自考英語寫作大匯總(2)

字號:

第二部分:寫作常識
    一、圖形種類及概述法:
    泛指一份數(shù)據(jù)圖表:a data graph/chart/diagram/illustration/table
    餅圖:pie chart
    直方圖或柱形圖:bar chart/histogram
    趨勢曲線圖:line chart/curve diagram
    表格圖:table
    流程圖或過程圖:flow chart/sequence diagram
    程序圖:processing/procedures diagram
    以下是一些較常用的描述用法
    The table/chart diagram/graph shows (that)
    According to the table/chart diagram/graph
    As (is) shown in the table/chart diagram/graph
    As can be seen from the table/chart/diagram/graph/figures,
    figures/statistics shows (that)……
    It can be seen from the figures/statistics
    We can see from the figures/statistics
    It is clear from the figures/statistics
    It is apparent from the figures/statistics
    table/chart/diagram/graph figures (that) ……
    table/chart/diagram/graph shows/describes/illustrates how
    二、data的具體表達(dá)法
    data在某一個(gè)時(shí)間段固定不變:fixed in time
    在一系列的時(shí)間段中轉(zhuǎn)變:changes over time
    持續(xù)變化的data在不同情況下:
    增加:increase/raise/rise/go up ……
    減少:decrease/grow down/drop/fall ……
    波動:fluctuate/rebound/undulate/wave ……
    穩(wěn)定:remain stable/stabilize/level off ……
    最常用的兩種表達(dá)法:
    動詞 + 副詞形式(Verb+Adverb form)
    形容詞 + 名詞形式(Adjective+Noun form)
    1. Verb+Adverb form
    The number of XXX
    +increase/jump/rise/decrease/drop/fall/fluctuate……
    +insignificantly/significantly/slightly/suddenly/rapidly/dramatically/sharply/steeply/steadily/gradually/slowly……
    +from (第一時(shí)間) to (第二時(shí)間)/between (第一時(shí)間) and (第二時(shí)間)
    2. Adjective+Noun form
    There was a (very) sudden/rapid/dramatic/significant/sharp/steep/steady/gradual/slow/slight
    +increase/jump/rise/decrease/drop/fall/fluctuation (注意:上述很多詞不可用于修飾fluctuation)
    +in the number of XXX from (第一時(shí)間) to (第二時(shí)間)/between (第一時(shí)間) and (第二時(shí)間)
    描述穩(wěn)定的data:
    The number of XXX remained steady/stable from (第一時(shí)間) to (第二時(shí)間)/between (第一時(shí)間) and (第二時(shí)間)
    The number of XXX stayed the same from (第一時(shí)間) to (第二時(shí)間)/between (第一時(shí)間) and (第二時(shí)間)
    There was little change/hardly any change/no change in the number of XXX from from (第一時(shí)間) to (第二時(shí)間)/between (第一時(shí)間) and (第二時(shí)間)
    描述不同狀態(tài)的data
    Noun form:
    steady drop/sharp rise peak/dramatic fall/sharp drop
    Verbal form:
    (to) bottom out/(to) reach the bottom/(to) increase gradually/(to) reach a plateau/(to) remain steady
    描述the highest point以及the lowest point
    高點(diǎn)極值:
    The monthly profit/The figures/The situation ……
    +peaked in (月份/年) <準(zhǔn)確時(shí)間點(diǎn)用at XXX> at XXX%/XXX(極點(diǎn)data)
    或者reached a peak/a high point at XXX%/XXX(極點(diǎn)data)
    低點(diǎn)極值:
    XXX bottomed out/reached
    +rock/the bottom/a low point
    或者h(yuǎn)it a trough
    此外,在描述過程中還有很多的conjunctional words/sentences,最常用的固定搭配如下:
    并列: as well as(句首/中), also, as well(句尾), either, neither, too, moreover, furthermore, in addition, additionally, besides, what's more, apart from ……
    舉例: for example, for instance, to illustrate, as an illustration, in particular, particularly, especially
