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2019年大學(xué)英語(yǔ)六級(jí)閱讀模擬試題(13)
Science is a dominant theme in our culture. Since it touches almost every facet of our life, educated people need at least some acquaintance with its structure and operation. They should also have an understanding of the subculture in which scientists live and the kinds of people they are. An understanding of general characteristics of science as well as specific scientific concepts is easier to attain if one knows something about the things that excite and frustrate the scientist.
This book is written for the intelligent student or lay person whose acquaintance with science is superficial; for the person who has been presented with science as a musty storehouse of dried facts; for the person who sees the chief objective of science as the production of gadgets; and for the person who views the scientists as some sort of magician. The book can be used to supplement a course in any science, to accompany any course that attempts to give an understanding of the modern world, or – independently of any course – simply to provide a better understanding of science. We hope this book will lead readers to a broader perspective on scientific attitudes and a more realistic view of what science is, who scientists are, and what they do. It will give them an awareness and understanding of the relationship between science and our culture and an appreciation of the roles science may play in our culture. In addition, readers may learn to appreciate the relationship between scientific views and some of the values and philosophies that are pervasive in our culture.
We have tried to present in this book an accurate and up-to-date picture of the scientific community and the people who populate it. That population has in recent years come to comprise more and more women. This increasing role of women in the scientific subculture is not an unique incident but, rather, part of the trend evident in all segments of society as more women enter traditionally male-dominated fields and make significant contributions. In discussing these changes and contribution, however, we are faced with a language that is implicitly sexist, one that uses male nouns or pronouns in referring to unspecified individuals. To offset this built-in bias, we have adopted the policy of using plural nouns and pronouns whenever possible and, when absolutely necessary, alternating he and she. This policy is far form being ideal, but it is at least an acknowledgment of the inadequacy of our language in treating half of the human race equally.
We have also tried to make the book entertaining as well as informative. Our approach is usually informal. We feel, as do many other scientists, that we shouldn’t take ourselves too seriously. As the reader may observe, we see science as a delightful pastime rather than as a grim and dreary way to earn a living.
模擬試題
1. According to the passage, ‘scientific subculture’ means _____.
[A] cultural groups that are formed by scientists.
[B] people whose knowledge of science is very limited.
[C] the scientific community.
[D] people who make good contribution to science.
2. We need to know something about the structure and operation of science because_____.
[A] it is not easy to understand the things that excite and frustrate scientists.
[B] Science affects almost every aspect of our life.
[C] Scientists live in a specific subculture.
[D] It is easier to understand general characteristics of science.
3. The book mentioned in this passage is written for readers who_____.
[A] are intelligent college students and lay person who do not know much about science.
[B] are good at producing various gadgets.
[C] work in a storehouse of dried facts.
[D] want to have a superficial understanding of science.
4. According to this passage,_____.
[A] English is a sexist language.
[B] only in the scientific world is the role of women increasing rapidly.
[C] women are making significant contributions to eliminating the inadequacy of our language.
[D] male nouns or pronouns should not be used to refer to scientists.
5. This passage most probably is_____.
[A] a book review.
[B] the preface of a book.
[C] the postscript of a book.
[D] the concluding part of a book.
Vocabulary
1. subculture 亞文化群(指在一個(gè)社會(huì)或一種文化內(nèi)具有獨(dú)特性的一群人)
2. superficial 膚淺的，淺薄的，表面的
3. lay person 外行，門(mén)外漢，俗人
4. musty 發(fā)毒的，老朽的，陳腐的
5. gadget 小玩意兒，小配件，新發(fā)明
6. pervasive 滲透的，彌漫的，遍布的
7. populate 居住于……中，在……中占一席之地
8. implicit 含蓄的，內(nèi)含的
9. unspecified 未特別提出的
10. offset 抵消，補(bǔ)償
1. An understanding of general characteristicsof science as well as specific scientific concepts iseasier to attain if one knows something about thethings that excite and frustrate the scientist.
【參考譯文】如果一個(gè)人知道那些使科學(xué)家激動(dòng)不已和灰心喪氣的東西，那就比較容易了解科學(xué)的一般(普遍)特征以及特殊科學(xué)概念。
2. We hope this book will lead readers to a broader perspective on scientific attitude and amore realistic view of what science is, who scientists are and what they do.
