exercise 6
a.fill in the blanks with the where necessary:
1. thames, seine and rhine are famous rivers.
2. samuel johnson who was a professor of columbia university was not samuel johnson who was a famous english writer.
3. andes are in south america, and alps are in europe.
4. wool of which this suit is made comes from australian sheep.
5. wool is one of chief exports from australia.
6. he remembers london of past and says it was gayer than london of today.
7. gulf of mexico and caribbean sea are really part of atlantic ocean.
8. macy’s (商店名) is on 34th street between broadway and seventh avenue.
9. mr jenkins reads daily telegraph but his wife reads times.
10. frank is a student at liverpool university.
b.translate the following into english:
1.大英博物館 2.蘇伊士運河 3.這兩個詞的區(qū)別
4.威爾遜一家 5.在第一排 6.1949年 7.在1935年秋天
exercise 7
cross out articles that are unnecessary in the following passage:
the people everywhere in the world might say, “when the strangers do not understand the customs that we follow, they are confused and do not understand what is happening.” the good manners are different in the different parts of the world. in many places, for example, accepting the gifts or anything important with the left hand shows the bad manners and even the rudeness. people with the good manners accept the important things with the both hands or at least with the right hand. using the left hand to accept the important things shows not only the discourtesy (無禮，失禮) but also shows that the person who is accepting thinks the thing being given is worthless. in the europe and the north america, however, the people do not follow this custom and give and receive with either hand without thinking about the meaning of what they are doing.
六、標點符號用法講練
標點符號 (punctuation marks) 主要用來明確語句的含義，標示一個句子或句子中各個成分的起止，以及彼此間的語法或語義上的關系。常用的標點符號有：
i) 句號 ( . ) (period, full stop)
ii) 問號 ( ? ) (interrogation mark)
iii) 感嘆號 ( ! ) (exclamation mark)
iv) 逗號( , ) (comma)
v) 分號( ; ) (semicolon)
vi) 冒號( : ) (colon)
vii) 破折號 ( — ) (dash)
viii) 括號( [ ] ) (parentheses)
ix) 引號 ( “ ” )(quotation marks)
x) 連字號 ( - ) (hyphen)
xi) 撇號( ’ ) (apostrophe)
xii) 刪節(jié)號 (…) (ellipsis)
上列標點符號，可歸納為三種情況：i) — iii) 用于句尾;iv) — ix) 用于句中;x) —xi)用于詞內(nèi)。最后一個符號常用于引文中，表示刪掉一些文字。
(一)主要標點符號的用法
1) 逗號 (comma)
主要用于：
a) 并列的詞或句子。例如：
solids , liquids and gases can be changed from one to another.
from l926 until his death in l953, thorpe lived a poor , lonely , unhappy life.
there’s only enough room for people to walk in , take one of the eleven inserts , roll them together , slip a rubber band around them and slide them into a plastic bag.
the present is living , the past dead , and the future unknowable.
b) 狀語(包括從句，動詞-ing形式，獨立結構，不定式短語，介詞短語等)。例如：
when water is heated , it will be changed into vapour.
john , seeing that his brother was hurt , ran to help him. 或seeing that his brother was hurt , john ran to help him.
work is done , even by a force acting at a distance.
to make the trip more exciting for the kids , oscar kept the destination a secret.
after the heartbreaking experience , thorpe turned to professional sports.
c) 非限定形容詞從句或插入語。例如：
at l0 a.m.we arrived at the railway station , where jane was waiting for us.
you know , of course , what a phrasal verb is. i needn’t , therefore , explain it now.
d) 呼語、同位語。例如：
george , tell dick the answer to the question.
he was a direct descendant of the famous warrior chief , black hawk.
e) 日期、數(shù)字、地址。例如：
chichester began the greatest voyage of his life in august , 1966.
the voyage from england and back covered 28, 2500 miles.
please send it to 1932 hill road , london s.e. 18.(門牌號和街名間無標點)
f) 姓名(姓在名前面時)，非正式信件的抬頭或信末署名前的客套語。例如：
shakespeare , william
einstein , albert
dear philip ,
sincerely yours ,
2) 分號(semicolon)
主要用于：
a) 兩個或兩個以上意義有聯(lián)系的分句中間。例如：
understanding is a two-way operation ; learning doesn’t consist in being an empty receptacle.
work is more than a necessity for most human beings ; it is the focus of their lives, the source of their identity and creativity.
some farmers were hauling water out to their thirsty stock daily ; others were trying to drill deep wells.
not only do lies provide the “help” hoped for by advocates of benevolent deception ; they invade the autonomy of patients and render them unable to make informed choices concerning their own health.
b) 列舉事物，尤其是其間有逗號時。例如：
there will be three foreign teachers next term: miss ann smith from boston, america ; mr. john baker from london, england ; and ms mary blake from sydney, australia.
