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英語四級(jí)閱讀理解題：神童與教育
Violin prodigies (神童), I learned, have come in distinct waves from distinct regions. Most of the great performers if the late 19th and early 20th centuries were born and brought up in Russia and Eastern Europe. I asked Isaac Stern, one of the world's greatest violinists the reason for this phenomenon. "It is very clear," he told me. "They were all Jews(猶太人) and Jews at the time were severely oppressed and ill treated in that part of the world. They were not allowed into the professional fields, but they were allowed to achieve excellence on a concert stage. " As a result, every Jewish parent's dream was to have a child in the music school because it was a passport to the West. ?
Another element in the emergence of prodigies, I found, is a society that values
excellence in a certain field to nurture (培育) talent. Nowadays, the most nurturing societies seem to be in the Far East. "In Japan, a most competitive society, with stronger discipline than ours. " says Isaac Stem, children are ready to test their limits every day in many fields, including music. When Western music came to Japan after World War Ⅱ, that music not only became part of their daily lives, but it became a discipline as well. The Koreans and Chinese as we know, are just as highly motivated as the Japanese. ?
That's a good thing, because even prodigies must work hard. Next to hard work,
biological inheritance plays an important role in the making of a prodigy. J. S. Bach, for example, was the top of several generations of musicians, and four of his sons had significant careers in music.
這是一篇說明文，以演奏小提琴的神童為何在19世紀(jì)末和20世紀(jì)初的俄國和東歐出現(xiàn)和最多為例，說明了導(dǎo)致神童產(chǎn)生的原因。
1.Jewish parents in Eastern Europe longed for their children to attend music school
because ______ .
A) it would allow them access to a better life in the West
B) Jewish children are born with excellent musical talent
C) they wanted their children to enter into the professional field
D) it would enable the family to get better treatment in their own country
2.Nurturing societies as mentioned in the passage refer to societies that ______ .
A) enforce strong discipline on students who want to achieve excellence
B) treasure talent and provide opportunities for its full development
C) encourage people to compete with each other
D) promise talented children high positions
3.Japan is described in the passage as a country that attaches importance to ______ .
A) all-round development. B) the learning of Western music
C) strict training of children D) variety in academic studies
4.Which of the following contributes to the emergence of musical prodigies according to the passage?
A) A natural gift. B) Extensive knowledge of music. C) Very early training. D) A prejudice-free society.
5.Which of the following titles best summarises the main idea of the passage?
A) Jewish Contribution to Music. B) Training of Musicians in the World C) Music and Society D) The Making of Prodigies
參考答案及解析
1、[答案及分析]：[A]事實(shí)辨認(rèn)題。問為什么在東歐的猶太父母希望他們的孩子進(jìn)音樂學(xué)校文章第一段對(duì)此作了明確回答：那時(shí)候猶太人在那些地方受到壓迫和歧視。他們不被允許進(jìn)入諸如醫(yī)生、律師等職業(yè)領(lǐng)域，但允許在音樂舞臺(tái)表現(xiàn)出色。因此，每個(gè)猶太父母都?jí)粝胱尯⒆舆M(jìn)入音樂學(xué)校，因?yàn)槟鞘峭ㄍ鞣降淖o(hù)照。理解了這些內(nèi)容后，顯而易見答案為A項(xiàng)。
2、[答案及分析]：[B]句意理解題。問文章中提到的nurturing societies指的是一種什么樣的社會(huì)。文章中論及nurturing societies(培養(yǎng)天才的社會(huì))的內(nèi)容在第二段。第二段第一句就是nurturing society的定義：a society that values excellence in a certain field and is able to nurture talent.A項(xiàng)意思與此相同，不過是換了一種提法而已。
3、[答案及分析]：[C]歸納事實(shí)題。問文中認(rèn)為日本是一個(gè)重視下列哪項(xiàng)事情的國家。A項(xiàng)意為“全方位發(fā)展”。B項(xiàng)表示“學(xué)習(xí)西方音樂”。C項(xiàng)是“對(duì)孩子的嚴(yán)格訓(xùn)練”。D項(xiàng)意為“學(xué)術(shù)研究的豐富多樣性”。文章第二段說：“In Japan,a most competitive society with stronger discipline than ours,children are ready to test their limits every day in many fields.”據(jù)此不難判斷出C正確。
4、[答案及分析]：[A]事實(shí)辨認(rèn)題。問文章認(rèn)為下列哪項(xiàng)有助于音樂神童的出現(xiàn)。文章第三段說：“Next to hard work,biological inheritance plays an important role in the making of a prodigy(除了勤奮，遺傳因素在天才的成長中起著重要作用)”。A natural gift的意思跟biological inheritance相同，所以A正確。
5、[答案及分析]：[D]主旨題。問下列哪個(gè)標(biāo)題最能概括本文的主要思想。全文主要講的是形成天才的因素，所以D項(xiàng)合適。
大學(xué)英語四級(jí)考試閱讀模擬試：工資
It is easier to negotiate initial salary requirement because once you are inside, the organizational constraints (約束) influence wage increases. One thing, however, is certain: your chances of getting the raise you feel you deserve are less if you don’t at least ask for it. Men tend to ask for more, and they get more, and this holds true with other resources, not just pay increases. Consider Beth’s story:
I did not get what I wanted when I did not ask for it. We had cubicle (小隔間) offices and window offices.I sat in the cubicles with several male colleagues. One by one they were moved into window offices, while I remained in the cubicles, several males who were hired after me also went to offices. One in particular told me he was next in line for an office and that it had been part of his negotiations for the job. I guess they thought me content to stay in the cubicles since I did not voice my opinion either way.
