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2019年上半年大學(xué)英語四級閱讀理解：medical researchers
In the 1960s, medical researchers Thomas Holmes and Richard Rahe developed a checklist of stressful events.They appreciated the tricky point that any major change can be stressful. Negative events like “serious illness of a family member” were high on the list, but so were some positive life-changing events, like marriage. When you take the Holmes-Rahe test you must remember that the score does not reflect how you dealwith stress—it only shows how much you have to deal with. And we now know that the way you handle these events dramatically affects your chances of staying healthy.
By the early 1970s, hundreds of similar studies had followed Holmes and Rahe. And millions of Americans who work and live under stress worried over the reports. Somehow, the research got boiled down to a memorable message. Women’s magazines ran headlines like “Stress causes illness!” If you want to stay physicallyand mentally healthy, the articles said, avoid stressful events.
But such simplistic advice is impossible to follow. Even if stressful events are dangerous, many—like thedeath of a loved one—are impossible to avoid. Moreover, any warning to avoid all stressful events is a prescription (處方) for staying away from opportunities as well as trouble. Since any change can be stressful, a person who wanted to be completely free of stress would never marry, have a child, take a new job or move.
The notion that all stress makes you sick also ignores a lot of what we know about people. It assumes we’re all vulnerable (脆弱的) and passive in the face of adversity (逆境). But what about human initiative and creativity? Many come through periods of stress with more physical and mental vigor than they had before.We also know that a long time without change or challenge can lead to boredom, and physical and metal strain.
練習(xí)題：
Choose correct answers to the question:
1. The result of Holmes-Rahe’s medical research tells us ________.
A. the way you handle major events may cause stress
B. what should be done to avoid stress
C. what kind of event would cause stress
D. how to cope with sudden changes in life
2. The studies on stress in the early 1970’s led to ________.
A. widespread concern over its harmful effects
B. great panic over the mental disorder it could cause
C. an intensive research into stress-related illnesses
D. popular avoidance of stressful jobs
3. The score of the Holmes-Rahe test shows ________.
A. how much pressure you are under
B. how positive events can change your life
C. how stressful a major event can be
D. how you can deal with life-changing events
4. Why is “such simplistic advice” (Line 1, Para. 3) impossible to follow?
A. No one can stay on the same job for long.
B. No prescription is effective in relieving stress.
C. People have to get married someday.
D. You could be missing opportunities as well.
5. According to the passage people who have experienced ups and downs may become ____.
A. nervous when faced with difficulties
B. physically and mentally strained
C. more capable of coping with adversity
D. indifferent toward what happens to them
1.[C] 事實細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)文章的第1句話可知，這兩位科學(xué)家對造成人們壓力的事件列了一個清單,故C與此相符,為正確答案。
2.[A] 事實細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)文章第2段第2句“…millions of Americans... worried over the reports.”可見此研究報告引起了 widespread concern,故選A。
3.[A] 事實細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)第1段第4句中的does not reflect..., it only shows...可知本題答案應(yīng)為破折號后的內(nèi)容，其中how much指的是how much stress,故可知A為正確答案。
4.[D] 推理判斷題。這里的建議是指第2段末尾提出的“避免帶來壓力的事”。根據(jù)第3段第3句“而且，警告人們遠(yuǎn)離壓力，這個處方不僅使人避免麻煩，同時也使人放棄了機(jī)會”,故選D。
5.[C] 推理判斷題。根據(jù)文章倒數(shù)第2句“很多人經(jīng)歷一段時間的壓力后，無論是身體還是精神都比原來更有活力”，故選C。
2019年上半年大學(xué)英語四級閱讀理解：subjective
Taste is such a subjective matter that we don't usually conduct preference tests for food. The most you can say about anyone's preference, is that it's one person's opinion. But because the two big cola(可樂) companies Coca-Cola and Pepsi Cola are marketed aggressively, we've wondered how big a role taste preference actually plays in brand loyalty. We set up a taste test that challenged people who identified themselves as either C0ca-Cola or Pepsi fans: Find your brand in a blind tasting.
We invited staff volunteers who had a strong liking for either Coca-Cola Classic (傳統(tǒng)型)or Pepsi, Diet (低糖的)Coke, or Diet Pepsi-These were people who thought they'd have no trouble telling their brand from the other brand. We eventually located 19 regular cola drinkers and 27 diet cola drinkers.
We eventually located 19regular cola drinkers and 27diet cola drinkers. Then we fed them four unidentifiedsamples of cola one at a time, regular colas for the one group, diet versions for the other. We asked themto tell us whether each sample was Coke or Pepsi; then we analyzed the records statistically to compare the participants 'choices with what mere gum-work would have accomplished.
Getting all four samples right was a tough test, but not too tough, we thought, for people who believed they could recognize their brand. In the end, only 7out of19regular cola drinkers correctly identified theirbrand of choice in all four trials. The diet-cola drinkers did a little worse -only 7of27identified all four samples correctly.
While both groups did better than chance would predict, nearly half the participants in each group made the wrong choice two or more times. Two people got all four samples wrong. Overall, half the participants did about as well on the last round of tasting as on the first, so fatigue, or taste burn out, was not a factor. Our preference test results suggest that only a few Pepsi participants and Coke fans may really be able to tell their favorite brand by taste and price.
練習(xí)題：
Choose correct answers to the question:
1. According to the passage the preference test was conducted in order to _____.
A. find out the role taste preference plays in a person's drinking
B. reveal which cola is more to the liking of the drinkers
C. show that a person's opinion about taste is mere guess-work
D. compare the ability of the participants in choosing their drinks
2. The statistics recorded in the preference tests show _____.
A. Coca-Cola and Pepsi are people's two most favorite drinks
B. there is not much difference in taste between Coca-Cola and Pepsi
C. few people had trouble telling Coca-Cola from Pepsi
D. people's tastes differ from one another
3. It is implied in the first paragraph that _____.
A. the purpose of taste tests b to promote the sale of colas
B. the improvement of quality is the chief concern of the two cola companies
C. the competition between the two colas is very strong
D. blind tasting is necessary for identifying fans
4. The word "burnout"(Line4,Para.5) here refers to the state of _____.
A. being seriously burnt in the skin
B. being unable to burn for lack of fuel
C. being badly damaged by fire
D. being unable to function because of excessive use
5. The author's purpose in writing this passage is to _____.
A. show that taste preference is highly subjective
B. argue that taste testing is an important marketing strategy
C. emphasize that taste and price are closely related to each other
D. recommend that blind tasting be introduced in the quality control of colas
1.[A] 第1段第3句提到，由于兩大可樂公司的營銷如此具有攻擊性，我們不由想知道對味道的偏好在品牌忠誠度上起多大的作用，A與之相符。
2.[B] 第4段第2、3句表明可口可樂和百事可樂在味道方面并無多大差異，B與之相符。A、D不是實驗數(shù)據(jù)所表明的事情，故排除;C與原文的意思不相符，也排除。
3.[C] 由第1段第3句中Coca Cola and Pepsi Cola are marketed so aggressively可知兩大公司競爭極為激烈，故選C。
4.[D] 文章最后一段第3句中，fatigue與taste bum out之間用or連接，表明兩者語義比較接近，對比四個選項，D符合，表示味覺疲勞、麻木。
5.[A] 文章第1句Taste is such... food表明味覺偏好是十分主觀的，且下文講到的實驗結(jié)果也更進(jìn)一步印證了該觀點，故選A。