詞都是verb to be.
以下的句子都用上了〝be〞
I want to be a teacher.
He wants to be a good father.
They all love to be rich.
No one likes to be poor.
規(guī)則(6):英文中有所謂的助動(dòng)詞。必須注意
英文中有很多動(dòng)詞都是助詞動(dòng),在規(guī)則(4)中,我們說(shuō)在絕大多數(shù)的否定語(yǔ)句中,必須用助動(dòng)詞do或did.Do是原形動(dòng)詞,did 和does都是do的變形。
除了do是助動(dòng)詞以外,can、may、might、will、would、must也都是助動(dòng)詞。
以上所提到的助動(dòng)詞,都有一個(gè)共同的特色,那就是這些助動(dòng)詞后的動(dòng)詞必須是原形動(dòng)詞,以下的句子都是正確的:
He can swim.
He does not swim.
I do not speak English.
You must walk to work every day.
I did not work yesterday.
You may leave now.
I will go to Taipei tomorrow.
以下的句子都是錯(cuò)的:
* I did not went.
* He does not goes to work.
* You must walked to work.
除了以上的助動(dòng)詞以外,還有一個(gè)非常特殊的助動(dòng)詞,那就是have,在這個(gè)助動(dòng)詞的后面,動(dòng)詞絕對(duì)不能用原形動(dòng)詞,以下是用這個(gè)助動(dòng)詞的例子:
I have been to England.
I have slept all day.
I have studied English since I was a child.
been、slept 和studied都是過(guò)去分詞(past participle),以下的句子也都是現(xiàn)在完成式,我們后討論完成式的時(shí)候,會(huì)將這些解釋清楚的。
規(guī)則(7):英文問(wèn)句要有助動(dòng)詞
我們先看看以下的英文句子,這些都是錯(cuò)的:
* How many books you wrote?
* How many sons you have?
正確的句子是:
Why do you drink so much water?
How many books did you write?
How many sons do you have?
絕大多數(shù)的英文問(wèn)句子是一定要有助動(dòng)詞,以下全是正確的英文問(wèn)句,你可以看出每一句的助動(dòng)詞嗎?
Do you love me?
Did you go to school yesterday?
How many books do you have?
How much money does he have?
Why don‘t you go back home?
Do you like to swim?
Can you play violin?
Will you go home tomorrow?
Would you give me a call?
當(dāng)然啦,一旦動(dòng)詞是verb to be,我們又不需要助動(dòng)詞了,以下都是正確的英文問(wèn)句:
Are you a teacher?
Is he a student?
Is Mr. Chang your father?
Were your mother and father in England last year?
規(guī)則(8):特殊動(dòng)詞隨主詞的變化
英文中,有些動(dòng)詞因主詞不同而改變,verb to be是其中之一,因此,我們必須記得以下的規(guī)則:
第一人稱 第二人稱 第三人稱
現(xiàn)在式 單數(shù) I am You are (He,She,It)is
復(fù)數(shù) We are You are They are
過(guò)去式 單數(shù) I was You were (He,She,It)was
復(fù)數(shù) We were You were They were
Verb to have也有類似的變化:
第一人稱 第二人稱 第三人稱
現(xiàn)在式 單數(shù) I have You have (He,She,It)has
復(fù)數(shù) We have You have They have
過(guò)去式 單數(shù) I had You had (He,She,It)had
復(fù)數(shù) We had You had They had
[練習(xí)一]
以下的句子都有錯(cuò),請(qǐng)將正確的句子寫出來(lái):
1.* I am like my parent.
2.* He is loves his teacher.
3.* He keeps swim every day.
4.* He wants drink a glass of water.
5.* He likes play violin.
6.* Jack do not love mathematics.
7.* Mary hate singing.
8.* My mother cook very good food.
9.* He want me to see him tomorrow.
10.* He not knows my name.
11.* I not like you.
12.* He not like swimming.
13.* You not went home.
14.* I not like swimming.
15.* I wanted to went to my mother‘s home.
16.* I do not like to swimming.
17.* I did not ate dinner.
18.* I will not went home.
19.* He did not went home.
20.* You may leaving now.
21.* He can swimming.
22.* He does not goes to work.