It would be nice if we all received automatic pay increases equal to our merit, but “nice” isn’t a quality attributed to most organizations. If you feel you deserve a significant raise in pay, you’ll probablyhave to ask for it.
Performance is your best bargaining chip (籌碼) when you are seeking a raise. You must be able to demonstrate that you deserve a raise. Timing is also a good bargaining chip. If you can give your boss something he or she needs (a new client or a sizable contract, for example) just before merit pay decisions are beingmade, you are more likely to get the raise you want.
Use information as a bargaining chip too. Find out what you are worth on the open market. What will someone else pay for your services?
Go into the negotiations prepared to place your chips on the table at the appropriate time and prepared touse communication style to guide the direction of the interaction.
練習(xí)題：
Choose correct answers to the question:
1. According to the passage, before taking a job, a person should ________.
A. demonstrate his capability
B. give his boss a good impression
C. ask for as much money as he can
D. ask for the salary he hopes to get
2. What can be inferred from Beth’s story?
A. Prejudice against women still exists in some organizations.
B. If people want what they deserve, they have to ask for it.
C. People should not be content with what they have got.
D. People should be careful when negotiating for a job.
3. We can learn from the passage that ________.
A. unfairness exists in salary increases
B. most people are overworked and underpaid
C. one should avoid overstating one’s performance
D. most organizations give their staff automatic pay raises
4. To get a pay raise, a person should ________.
A. advertise himself on the job market
B. persuade his boss to sign a long-term contract
C) try to get inside information about the organization
D) do something to impress his boss just before merit pay decisions
5. To be successful in negotiations, one must ________.
A. meet his boss at the appropriate time
B. arrive at the negotiation table punctually
C. be good at influencing the outcome of the interaction
D. be familiar with what the boss likes and dislikes
1.[D] 推理判斷題。根據(jù)文章第1句。開頭立論：“It is easier to negotiate initial salary requirement在進(jìn)入公司以前就談妥你的最初工資要求要更容易些”。因此，在接受一份工作前應(yīng)該先提出期望薪金要求，即D。注意C中as much…as he can意思太絕對(duì)，不妥。
2.[B] 推理判斷題。Beth的故事是為了證明第1段提出的觀點(diǎn)，主要依據(jù)第2段第1句，第3段最后一句再次印證。核心詞為ask for。
3.[A] 推理判斷題。從Beth的故事中不難總結(jié)出：如果你要求加薪或提升，你可能就會(huì)得到滿足;你如果不要求，老板就可能不予考慮。因此在salary increase中含有很大的主觀因素，故而unfair。直接依據(jù)為第3段第1句。
4.[D] 事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)倒數(shù)第3段，performance“工作表現(xiàn)”，timing“抓住時(shí)機(jī)”和information“利用信息”是加薪的三大籌碼。D與其中對(duì)timing的闡述一致。
5.[C] 事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。最后一段指出，帶著準(zhǔn)備好的籌碼去跟老板商談加薪，并在合適的時(shí)候拿出來,而且要運(yùn)用一定的交際手段引導(dǎo)談判的發(fā)展方向，即C。注意其中place your chips on the table at the appropriate time “在適當(dāng)?shù)臅r(shí)候拿出籌碼”不等于A中的meet his boss at the appropriate time。