3) 冒號(colon)
主要用于：
a) 列舉事物。例如：
that was a tale of two cities : london and paris.
it may also be said that rational, industrious, useful human beings are divided into two classes : first, those whose work is work and whose pleasure is pleasure; and second, those whose work and pleasure are one.
b) 注釋句之前。例如：
i’ve just had some good news : i’ve been offered a part-time job in the computer center.
these seat covers are the most durable kind : they are reinforced with double stitching and covered with a heavy plastic coating.
4) 破折號(dash)
主要用于：
a) 注釋性的詞語或句子前;如用于句子中間，前后都要有破折號。例如：
there is a way to decide any question — experiment.
somewhere or other — i think it is in the preface to saint joan — bernard shaw remarks that we are more gullible and superstitious today than we were in the middle ages.
b) 補充性的成分。例如：
life — and death, too — is a cycle that goes round and round. i teach because teaching is a profession built on change. when the material is the same, i change — and more important, my students change.
c) 總括所列舉的事物。例如：
the complex operation required new methods for directing the combined endeavors of thousands and thousands of minds, some in government, some in universities, some in private industry — all working together for a common purpose.
d) 突然轉折。例如：
one little problem is that a computer can’t laugh yet — but the scientists are working on it.
5) 撇號
a) 用作省略號。例如：o’er ( = over), it’s = (it is).
b) 用作所有格符號。例如：mary’s handbag, the l990’s。
c) 構成字母、數(shù)字或縮寫的復數(shù)形式。例如：the four a’s。
a.fill in the blanks with the where necessary:
1. thames, seine and rhine are famous rivers.
2. samuel johnson who was a professor of columbia university was not samuel johnson who was a famous english writer.
3. andes are in south america, and alps are in europe.
4. wool of which this suit is made comes from australian sheep.
5. wool is one of chief exports from australia.
6. he remembers london of past and says it was gayer than london of today.
7. gulf of mexico and caribbean sea are really part of atlantic ocean.
8. macy’s (商店名) is on 34th street between broadway and seventh avenue.
9. mr jenkins reads daily telegraph but his wife reads times.
10. frank is a student at liverpool university.
b.translate the following into english:
1.大英博物館 2.蘇伊士運河 3.這兩個詞的區(qū)別
4.威爾遜一家 5.在第一排 6.1949年 7.在1935年秋天
exercise 7
cross out articles that are unnecessary in the following passage:
the people everywhere in the world might say, “when the strangers do not understand the customs that we follow, they are confused and do not understand what is happening.” the good manners are different in the different parts of the world. in many places, for example, accepting the gifts or anything important with the left hand shows the bad manners and even the rudeness. people with the good manners accept the important things with the both hands or at least with the right hand. using the left hand to accept the important things shows not only the discourtesy (無禮，失禮) but also shows that the person who is accepting thinks the thing being given is worthless. in the europe and the north america, however, the people do not follow this custom and give and receive with either hand without thinking about the meaning of what they are doing.
六、標點符號用法講練
標點符號 (punctuation marks) 主要用來明確語句的含義，標示一個句子或句子中各個成分的起止，以及彼此間的語法或語義上的關系。常用的標點符號有：
i) 句號 ( . ) (period, full stop)
ii) 問號 ( ? ) (interrogation mark)
iii) 感嘆號 ( ! ) (exclamation mark)
iv) 逗號( , ) (comma)
v) 分號( ; ) (semicolon)
vi) 冒號( : ) (colon)
vii) 破折號 ( — ) (dash)
viii) 括號( [ ] ) (parentheses)
ix) 引號 ( “ ” )(quotation marks)
x) 連字號 ( - ) (hyphen)
xi) 撇號( ’ ) (apostrophe)
xii) 刪節(jié)號 (…) (ellipsis)
上列標點符號，可歸納為三種情況：i) — iii) 用于句尾;iv) — ix) 用于句中;x) —xi)用于詞內(nèi)。最后一個符號常用于引文中，表示刪掉一些文字。
(一)主要標點符號的用法
1) 逗號 (comma)
主要用于：
a) 并列的詞或句子。例如：
solids , liquids and gases can be changed from one to another.