第二章 現(xiàn)在式和現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行式
2§1 現(xiàn)在式
英文中,現(xiàn)在式(present tense)好像是容易的,其實(shí)現(xiàn)在式都是我們常常用錯(cuò)的時(shí)式。
首先,我們不妨舉一個(gè)例子來(lái)說(shuō)明我們對(duì)現(xiàn)在式慣有的誤解,假設(shè)我們要說(shuō)〝我在吃午飯〞,這總該用現(xiàn)在式了吧。很多人將這句話翻成
I eat lunch.
這就錯(cuò)了,因?yàn)楱擨 eat lunch.〞的意思并不是〝我在吃午飯〞,而是〝我有吃午飯的習(xí)慣〞,意思是說(shuō),有人中午不吃午飯(可能是在減肥),我可是每天中午都會(huì)吃午飯的。
〝我在吃午飯〞,應(yīng)該要用現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行式,這是我們以后會(huì)談的。
現(xiàn)在式不是指任何一個(gè)行為,而是一種狀況。舉例來(lái)說(shuō),以下幾句話都應(yīng)該用現(xiàn)在式:
我是一個(gè)學(xué)生 I am a student.
他是一個(gè)老師 He is a teacher.
他每天游泳 He swims every day.
湯姆勤奮工作 Tom works hard
他早起 He gets up early.
瑪莉喜歡看電影 Mary loves watching movies.
這里常常下雨 It rains often here.
我每天喝一杯牛奶 I drink a glass of milk every day.
我是中國(guó)人 I am a Chinese.
他會(huì)講英文 He speaks English.
他有喝茶的習(xí)慣 He drinks tea.
我騎腳踏車上學(xué) I ride a bicycle to school.
他搭乘公交車上班 He rides a bus to go to work.
我不喜歡你 I do not like you.
他愛(ài)他的太太 He loves his wife.
他守法 He obeys the law.
我不喜歡莎士比亞 I do not like Shakespeare.
他不抽煙 He does not smoke.
他喝酒 He drinks.
他唱歌唱得很好 He sings well.
他跳舞跳得很好 He dances well.
他不會(huì)游泳 He can not swim.
他不是一個(gè)好學(xué)生 He is not a good student.
他們都很懶 They are all very lazy.
凡是真理,自然界的現(xiàn)象,數(shù)學(xué)里的定理,都要用現(xiàn)在式:
太陽(yáng)從東方升起 The sun rises in the east.
地球是圓的 The earth is round.
月亮是地球的一個(gè)衛(wèi)星 The moon is a satellite of the earth.
美國(guó)是一個(gè)大的國(guó)家 America is a large country.
在北極的夏天,太陽(yáng)永不落下 The sun never sets at the North Pole in summer.
樹(shù)葉吸收二氧化碳 Tree leaves absorb CO2 .
計(jì)算機(jī)的基本原理是布爾代數(shù) The basic principle of computers is Boolean algebra
二點(diǎn)決定一線 Two points define a line.
三點(diǎn)決定一平面 Three points define a plane.
三基本顏色是紅、黃、藍(lán) Three of the basic colors are red, yellow and blue.
[練習(xí)二]
將以下中文句子翻成英文,都用現(xiàn)在式。
1.他是一個(gè)好學(xué)生。
2.我的哥哥17歲。
3.我弟弟每天游泳。
4.他們都喜歡音樂(lè)。
5.他們現(xiàn)在在日本。
6.喜瑪拉雅山是全世界高的山。
7.亞馬孫河是全世界長(zhǎng)的。
8.他的爸爸是位老師。
9.我們都喜歡中國(guó)菜。
10.他不喜歡冰淇淋。
11.我愛(ài)你。
12.每個(gè)人都怕蛇。
13.每個(gè)人都喜歡狗。
14.今天真冷。
2§2 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行式
假如我們正在做一件事,是不能用現(xiàn)在式的,而必須用現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行式,現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行式的形態(tài)是:
verb to be + present participle(現(xiàn)在分詞)
verb to be 大家都懂,什么叫做現(xiàn)在分詞呢?現(xiàn)在分詞就是
動(dòng)詞+ing
以下是現(xiàn)在分詞的例子
動(dòng)詞 現(xiàn)在分詞
work working
go going
read reading
run running
play playing
swim swimming
sing singing
write writing
eat eating
walk walking
come coming
love loving
like liking
watch watching
smoke smoking
如果我們說(shuō)
I am watching a movie.