【參考譯文】我們希望這本書(shū)能引導(dǎo)讀者對(duì)科學(xué)觀念有一個(gè)更為廣闊的透視;對(duì)什么是科學(xué)、科學(xué)家是些什么人以及他們?cè)诟墒裁从幸粋€(gè)更為現(xiàn)實(shí)的觀點(diǎn)。
3. In addition, readers may learn to appreciate the relationship between scientific viewsand some of the values and philosophies that are pervasive in our culture.
【參考譯文】另外，讀者可學(xué)會(huì)正確評(píng)價(jià)科學(xué)觀點(diǎn)與我們文化中無(wú)處不在的某些價(jià)值觀和哲學(xué)思想之間的關(guān)系。
4. This increasing role of women in the scientific subculture is not an unique incident but, rather, part of the trend evident in all segments of society as more women enter traditionallymale-dominated fields and make significant contributions.
【參考譯文】科學(xué)亞文化群中婦女作用越來(lái)越大。這不是難得一見(jiàn)的意外事件，而是，確切地說(shuō)，在社會(huì)各部門(mén)顯著潮流的一部分由于越來(lái)越多婦女進(jìn)入了傳統(tǒng)上為男子統(tǒng)治的領(lǐng)域并作出了重大的貢獻(xiàn)。
5. This policy is far from being ideal, but it is at least an acknowledgement of theinadequacy of our language in treating half of human race equally.
【參考譯文】這一策略并不理想，但它至少承認(rèn)了一個(gè)事實(shí)，那就是在平等對(duì)待人類(lèi)另一半上，我們的語(yǔ)言功能還不全。
寫(xiě)作方法與文章大意
這是一篇書(shū)的序言，作者用夾敘夾議的寫(xiě)作方法介紹了書(shū)的涉及面及其功能。
首先提出科學(xué)是我們文化的重大主題，但人們也該了解科學(xué)家生活的亞文化群，只有懂得一些激勵(lì)和挫傷科學(xué)家的種種情況，才能理解科學(xué)的一般特征及其特殊概念。
第二方面指出書(shū)的讀者對(duì)象是對(duì)科學(xué)一知半解的學(xué)生及門(mén)外漢。書(shū)可作理工科課程的輔助(補(bǔ)充)讀物，又可獨(dú)立自成體系。它可開(kāi)闊人們科學(xué)的視野，真正了解科學(xué)、科學(xué)家及其工作，理解科學(xué)和文化的關(guān)系，科學(xué)觀點(diǎn)和哲學(xué)的關(guān)系。
第三方面指出亞文化群中婦女增多，貢獻(xiàn)巨大，而我們的語(yǔ)言卻隱含這性別的歧視，難以充分平等地反映婦女。
最后指出書(shū)信息量大又具娛樂(lè)性，寓教于樂(lè)。
2019年大學(xué)英語(yǔ)六級(jí)閱讀模擬試題(14)
Educators are seriously concerned about the high rate of dropouts among the doctor of philosophy candidates and the consequent loss of talent to a nation in need of Ph. D. s. Some have placed the dropouts loss as high as 50 percent. The extent of the loss was, however, largely a matter of expert guessing. Last week a well-rounded study was published. It was published. It was based on 22,000 questionnaires sent to former graduate students who were enrolled in 24 universities and it seemed to show many past fears to be groundless.
The dropouts rate was found to be 31 per cent, and in most cases the dropouts, while not completing the Ph. D. requirement, went on to productive work. They are not only doing well financially, but, according to the report, are not far below the income levels of those who went on to complete their doctorates.
Discussing the study last week, Dr. Tucker said the project was initiated ‘because of the concern frequently expressed by graduate faculties and administrators that some of the individuals who dropped out of Ph. D. programs were capable of competing the requirement for the degree. Attrition at the Ph. D. level is also thought to be a waste of precious faculty time and a drain on university resources already being used to capacity. Some people expressed the opinion that the shortage of highly trained specialists and college teachers could be reduced by persuading the dropouts to return to graduate schools to complete the Ph. D.’
“The results of our research” Dr. Tucker concluded, “did not support these opinions.”
1. Lack of motivation was the principal reason for dropping out.
2. Most dropouts went as far in their doctoral program as was consistent with their levels of ability or their specialities.
3. Most dropouts are now engaged in work consistent with their education and motivation.
Nearly 75 per cent of the dropouts said there was no academic reason for their decision, but those who mentioned academic reason cited failure to pass the qualifying examination, uncompleted research and failure to pass language exams. Among the single most important personal reasons identified by dropouts for non-completion of their Ph. D. program, lack off inances was marked by 19 per cent.
