初中英語中閱讀材料中,有些句子沒有含否定結(jié)構(gòu)卻表達了否定意義,這一情況通常被稱為隱藏否定 (concealed negation)。熟悉了這些常見的隱藏否定句子結(jié)構(gòu)會有利于英語初學(xué)者對英語句子的理解,從而更好地掌握英語內(nèi)容。初中常見的隱藏否定結(jié)構(gòu)有以下一些形式:
一.有一些詞或短語可起到表達隱藏否定的效果。
1、anything but(決非,決不,一點也不),but后跟名詞/代詞/形容詞,有強勢否定之義。
My father likes anything but beef. (我父親最不喜歡吃牛肉。)
The painting is anything but beautiful. (這幅畫根本就算不上美。)
2、everywhere but 表示“決不在……”
He will work everywhere but in Shanghai. (他根本不愿意在上海工作。)
3、let alone“更不必說”
He can't ride a bicycle,let alone a motorbike. (他不會騎自行車,更別說摩托車了。)
4、句中用“the last、the least、the limit”等詞組可表示強烈否定,意思是:“最不……”。例如:
She’s the last one that I want to see in the world. (她是我最不愿見的人。)
He speaks ill of me, and that's the limit. (他常說我的壞話,那真讓人無法忍受。)
5、but for(要不是/倘若沒有)后接名詞或代詞、but that(要不是/倘若沒有)后面應(yīng)跟從句,二者均表示虛擬的條件,謂語動詞須用虛擬語氣結(jié)構(gòu)。
But for your help, I couldn't have succeeded.
But that you had helped me, I couldn't have succeeded.
要不是你的幫忙/如果沒有你的幫忙,我是不會成功的。
二.有些連詞也可以表達隱藏否定,比較常見的連詞有unless、since、before等。
1、unless 引導(dǎo)的從句,意為“除非”, 相當于if...not... He never speaks unless he is spoken to.
=He never speaks if he isn't spoken to. (如果別人不和他說話,他就不說話。)
2、since引導(dǎo)的狀語從句中,若謂語動詞為延續(xù)性動詞且為一般過去式時,從句所表示的時間從動作終止或狀態(tài)不再繼續(xù)時算起,用否定翻譯法翻譯句子。
We've been out of touch since we lived together(自從我們不在一起住,就失去了聯(lián)系。)
對比:It's 20 years since I graduated from Anhui Normal University。
(我從安徽師范大學(xué)畢業(yè)到現(xiàn)在已有20年時間了。)
3、before引導(dǎo)的狀語從句也可以表達暗否定義
The audience had all left before the play finished. (戲劇還沒有結(jié)束觀眾就已經(jīng)走光了。)
Three months went by / on before XiaoWang knew it. (不知不覺中小王度過了三個月。)
三.有一些比較結(jié)構(gòu)也可表達隱藏否定。
1、more...than...表同一人或事的不同性質(zhì)或特征。
Zangfei is more brave than wise. (張飛有勇無謀。)
2、no+形容詞/副詞的比較級+than,對雙方進行否定,意思為:并不比
Tom is no cleverer than his brother. (湯姆并不比他兄弟聰明.(一樣笨/都不聰明.)
3、“less+形容詞或副詞原級+than”結(jié)構(gòu)表示否定的對比。
The results left us less than satisfied. (結(jié)果讓我們不太滿意。)
4、用“still、much、even、 a little”等表示否定程度。
She hasn't cleaned her own room, still less mine.
(她自己的房間都沒有打掃,更不用說我的了。)
對比:We should thank him for his advice, still more for his financial help.
(我們應(yīng)該感謝他的建議,更要感謝他的資金援助.)
▲still more用于肯定句, still less用于否定句。
四.某些固定的結(jié)構(gòu)也可以表達隱藏否定。常見的有“too...to...”相當于so...that...can't或not...enough to...
1、It was too difficult for us to work out the problem.
注意對比:He is too glad to receive your letter. (他收到你的來信非常高興。)
2、prefer ...to .../ prefer to do ...rather than do .../ would rather do…than do/ prefer doing rather than doing。寧愿…也不愿…
eg: ①They prefer to tire themselves out in work rather than sit doing nothing. (他們寧愿累死在工作中也不愿無所事事。)
② The Red Army soldier would rather die than give in.
(紅軍戰(zhàn)士寧死不屈。)
五.某些情態(tài)動詞跟動詞完成式也可表否定意義, 常見的有:
should have done (本應(yīng)做而沒做)
need have done(本需要做而沒做)
could have done(本能夠做卻沒有做/可能已做過)
would like to have done (本愿意已做過而沒做)等。
① I would like to have gone to your birthday party last night, but I had to do homework.
(昨天晚上我本來要參加你的生日晚會的,但因做家庭作業(yè)而沒有去成。)
②Our team could have won the football game if it had not been because of the absence of Jack.(要是杰克不缺席,我們就能贏那場球賽。)(實際上我們隊沒有贏。)
③As his best friend,you should have help him out.
(作為最好的朋友,你本應(yīng)該幫助他擺脫困境的。) (實際沒有幫助他。)
六.英語中有些詞或短語在形式上是肯定,但卻具有否定意義。常見的有:
“be inferior / second to, be junior to, fail to,differ, escape,keep from,desert, be blind to, be absent from, live up to, be short of, miss, deny, refuse, let alone, much/even / still less 等。
①I'm junior to Xiao Wang. (我沒有小王年齡大。)
②The boss was blind to Tom's excuse. (老板對湯姆的借口置之不理。)
③He is second to everyone else in maths in Class 1.(他的數(shù)學(xué)在一班里是最差的.)
七.部分介詞或介詞短語表示隱藏否定,常見的表達隱藏否定意義的介詞有:
above,under,over,below, beneath, beside, behind,past, against,except,beyond,from,far from,off,to, without, out of等。一些介詞和名詞連用時所表示的暗否定能達到一定的修辭效果,如: beyond words (beyond description / praise), beneath notice,in spite of, instead of, out of work / power.
①This maths problem is beyond me.
②——Are you satisfied with the speech?
——No,far from it. I've never seen a more boring one.