    事實(shí): as a matter of fact, in fact, actually, as long as, so long as ……
    雷同/近似:similarly, likewise(句首/尾), at the same time, equally ……
    轉(zhuǎn)折: however, whereas, nevertheless, nonetheless, though, although, even though, while, yet, on the contrary, contrarily, in contrast, conversely, on the other hand, unlikely, in stead (of), in spite of, despite of ……
    原因與結(jié)果
    1. cause-suggestion (幾乎不常用)
    since/now that ……; I hope that……
    because of/on account of/owing to/thanks to + (doing) sth, I hope that……
    2. cause-effect (較常用)
    XXX lead to/bring about/result in/ account for ……
    (一個(gè)句子), therefore/thus/hence/as a result/consequently/(and) so ……
    3. effect-cause (較常用)
    XXX be caused by/result from/be the result of/be the effect of/be the consequence of ……
    (一個(gè)句子), because ……
    it is adj. that ……
    it is unimaginable that ……
    it is undeniable that ……
    it is interesting to discover that ……
    三、其它相關(guān)常用詞(組)
    1. 主章開頭
    圖表類型:table; chart; diagram; graph; column chart; pie graph
    描述:show; describe; illustrate; can be seen from; clear; apparent; reveal; represent
    內(nèi)容:figure; statistic; number; percentage; proportion
    2. 表示數(shù)據(jù)
    一般:have 10%; at 10%; over 10%
    (低)點(diǎn):peaked; reached a peak/high point
    bottomed out; reached the bottom
    變化:recover 略有回升; increase; jump; rise/rose; climb
    decrease; fall/fell; drop; decline; reduce
    fluctuate 浮動,搖擺不定
    remained steady/stable; stay the same; little/hardly any /no change
    變化程度:sudden/suddenly 突然的,意外的
    rapid/rapidly 迅速的,飛快的,險(xiǎn)峻的
    dramatic/dramatically 戲劇性的,生動的
    significant/significantly 有意義的,重大的,重要的
    sharp/sharply 銳利的,明顯的,急劇的
    steep/steeply 急劇升降的
    steady/steadily 穩(wěn)固的,堅(jiān)定不移的
    gradual/gradually 漸進(jìn)的,逐漸的
    slow/slowly 緩慢的,不活躍的
    slight/slightly輕微的、略微地
    stable/stably 穩(wěn)定的
    表示范圍:from XXX to XXX; between XXX and XXX; for XXX to XXX多長時(shí)間直到
    表示程度:almost adv. 幾乎,差不多
    nearly adv. 幾乎,密切地
    approximately adv. 近似的,大約
    about adv. 附近, 大約,轉(zhuǎn)向,左右,周圍
    just over 剛超過
    over adv. 結(jié)束,越過,從頭到尾
    exactly adv. 正確地,嚴(yán)密地
    precisely adv. 正好 精確地;清晰地
    比例:20 per cent 20%
    one in three 1/3
    one out of every four 1/4
    3. 其它在描述中的常用到的詞
    significant changes 圖中一些較大變化
    noticeable trend 明顯趨勢
    during the same period 在同一時(shí)期
    grow/grew 增長
    distribute 分布,區(qū)別
    unequally 不相等地
    pronounced 明顯的
    average 平均
    no doubt 無疑地
    corresponding adj. 相應(yīng)的,通訊的
    represent vt. 闡述,表現(xiàn)
    overall 總體上講
    except 除外
    in the case of adv. 在……的情況下
    in terms of/in respect of/regarding 在……方面
    in contrast 相反,大不相同
    in conclusion adv. 最后,總之
    in comparison 相比之下
    inversely adv. 相反地,倒轉(zhuǎn)地
    in general 通常,大體上,一般而言
    range from
    excessive adj. 過多的,過分的,額外
    lower v.降低,跌落
    elapse vi.(時(shí)間)過去,消逝
    category n.種類
    government policy 政府政策
    market forces 市場規(guī)率
    measure n. 尺寸,方法,措施 v.估量,調(diào)節(jié)
    forecast n. 先見,預(yù)見 v. 預(yù)測