As an indication of how well the dropouts were doing, a chart showed 2% in humanities were receiving $ 20,000 and more annually while none of the Ph. D. ‘s with that background reached this figure. The Ph. D. ‘s shone in the $ 7,500 to $ 15,000 bracket with 78% at that level against 50% for the dropouts. This may also be an indication of the fact that top salaries in the academic fields, where Ph. D. ‘s tend to rise to the highest salaries, are still lagging behind other fields.
As to the possibility of getting dropouts back on campus, the outlook was glum. The main condition which would have to prevail for at least 25 % of the dropouts who might consider returning to graduate school would be to guarantee that they would retain their present level of income and in some cases their present job.
1. The author states that many educators feel that
[A] steps should be taken to get the dropouts back to campus.
[B] the dropouts should return to a lower quality school to continue their study.
[C] the Ph. D. holder is generally a better adjusted person than the dropout.
[D] The high dropouts rate is largely attributable to the lack of stimulation on the part of faculty members.
2. Research has shown that
[A] Dropouts are substantially below Ph. D. ‘s in financial attainment.
[B] the incentive factor is a minor one in regard to pursuing Ph. D. studies.
[C] The Ph. D. candidate is likely to change his field of specialization if he drops out.
[D] about one-third of those who start Ph. D. work do not complete the work to earn the degree.
3. Meeting foreign language requirements for the Ph. D.
[A] is the most frequent reason for dropping out.
[B] is more difficult for the science candidate than for the humanities candidate.
[C] is an essential part of many Ph. D. programs.
[D] does not vary in difficulty among universities.
4. After reading the article, one would refrain from concluding that
[A] optimism reigns in regard to getting Ph. D. dropouts to return to their pursuit of the degree.
[B] a Ph. D. dropout, by and large, does not have what it takes to learn the degree.
[C] colleges and universities employ a substantial number of Ph. D. dropouts.
[D] Ph. D. ‘s are not earning what they deserve in nonacademic positions.
5. It can be inferred that the high rate of dropouts lies in
[A] salary for Ph. D. too low.
[B] academic requirement too high.
[C] salary for dropouts too high.
[D] 1000 positions.
Vocabulary
1. dropout 輟學(xué)者，中途退學(xué)
2. well-rounded 全面的
3. attrition 縮/減員，磨損
4. drain 枯竭
5. bracket 一類(lèi)人，(尤指按收入分類(lèi)的)階層
6. lagging behind other fields 落后于其它領(lǐng)域
7. glum 陰郁的
難句譯注
1. Educators are seriously concerned about the high rate of dropouts among the doctor ofphilosophy candidates and the consequent loss of talent to a nation in need of Ph. D. s.
【參考譯文】教育工作者嚴(yán)重關(guān)注博士生輟學(xué)的高比率;這對(duì)迫切需要博士生的國(guó)家是一個(gè)人才方面的嚴(yán)重?fù)p失。
2. It was base on 22,000questionnaires sent to former graduate students who wereenrolled in 24 universities and it seemed to show many past fears to be groundless.
【結(jié)構(gòu)分析】sent過(guò)去分詞，修飾questionnaires。Who定語(yǔ)從句修飾students。
【參考譯文】這份全面調(diào)查報(bào)告是以22000份調(diào)查表分送給以前在24所大學(xué)就讀的博士生為基礎(chǔ)的。這份全面調(diào)查報(bào)告似乎說(shuō)明過(guò)去許多擔(dān)心害怕是沒(méi)有根據(jù)的。
3. Attrition at the Ph. D. lever is also thought to be a waste of precious faculty time and adrain on university resources already being used to capacity.
【結(jié)構(gòu)分析】被動(dòng)句。To capacity滿(mǎn)額，全力。
【參考譯文】博士水平的人員的縮減被認(rèn)為是寶貴的教授時(shí)間的浪費(fèi)和已經(jīng)被使用到極限的大學(xué)資源的枯竭。
4. This may also be an indication of the fact that top salaries in the academic fields, where Ph. D. ‘s tend to rise to the highest salaries, are still lagging behind other fields.