那是指我現(xiàn)在正在看電影,這和
I watch movies.
意義上截然不同的,I watch movies是說(shuō)我有看電影的習(xí)慣。
因此有些動(dòng)詞是沒(méi)有現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行式的,舉例來(lái)說(shuō)
I am loving you.
是不通的,因?yàn)閲?yán)格說(shuō)起來(lái),love是一種狀態(tài),而不是一個(gè)動(dòng)作?,F(xiàn)在進(jìn)行式,都是指動(dòng)作,很少指狀態(tài)的。
以下是現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行式的例子:
I am calling my father.
He is swimming now.
He is playing basketball.
They are all eating now.
He is walking in the woods now.
He is reading a detective novel.
Mr. Brown is driving to work.
Mrs. Brown is cooking.
It is raining now.
[練習(xí)三]
將以下句子譯成英文,都用現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行式:
1.他在看電影。
2.我在游泳。
3.她在和她媽媽打電話。
4.他的哥哥在散步。
5.我現(xiàn)在正在吃飯。
6.我們?cè)诔琛?BR> 7.他在彈鋼琴。
8.他在看一本小說(shuō)。
9.我在寫一封信。
10.他在跑步。
[練習(xí)四]
將下列句子譯成英文,有的用現(xiàn)在式,有的用現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行式:
1.我愛(ài)你。
2.我正在吃飯。
3.他不是一個(gè)學(xué)生。
4.我是一個(gè)老師。
5.他正在唱歌。
6.他在游泳。
7.他喜歡游泳。
8.他會(huì)唱歌。
9.他正在唱歌。
10.他的爸爸是一個(gè)醫(yī)生。
11.他的爸爸在美國(guó)。
12.我正在洗澡。
13.他正在睡覺(jué)。
14.你的姊姊在騎腳踏車。
15.你的姊姊每天騎腳踏車上學(xué)。
第三章 過(guò)去式和過(guò)去進(jìn)行式
3§1 過(guò)去式
過(guò)去式是指過(guò)去所發(fā)生的事,舉例來(lái)說(shuō),假如我昨天去看了一場(chǎng)電影,我就可以說(shuō)
I went to see a movie yesterday.
以下全部是正確的句子:
I saw your father last night.
I met your son last month.
I ate three apples this morning.
He went to church to pray last night.
可是,我們必須非常小心,因?yàn)橐徊恍⌒?,我們就可能犯了大錯(cuò),我們?nèi)绻蚯閭H表示愛(ài)情,當(dāng)然說(shuō)
I love you.
如果我們說(shuō)
I loved you.
事情就可能鬧大了,因?yàn)檫@表示我過(guò)去曾經(jīng)愛(ài)過(guò)你,可是現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)不愛(ài)了。〝I loved you〞等于是〝I loved you before. But I do not love you now.〞
假如我們看過(guò)一個(gè)小男孩然后我們說(shuō)
He was a good boy.
那就是說(shuō)他現(xiàn)在已不是一個(gè)好男孩了,變成了一個(gè)不乖的孩子,或者他已經(jīng)死了。
英文里的過(guò)去式常常是偵探用來(lái)破案的線索。有,有一個(gè)母親,向警察報(bào)案,說(shuō)她的女兒失蹤了,她在記者面前,聲淚俱下地說(shuō)
She was such a nice girl.
警察馬上覺(jué)得這位母親有問(wèn)題,因?yàn)樗辉撚眠^(guò)去式的,用了過(guò)去式,表示女兒已經(jīng)死了,可是母親不是說(shuō)她失蹤了嗎?為什么她用過(guò)去式,極有可能因?yàn)樗浪畠阂呀?jīng)死了,才脫口而出,用了過(guò)去式。警察因此懷疑母親本人就是兇手,事實(shí)也果真如此:這位母親打自己的女兒,出手太重,將女兒打死了,謊報(bào)女兒失蹤,她用了過(guò)去式,使警察知道她有問(wèn)題。整個(gè)案子的偵破,就在于過(guò)去式。
我們因此不能輕易用過(guò)去式,但我們也千萬(wàn)要注意,該用過(guò)去式的時(shí)候,一定要用過(guò)去式,以下句子都是錯(cuò)的:
*I go to school yesterday.