from l926 until his death in l953, thorpe lived a poor , lonely , unhappy life.
there’s only enough room for people to walk in , take one of the eleven inserts , roll them together , slip a rubber band around them and slide them into a plastic bag.
the present is living , the past dead , and the future unknowable.
b) 狀語(包括從句，動詞-ing形式，獨立結構，不定式短語，介詞短語等)。例如：
when water is heated , it will be changed into vapour.
john , seeing that his brother was hurt , ran to help him. 或seeing that his brother was hurt , john ran to help him.
work is done , even by a force acting at a distance.
to make the trip more exciting for the kids , oscar kept the destination a secret.
after the heartbreaking experience , thorpe turned to professional sports.
c) 非限定形容詞從句或插入語。例如：
at l0 a.m.we arrived at the railway station , where jane was waiting for us.
you know , of course , what a phrasal verb is. i needn’t , therefore , explain it now.
d) 呼語、同位語。例如：
george , tell dick the answer to the question.
he was a direct descendant of the famous warrior chief , black hawk.
e) 日期、數(shù)字、地址。例如：
chichester began the greatest voyage of his life in august , 1966.
the voyage from england and back covered 28, 2500 miles.
please send it to 1932 hill road , london s.e. 18.(門牌號和街名間無標點)
f) 姓名(姓在名前面時)，非正式信件的抬頭或信末署名前的客套語。例如：
shakespeare , william
einstein , albert
dear philip ,
sincerely yours ,
2) 分號(semicolon)
主要用于：
a) 兩個或兩個以上意義有聯(lián)系的分句中間。例如：
understanding is a two-way operation ; learning doesn’t consist in being an empty receptacle.
work is more than a necessity for most human beings ; it is the focus of their lives, the source of their identity and creativity.
some farmers were hauling water out to their thirsty stock daily ; others were trying to drill deep wells.
not only do lies provide the “help” hoped for by advocates of benevolent deception ; they invade the autonomy of patients and render them unable to make informed choices concerning their own health.
b) 列舉事物，尤其是其間有逗號時。例如：
there will be three foreign teachers next term: miss ann smith from boston, america ; mr. john baker from london, england ; and ms mary blake from sydney, australia.
3) 冒號(colon)
主要用于：
a) 列舉事物。例如：
that was a tale of two cities : london and paris.
it may also be said that rational, industrious, useful human beings are divided into two classes : first, those whose work is work and whose pleasure is pleasure; and second, those whose work and pleasure are one.
b) 注釋句之前。例如：
i’ve just had some good news : i’ve been offered a part-time job in the computer center.
these seat covers are the most durable kind : they are reinforced with double stitching and covered with a heavy plastic coating.
4) 破折號(dash)
主要用于：
a) 注釋性的詞語或句子前;如用于句子中間，前后都要有破折號。例如：
there is a way to decide any question — experiment.
somewhere or other — i think it is in the preface to saint joan — bernard shaw remarks that we are more gullible and superstitious today than we were in the middle ages.
b) 補充性的成分。例如：
life — and death, too — is a cycle that goes round and round. i teach because teaching is a profession built on change. when the material is the same, i change — and more important, my students change.
c) 總括所列舉的事物。例如：
the complex operation required new methods for directing the combined endeavors of thousands and thousands of minds, some in government, some in universities, some in private industry — all working together for a common purpose.
d) 突然轉折。例如：
one little problem is that a computer can’t laugh yet — but the scientists are working on it.
5) 撇號
a) 用作省略號。例如：o’er ( = over), it’s = (it is).
b) 用作所有格符號。例如：mary’s handbag, the l990’s。
c) 構成字母、數(shù)字或縮寫的復數(shù)形式。例如：the four a’s。