【結(jié)構(gòu)分析】the fact的同位語(yǔ)that從句中的where是定語(yǔ)從句，修飾academic fields。
【參考譯文】這也可能表明這樣一個(gè)事實(shí)：在博士能掙到最高工資的學(xué)術(shù)領(lǐng)域中，高工資仍然落后于其它領(lǐng)域。
2019年大學(xué)英語(yǔ)六級(jí)閱讀模擬試題(15)
From the health point of view we are living in a marvelous age. We are immunized from birth against many of the most dangerous diseases. A large number of once fatal illnesses can now be cured by modern drugs and surgery. It is almost certain that one day remedies will be found for the most stubborn remaining diseases. The expectation of life has increased enormously. But though the possibility of living a long and happy life is greater than ever before, every day we witness the incredible slaughter of men, women and children on the roads. Man versus the motor-car! It is a never-ending battle which man is losing. Thousands of people the world over are killed or horribly killed each year and we are quietly sitting back and letting it happen.
It has been rightly said that when a man is sitting behind a steering wheel, his car becomes the extension of his personality. There is no doubt that the motor-car often brings out a man's very worst qualities. People who are normally quiet and pleasant may become unrecognizable when they are behind a steering-wheel. They swear, they are ill-mannered and aggressive, willful as two-years-olds and utterly selfish. All their hidden frustrations, disappointments and jealousies seem to be brought to the surface by the act of driving.
The surprising thing is that society smiles so benignly on the motorist and seems to condone his behaviour. Everything is done for his convenience. Cities are allowed to become almost uninhabitable because of heavy tragic; towns are made ugly by huge car parks; the countryside is desecrated by road networks; and the mass annual slaughter becomes nothing more than a statistic, to be conveniently forgotten.
It is high time a world code were created to reduce this senseless waste of human life. With regard to driving, the laws of some countries are notoriously lax and even the strictest are not strict enough. A code which was universally accepted could only have a dramatically beneficial effect on the accident rate. Here are a few examples of some the things that might be done. The driving test should be standardized and made far more difficult than it is; all the drivers should be made to take a test every three years or so; the age at which young people are allowed to drive any vehicle should be raised to at least 21; all vehicles should be put through stringent annual tests for safety. Even the smallest amount of alcohol in the blood can impair a person's driving ability. Present drinking and driving laws (where they exist) should be mad much stricter. Maximum and minimum speed limits should be imposed on all roads. Governments should lay down safety specifications for manufacturers, as has been done in the USA. All advertising stressing power and performance should be banned. These measures may sound inordinately harsh. But surely nothing should be considered as to severe if tit results in reducing the annual toll of human life. After all, the world is for human beings, not motor-cars.
1. The main idea of this passage is
[A] Traffic accidents are mainly caused by motorists.
[B] Thousands of people the world over are killed each year.
[C] The laws of some countries about driving are too lax.
[D] Only stricter traffic laws can prevent accidents.
2. What does the author think of society toward motorists?
[A] Society smiles on the motorists.
[B] Huge car parks are built in the cities and towns.
[C] Victims of accidents are nothing.
[D] Society condones their rude driving.
3. Why does the author say: 'his car becomes the extension of his personality?'
[A] Driving can show his real self.
[B] Driving can show the other part of his personality.
[C] Driving can bring out his character.
[D] His car embodies his temper.
4. Which of the followings is NOT mentioned as a way against traffic accidents?
[A] Build more highways.
[B] Stricter driving tests.
[C] Test drivers every three years.
[D] raise age limit and lay down safety specifications.
5. The attitude of the author is
[A] ironical
[B] critical
[C] appealing
[D] militant
Vocabulary
1. immunise 使免疫，使免除
2. expectation of life = life expectancy 平均壽命
3. versus = against 對(duì)頂，反對(duì)
4. mutilate 傷害
5. wilful 任性的，固執(zhí)的
6. benign 寬厚的，仁慈的
7. condone 寬容
8. desecrate 褻瀆，玷污
9. code 法規(guī)，規(guī)定，慣例
10. stringent 嚴(yán)格的，緊急的，迫切的
11. performance 演出，成品，這里是指car’s behavior such as speed, function etc.可譯成行為，汽車(chē)行為、功能等。