*I see a movie last night.
*My mother comes to see me last month.
*I eat three apples this morning.
*He is happy yesterday.
以上句子的正確寫法是:
I went to school yesterday.
I saw a movie last night.
My mother came to see me last month.
I ate three apples this morning.
He was happy yesterday.
[練習(xí)五]
將以下中文句子翻成英文,全部用過(guò)去式:
1.我昨天參加了一個(gè)舞會(huì)。
2.他的哥哥昨天打電話給我。
3.我去年到美國(guó)去。
4.昨夜我遇到你的姊姊。
5.我寫了一封信給你。
6.我今晨吃了一個(gè)蛋。
7.他昨夜整夜跳舞。
8.我們昨天跑了五千公尺。
9.他昨夜非常疲倦。
10.他昨夜去臺(tái)北探訪他的爸爸。
[練習(xí)六]
將下列的句子譯成英文句子,有的用現(xiàn)在式,有的用過(guò)去式:
1.他是一個(gè)強(qiáng)壯的男孩。
2.他昨天生病了。
3.他每天吃一個(gè)蘋果。
4.他昨天吃了三個(gè)蘋果。
5.我喜歡看電影。
6.我是個(gè)快樂(lè)的人。
7.昨天我看了兩場(chǎng)電影。
8.他昨天寄了一封信給你。
9.他常常抽煙。
10.我每天讀圣經(jīng)。
11.他昨天沒(méi)有念圣經(jīng)。
12.他昨天沒(méi)有游泳。
[練習(xí)七]
將以下句子譯成英文,用現(xiàn)在式,現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行式或過(guò)去式:
1.他在打籃球。
2.他喜歡打籃球。
3.他昨天打籃球。
4.他每天騎腳踏車上學(xué)。
5.他昨天騎腳踏車到鄉(xiāng)下去。
6.我喜歡唱歌。
7.他正在唱歌。
8.你的爸爸昨天來(lái)看我。
9.他的哥哥每天步行二公里。
10.他的弟弟是個(gè)好孩子。
11.他去年非常虛弱。
12.他正在打電話。
13.他每天都努力工作(work hard)。
14.你的弟弟喜歡游泳。
15.他過(guò)去是個(gè)好學(xué)生。
3§2 過(guò)去進(jìn)行式
過(guò)去進(jìn)行式和現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行式有點(diǎn)類似,只是verb to be要用過(guò)去式的。可是有一點(diǎn)不同,過(guò)去進(jìn)行式,很少單獨(dú)用的,而常和另一句子一齊用。舉例來(lái)說(shuō)以下的中文句子:
我昨天去看你的時(shí)候,你正在打籃球,如譯成中文,就是
You were playing basketball when I went to see you yesterday.
以下是典型的過(guò)去進(jìn)行式用法
I was taking a bath when you called.
I was watching TV when you came to see me.
They were dancing when the teacher came in.
They were singing in the station when the train arrived.
Mr. Brown was cleaning his house when his son came home.
總而言之,過(guò)去進(jìn)行式通常牽涉到幾件事,這兩件事同時(shí)發(fā)生,其中一件事用過(guò)去式,另一件事用過(guò)去進(jìn)行式
[練習(xí)八]
將以下句子譯成英文,其中一部份使用過(guò)去進(jìn)行式:
1.他昨天到學(xué)校去的時(shí)候,天在下雨。
2.當(dāng)火車停下的時(shí)候,他在看報(bào)(read newspaper)。
3.當(dāng)火車進(jìn)站的時(shí)候,他們?cè)诔琛?BR> 4.我昨天去他家的時(shí)候,他在和他爸爸打電話。
5.昨天晚上八點(diǎn)鐘,我在家看電視。
6.當(dāng)我爸爸昨晚打電話給我的時(shí)候,我正在刷牙(brush my teeth)。
7.當(dāng)我昨晚打電話給他時(shí),他在游泳。
8.當(dāng)這貓走進(jìn)來(lái)的時(shí)候,那只狗在睡覺(jué)。
9.當(dāng)他弟弟回家的時(shí)候,他在拉小提琴。
10.當(dāng)我爸爸回家的時(shí)候,我媽媽在燒飯。
[練習(xí)九]
填充
1. I (be) a Christian.
2. He (be) a Catholic when he was a child.
3. I (go) to see my mother yesterday.
4. I (like) to play piano.
5. He (eat) now.
6. It (rain) now.
7. He (walk) to school every day.
8. He (walk) now.
9. He (be) a good boy.
10. He (swim) when I called him.
11. He (go) to see his mother yesterday.
12. I (take) a bath when my mother called me.
13. I (like) to swim.
14. I (like) to swim when I was young. Now, I don‘t because I am too old.
15. It (rain) now.
16. It (rain) when I drove to work yesterday.
17. It (rain) last night.
18. It (rain)very often here.
19. He (read) a book when I went to see him yesterday.
20. I (be) a student when I was young. Now I am a teacher.
[練習(xí)十]
改正以下句子的錯(cuò)誤
*They are driving when I went to see them yesterday.
*It rained here very often in Taipei.
*He gives his book to his brother last month.
*He go to work every morning.
*He likes to told stories.
*I like to went to church.
*The sun sets now.
*They are play the piano now.
*I am love you.
*He were a good student before.
*He goes to church last Sunday.
*It rains last night.
*I am playing when you called.
*It is raining when I drove to work last night.
*He do not know me.
*I were swimming when my mother came.
*They is singing now.
*He do not like to swim.
*He always wear a black coat.
*He is watch TV now.
第四章 完成式(Perfect Tense)
4§1 現(xiàn)在完成式(Present Perfect Tense)
完成式的形式是 verb to have + past participle,每一個(gè)動(dòng)詞,都有過(guò)去式和過(guò)去分詞,以下就是一些例子:
原式 過(guò)去式 過(guò)去分詞(past participle)
go went gone
come came come
see saw seen
do did done
watch watched watched
get got gotten(或got)
have had had
use used used
buy bought bought
listen listened listened
draw drew drawn
paint painted painted
leave left left
arrive arrived arrived
dance danced danced
kill killed killed
write wrote written
run ran run
swim swam swum
snow snowed snowed
eat ate eaten
love loved loved
fly flew flown
spread spread spread
hit hit hit
drink drank drunk
take took taken
grow grew grown
sell sold sold
ride rode ridden
steal stole stolen
break broke broken
walk walked walked
read read read
sing sang sung
work worked worked
以下的句子都是用了現(xiàn)在完成式:
I have read this book.
I have seen the movie.
I have lived here since 1973.
I have studied English for a long time.
He has washed his hands.
He has left.
He has already completed the report.
The storm has arrived.
I have taken the job.
I have written the letters.
I have not seen him since 1975.
I have never seen this man before.
什么情況之下要用現(xiàn)在完成式呢?
首先假設(shè)我們有一件事,發(fā)生在過(guò)去,而一直延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在,就要用現(xiàn)在完成式,這種句子后面常有since或for.以下是這種情形的例子:
(1)自從1963年,我一直在念英文。
I have studied English since 1963.
(2)自從1975年以后,我就住在這里。
I have lived here since 1975.
(3)自從我是一個(gè)小孩子,我就喜歡搖滾樂(lè)。
I have loved rock and roll music since I was a child.
(4)自從去年,我就從來(lái)沒(méi)有見(jiàn)過(guò)他。
Since last year, I have never seen him.
(5)自從1950年以后,他就一直在此工作。
He has worked here since 1950.
(6)我認(rèn)識(shí)他已經(jīng)很久了。
I have known him for a long time.
(7)他練習(xí)網(wǎng)球已經(jīng)四年了。
He has already practiced tennis for (the past) four years.
(8)我穿這件夾克很久了。
I have worn this jacket for a very long time.
(9)我開(kāi)這輛汽車很久了。
I have driven this car for a long time.
(10)好久沒(méi)有下雨了。
It has not rained for a long time.