難句譯注
1. Man versus the motor-car ! It is a never-ending battle which man is losing.
【參考譯文】人和汽車(chē)對(duì)抗!這是一場(chǎng)人類(lèi)永遠(yuǎn)是輸家的無(wú)休止的戰(zhàn)斗。
2. All advertising stressing power and performance should be banned.
【參考譯文】應(yīng)當(dāng)禁止所有強(qiáng)調(diào)力量和表現(xiàn)行為的廣告。
寫(xiě)作方法與文章大意
文章論述“交通事故”，采用因果、對(duì)比手法。從人的平均壽命增加和交通事故率成正比談起，觸及事故率上升的原因，要求制定更嚴(yán)格的法規(guī)予以制止種種造成事故的不良行為。
參考答案及解析
1. D 只有更嚴(yán)格的交通法規(guī)才能制止交通事故。這在最后一段的結(jié)論中體現(xiàn)的最清楚。前面幾段只是講造成事故的種種原因。其目的就是：“是制定世界交通法規(guī)以減少無(wú)謂的生命浪費(fèi)的時(shí)候了。對(duì)于開(kāi)車(chē)，有些國(guó)家的法規(guī)太松弛，甚至最嚴(yán)格的國(guó)家也不夠嚴(yán)格。世界公認(rèn)之法律只可能對(duì)交通事故率起大大降低的作用(有非常好的效果。)”這里列出幾件要干的事：“駕駛測(cè)試應(yīng)當(dāng)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化，比現(xiàn)在的要嚴(yán)格;所有死機(jī)每三年考核一次;年輕人駕車(chē)的允許年齡應(yīng)提高到21歲;全部機(jī)動(dòng)車(chē)每年都應(yīng)經(jīng)過(guò)嚴(yán)格的安全測(cè)試(測(cè)定其安全性)……這些步驟可能聽(tīng)起來(lái)異常嚴(yán)厲，可是，如果其結(jié)果事減少每年死傷人數(shù)的話，就不存在什么太嚴(yán)格的事了?！?BR> A. 主要是機(jī)動(dòng)車(chē)死機(jī)造成的交通事故。 B. 全世界每年有幾千人喪生。 C. 有些國(guó)家的交通法規(guī)太松弛。這三道答案都是文中談到某一點(diǎn)，不能作為中心目的。
2. D 社會(huì)寬容這種野蠻開(kāi)車(chē)行徑。答案就在第三段：“令人驚訝的是社會(huì)對(duì)司機(jī)寬厚地笑笑，似乎寬容他們的行為。一切都為他們的方便而干。人們?cè)试S城市由于交通擁擠而幾乎不能居住了，大型停車(chē)場(chǎng)把城鎮(zhèn)“弄得”丑陋不堪，公路網(wǎng)玷污了鄉(xiāng)村，每年大量的殺傷僅僅成為統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)字，被很容易地忘記?！?BR> A. 社會(huì)對(duì)司機(jī)笑容可掬。B. 大型停車(chē)場(chǎng)建在市和鎮(zhèn)上。C. 交通死難者等于零。這三項(xiàng)都只是第三段的一個(gè)個(gè)具體事實(shí)。社會(huì)正是通過(guò)這一件件事來(lái)寬容司機(jī)野蠻開(kāi)車(chē)，而造成事故。
3. A “他的車(chē)就是他個(gè)性的外延”這句話就體現(xiàn)了“開(kāi)車(chē)表現(xiàn)他真正的自我，真實(shí)的個(gè)性”。第二段講的很清楚：“這么說(shuō)完全正確：當(dāng)一個(gè)人坐在方向盤(pán)后，他的車(chē)就成為他個(gè)性的外延。毫無(wú)疑問(wèn)，汽車(chē)常常表現(xiàn)了人之最壞的品質(zhì)。平常很安詳愉快的人一坐在方向盤(pán)后可能就變得難以認(rèn)識(shí)。他們咒罵、行為差勁、好斗、固執(zhí)、任性得就像兩歲的孩子。他們所有隱藏的失落、失望和忌妒感，似乎都在開(kāi)車(chē)中暴露出來(lái)”。
B. 表現(xiàn)他個(gè)性的另一面。 C. 表現(xiàn)了他的性格。 D. 他的車(chē)體現(xiàn)了他的脾氣秉性。只是表現(xiàn)自我中的某個(gè)事實(shí)。
4. A 只有建更多高速公路。沒(méi)有提。
B. 更難的測(cè)試。C. 每三年對(duì)司機(jī)進(jìn)行一次考察。 D. 提高年齡段和制定安全條例。都提到。見(jiàn)第一題譯注。
5. B 批評(píng)的態(tài)度。文章第一、二、三段指出了造成交通事故的原因，呼吁各國(guó)制定嚴(yán)格的交通法規(guī)，批評(píng)現(xiàn)有的交通法規(guī)松弛不嚴(yán)格，最后指出世界是人類(lèi)的，不是摩托車(chē)的等等，都說(shuō)明作者對(duì)上述種種都具批評(píng)的態(tài)度。
A. 諷刺的。 C. 哀求的、呼吁的。 D. 富有戰(zhàn)斗性的。