2.使用現(xiàn)在完成式的另一情況是強(qiáng)調(diào)已經(jīng)完成的事,比方說(shuō),你說(shuō)“我已經(jīng)寫了那封信”,就可以用現(xiàn)在完成式,或者,你說(shuō)“他已經(jīng)完成了工作”。以下是這類的例子:
(1)我已經(jīng)寫了這封信。
I have already written the letter.
(2)他已經(jīng)完成了工作。
He has already completed the work.
(3)我已經(jīng)測(cè)試了這個(gè)程序。
I have already tested the program.
(4)我已經(jīng)收到了你的信。
I have already received your letter.
(5)他已搬到了一個(gè)較大的房子。
He has already moved to a bigger house.
(6)雖然他很年輕,但他已寫了三本小說(shuō)。
Although he is young, he has already written three novels.
(7)我打了二次電話給他,他都沒(méi)有回答。
I called him twice, he has never answered.
3.現(xiàn)在完成式用來(lái)表示一種經(jīng)驗(yàn),舉例來(lái)說(shuō),“我曾經(jīng)到過(guò)美國(guó)”、“我曾見(jiàn)過(guò)李總統(tǒng)”、“我有生以來(lái)沒(méi)有跳過(guò)舞”,這些都應(yīng)該用現(xiàn)在完成式,例如:
我曾經(jīng)到過(guò)美國(guó)。
I have been to America.
我曾見(jiàn)過(guò)李總統(tǒng)。
I have seen President Lee.
我有生以來(lái)沒(méi)有跳過(guò)舞。
I have never danced in my life.
我看過(guò)“雙城記”。
I have read The Tale of Two Cities.
他曾吃過(guò)這種冰淇淋。
He has tasted this kind of ice cream.
我未曾見(jiàn)過(guò)雪。
I have never seen snow.
你曾見(jiàn)過(guò)雪嗎?
Have you ever seen snow?
你登過(guò)玉山嗎?
Have you ever climbed Jade Mountain?
4.現(xiàn)在完成式可以用來(lái)表示一件過(guò)去常發(fā)生的事:
今年我國(guó)已有二次臺(tái)風(fēng)。
We have already had two typhoons so far this year.
他今年已發(fā)表了三篇論文。
He has already published three papers this year.
過(guò)去一年,我看了三次“鐵達(dá)尼號(hào)”。
In the past year, I have seen The Titanic three times.
對(duì)讀者而言,重要的是“現(xiàn)在完成式”和“過(guò)去式”不同究竟在那里?重要的不同在于,一旦在句子中講一件過(guò)去發(fā)生的事,而且指定特定的時(shí)間,就一定要用“過(guò)去式”,而不能用“現(xiàn)在完成式”。比方說(shuō),“我曾經(jīng)看過(guò)“鐵達(dá)尼號(hào)”,可以用現(xiàn)在完成式,因?yàn)檫@句話沒(méi)有指明任何特定的時(shí)間,假如說(shuō),我昨天晚上去看“鐵達(dá)尼號(hào)”,就一定用過(guò)去式,讀者不妨看看以下的比較:
(a)I went to America last year.
I have been to America.
(b)I saw The Titanic last year.
I have seen The Titanic twice.
(c)I finished my homework late last night.
I have finally finished my homework.
(d)I studied English when I was a small child.
I have studied English since I was a child.
(e)I went to church yesterday.
I have never been to church.
以下的句子是錯(cuò)的,請(qǐng)?zhí)貏e注意:
*(1)I have seen the movie last year.
*(2)I have never been to America last year.
*(3)He has never finished his work last night.
現(xiàn)在完成式常和since、for、already、never、ever等字一起使用,以下都是這類的例子:
(1)I have already had dinner.
(2)Since this summer began, we have already had two storms.
(3)It has not rained for a long time.
(4)I have never talked to this man before.
(5)I have never met your father.
(6)Have you ever been to America?
(7)He has already won three awards.
(8)I have stayed here since June.
Never 和 ever 也常是我們弄不清楚如何使用的字,一般說(shuō)來(lái), never 有否定的意思,ever則只有在問(wèn)句中才會(huì)出現(xiàn)。
[練習(xí)十一]
將以下句子譯成英文,全部用現(xiàn)在完成式:
1.自從1980年,我就每天早上游泳。
2.我已收到了你的信。
3.我從未去過(guò)美國(guó)。
4.從他是一個(gè)小孩開(kāi)始,他就是一個(gè)基督徒(Christian)。
5.我見(jiàn)過(guò)你的祖父。
6.你的弟弟一直住在這里。
7.他學(xué)鋼琴已經(jīng)很久了。
8.我已寫了三封信給他,他都沒(méi)有回。
9.過(guò)去三年我都在開(kāi)這部車。
10.自從1975年以來(lái),他一直是一位老師。
11.他教英文很久了。
12.我曾經(jīng)看過(guò)亂世佳人(Gone with the Wind)。
13.我已吃過(guò)飯了。
14.今年我去過(guò)海灘三次。
15.我終其一生都愛(ài)你的。
[練習(xí)十二]
將以下句子譯成英文,有的用過(guò)去式,有的用現(xiàn)在完成式
1.昨天我去看“亂世佳人”(Gone with the Wind)。
2.我從未看過(guò)“亂世佳人”。
3.去年,我住在美國(guó)。
4.自從1985年,我就一直住在美國(guó)。
5.他從未去過(guò)英國(guó)。
6.他已經(jīng)完成了報(bào)告。
7.我昨天晚上完成了報(bào)告。
8.昨夜,我見(jiàn)到了你的父親。
9.我已經(jīng)見(jiàn)過(guò)你的父親好幾次了。
10.我終生都住在臺(tái)中。
[練習(xí)十三]
填充
1. I (become) a Christian when I was a child.
2. I (be) a Christian all my life.
3. He (live) here since 1939.
4. Stop eating now. You (eat) too much.
5. It (rain) last night.
6. John is a writer. He (written) thirteen novels.
7. Last night, I (see) your father for the first time in my life.
8. I (talk) to my father last night.
9. Since 1961, I (be) a teacher. Before that, I (be) a student.
10. I (read) many novels written by Charles Dickens
4§2現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行式(Present Perfect Progressive Tense)
在上一節(jié),我們知道,如果有一個(gè)行動(dòng),從過(guò)去發(fā)生后,就一直延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在,我們可以用現(xiàn)在完成式。舉例來(lái)說(shuō),以下的例子都應(yīng)該用現(xiàn)在完成式:
自從1974年,我就在學(xué)校學(xué)英文。
Since 1974, I have studied English at school.
自從我大學(xué)畢業(yè)以后,我就在這里工作。
Since I graduated from college, I have worked here.
以第一句話為例,假如我們要強(qiáng)調(diào)我一直在練習(xí)游泳,而且沒(méi)有間斷,我們可以用現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行式(present perfect progressive tense)。所謂現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行式,形式如下:
verb to have + been + present participle
verb to have 是為了完成式,been 和 present participle 都是為了進(jìn)行式。
以下是現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行式的例子:
I have been studying English since 1974.
I have been working here since I graduated from college.
I have been living here since I was a child.
He has been acting like a fool lately.(他近一直在做傻事)
They have been dancing since seven o'clock.
It has been snowing since yesterday.
I have been taking music lessons since last year.
He has been drinking heavily since last year.(他去年起,就一直在酗酒)
[練習(xí)十四]
將以下的句子譯成英文,全部用現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行式:
1. 自從我們是小孩子起,我們就一直努力工作。
2. 從去年起,他就在念英文。
3. 從昨天起,就一直在下雨。
4. 從五時(shí)起,他就在做功課(do homework)。
5. 從三歲起,我就一直住在臺(tái)中。
4§3 過(guò)去完成進(jìn)行式(Past Perfect Progressive Tense)
過(guò)去完成式的形式如下:
had + past participle
過(guò)去完成式是不能單獨(dú)用的。我們用的時(shí)候,必須有另一個(gè)事件。也就是說(shuō),假如我們有兩件事 A 和 B,兩件事都發(fā)生在過(guò)去,但 A 發(fā)生在 B 以前,A 應(yīng)該用過(guò)去完成式,B 則用過(guò)去式。以下是幾個(gè)例子:
他到臺(tái)灣以前,曾學(xué)過(guò)中文。
He had studied Chinese before he came to Taiwan.
他念大學(xué)以前,曾前工作過(guò)。
He had worked before he decided to go to college.
我寫這篇有關(guān)愛(ài)爾蘭的小說(shuō)以前,曾去過(guò)愛(ài)爾蘭。
I had been to Ireland before I wrote this book about Ireland‘s people.
我在上大學(xué)以前,已經(jīng)學(xué)過(guò)微積分。
I had studied calculus before I got into college.
周一以前,已經(jīng)下過(guò)雪了。
It had already snowed before Monday.
如果我們要強(qiáng)調(diào)較早發(fā)生事件的連續(xù)性,我們可以用過(guò)去完成進(jìn)行式。占去完成進(jìn)行式和現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行式惟一不同的地方是 verb to have 的地方一定要用had .以下是一些過(guò)去完成進(jìn)行式的例子:
I had been watching TV before you called me.
I had been working hard in a company for many years before I went to college.
He had been studying before he went to class.
He had been driving all day before he went to sleep.
[練習(xí)十五]
將以下中文句子譯成英文,每一句都要用過(guò)去式和過(guò)去完成式:
1.我十四歲以前,就曾見(jiàn)過(guò)你的母親。
2.我1974年以前,曾去過(guò)美國(guó)。
3.六年前,他曾念過(guò)圣經(jīng)(the Bible)。
4.我念大學(xué)以前,曾經(jīng)是個(gè)工程師(engineer)。
5.你來(lái)以前,我曾打電話給你。
6.在我昨天晚上吃飯以前,曾和李先生見(jiàn)過(guò)面。
7.在他辭職(resign)以前,他是個(gè)好校長(zhǎng)(president)。
8.在他去世(die),他是個(gè)好醫(yī)生。
9.在他到教堂以前,他一直在練習(xí)唱歌。
10.在今天早上八時(shí)以前,天一直在下雨。
[練習(xí)十六]
將以下的中文句子譯成英文,選適宜的時(shí)態(tài)。
1.他昨天去看你的時(shí)候,你在唱歌。
2.他從前是個(gè)好孩子。
3.他們都喜歡打籃球。
4.我們正在看電視。
5.你在臺(tái)灣住了很久了。
6.我已經(jīng)看完了這本書。
7.他們一直都住在這里。
8.我來(lái)以前,曾去過(guò)教堂。
9.他喜歡看日出。
10.他喜歡游泳。
11.他自從六歲起,就一直在學(xué)鋼琴(piano)。
12.他過(guò)去是個(gè)強(qiáng)壯的孩子。
13.在他生病以前,他曾是個(gè)非常健康(healthy)的人。
14.當(dāng)火車進(jìn)站時(shí),人們?cè)谔琛?BR> 15.在戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)爆發(fā)(break out)以前,他曾是個(gè)音樂(lè)家(musician)。
16.我曾見(jiàn)過(guò)你。
17.我去年見(jiàn)過(guò)你。
18.我已經(jīng)將信寫好了。
19.自從1974年以來(lái),我就是一個(gè)軍人(soldier)。
20.我讀了很多英文書。
[練習(xí)十七]
將正確的動(dòng)詞填入以下各句的空白:(有的地方可能有多種答案)
1. He (love) his country.
2. He (love) his country, but now he does not.
3. I (be) a teacher since 1975.
4. I (be) a teacher before I went to college.
5. I (read) Shakespeare ever since I was a little girl.
6. When I went to see her yesterday, she (watch) TV.
7. I (see) your father before I saw you.
8. He (read) many detective stories.
9. He (go) to church every Sunday.
10. It (be) a cold day yesterday.
11. It (rain) for the last two days.
12. I (eat) too much. I am full now.
13. You (be) a nurse before the war broke out.
14. I (have) never (see) you in my life.
15. He (be) a teacher since 1980.
16. It (be) good to eat vegetables every day.
17. It (be) so nice to meet you last night.
18. She (be) such a nice girl before she died.
19. Peter (go) to America many times.
20. He (work) hard since last year. He (hope) to succeed in the college entrance examination this time.