初中英語(yǔ)總復(fù)習(xí) 易混詞盤點(diǎn)
從近年來(lái)的中考題可以看出命題者的目的都是要考查學(xué)生對(duì)一些較易混淆、形式上非常相近的詞(詞組)是否能掌握扎實(shí)，是否熟悉每個(gè)詞組的中文意思并能在句子中熟練運(yùn)用。要想做對(duì)以上出現(xiàn)的類似的中考考題，考生必須能總結(jié)清各種初中階段所學(xué)過(guò)的較易混淆、形式上非常相近的詞(詞組)，熟記所有詞組的中文意思，熟悉它們的用法和區(qū)別。為了方便同學(xué)們復(fù)習(xí)，特將?？家谆煸~(詞組)整理如下：
一、容易混淆的動(dòng)詞：
[考試說(shuō)明] 了解及物動(dòng)詞和不及物動(dòng)詞用法；掌握動(dòng)詞不定式作賓語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)以及疑問(wèn)詞連用構(gòu)成不定式短語(yǔ)的基本用法；理解動(dòng)詞不定式作主語(yǔ)和定語(yǔ)的用法；初步掌握延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞和瞬間動(dòng)詞在用法上的區(qū)別等。
1. come & be here
[誤] He has come here for three hours.
[正] He came here three hours ago.
[正] He has been here for three hours.
come是瞬間動(dòng)詞，不是延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞，在肯定句中不能與表示一段時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ)連用。而要與表示一段時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ)連用，就要用延續(xù)動(dòng)詞。
與此同類的還有borrow/lend-keep; join-be in/at; die-be dead; buy-have; leave-be away,etc.
2. cost & take & spend & pay
[誤] I cost a lot of time to read stories.
[正] It cost me a lot of time to read stories.
[正] I spent a lot of time reading stories.
cost除了錢的花費(fèi)以外，還能表示時(shí)間上的花費(fèi)，但常用物做主語(yǔ)。spend句子主語(yǔ)是人，可指花費(fèi)時(shí)間和金錢，但后面的動(dòng)詞要用-ing形式，后面也可跟名詞短語(yǔ)，介詞用on。pay句子主語(yǔ)是人，常與for連用，buy也常與for連用，但花費(fèi)“錢”要放在介詞for后面，而pay則放在介詞for前面。
3. join & take part in
[誤] He joined the League for two years.
[正] He joined the League two years ago.
[正] He has been in the League for two years.
[正] He has been a League member for two years.
join指“參加”組織，成為一個(gè)成員，join sb.意思是“加入某人”，take part in指參加活動(dòng)特別是大的運(yùn)動(dòng)；如指“參加…多長(zhǎng)時(shí)間”就要用延續(xù)動(dòng)詞be in或be a …member，而不能用join。
4. borrow & lend & keep
[誤] She has lent me the book for a week.
[正] She lent me the book a week ago.
[正] It’s a week since she lent me the book.
borrow和lend是短暫性動(dòng)詞，在肯定句里不和表示一段時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ)連用，keep延續(xù)動(dòng)詞，可與表示一段時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ)連用。
borrow意思是“借(進(jìn))”，后面跟介詞from，lend意思是“借(出)”，后面跟介詞to，lend也可用于某些成語(yǔ)中，如lend sb. a hand。
5. lie & lay & lain
[誤] She laid down the book and laid in bed.
[正] She laid down the book and lay in bed.
lie有兩個(gè)意思，一個(gè)是“說(shuō)謊”，過(guò)去式和過(guò)去分詞是在詞尾加-d；另一個(gè)是“躺，臥；位于”，是不規(guī)則動(dòng)詞，其過(guò)去式和過(guò)去分詞是lay、lain，現(xiàn)在分詞是lying。
lay意思是“放；孵(蛋)”，其過(guò)去式和過(guò)去分詞是laid、laid。
6. be made in & be made of & be made from & be made up of
[誤] The table is made from wood.
[正] The table is made of wood.
be made in意思是“由……生產(chǎn)”，強(qiáng)調(diào)產(chǎn)地；be made of意思是“用……制成”，強(qiáng)調(diào)從成品上能看出原料，制成物沒(méi)改變?cè)系谋举|(zhì)；be made from意思也是“用……制成”，強(qiáng)調(diào)從制成物上看不出原料，制成物已改變?cè)系谋举|(zhì)；be made up of意思是“由……構(gòu)成或組成”，指人或物都可，指結(jié)構(gòu)成分。
7. stop to do & stop doing
[誤] He was too tired, so he stopped having a rest.
[正] He was too tired, so he stopped to have a rest.
[誤] Look! The teacher is coming. We must stop to talk.
[正] Look! The teacher is coming. We must stop talking.
stop to do意思是“停下(正做的事)(開(kāi)始)去做(別的某事)”，帶to的不定式在句子中作目的狀語(yǔ)；stop doing意思“停止做某事(不做了)”，帶-ing形式的動(dòng)名詞在句子中作賓語(yǔ)。
二、容易混淆的名詞：
[考試說(shuō)明] 了解名詞在句中所充當(dāng)?shù)某煞?，理解并能區(qū)別所學(xué)的可數(shù)名詞和不可數(shù)名詞；熟練掌握所學(xué)可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)形式的構(gòu)成，在口語(yǔ)和書(shū)面語(yǔ)的表達(dá)中正確運(yùn)用；掌握物質(zhì)名詞及其數(shù)量的表達(dá)方法；了解專有名詞的概念及一般用法；熟練掌握所學(xué)名詞所有格的用法；了解集合名詞和抽象名詞的概念及一般用法。
1. job & work
[誤] I’m busy today, for I have a lot of jobs to do.
[正] I’m busy today, for I have a lot of work to do.
job意思是a piece of work，指已做或要做、應(yīng)做的具體的某種工作，實(shí)際含義是“職業(yè)”，而work通常指抽象意義上的工作，是不可數(shù)名詞，也可指“工作場(chǎng)所”。
2. by train & change trains
[誤] We came here by the train.
[正] We came here by train.
[正] We came here on/in the train.
[誤] We have to change the train at the next station.
[正] We have to change trains at the next station.
train意思是“火車”，表示“乘火車”，用by train或on/ the train，表示“換火車”，train必須用復(fù)數(shù)形式，且前面不加限定詞。
三、容易混淆的形容詞：
[考試說(shuō)明] 熟練掌握形容詞作定語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)及賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)的用法；熟練掌握表示時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、方式、程度、原因等疑問(wèn)副詞的用法；熟練掌握形容詞、副詞比較等級(jí)的構(gòu)成和good、well、many、much等不規(guī)則變化；掌握l(shuí)ittle、far、ill、bad、badly等不規(guī)則變化；能熟練運(yùn)用下列句型表示兩者(人或事物)和三者或三者以上(人或事物)的比較；初步掌握用much、little等副詞在用法上的區(qū)別。
1. any & some
[誤] Have you got some money with you?
[正] Have you got any money with you?
[誤] Would you like any milk?
[正] Would you like some milk?
any和some意思是“一些”，用作定語(yǔ)，可修飾可數(shù)名詞和不可數(shù)名詞。any多用于否定句和疑問(wèn)句，some多用于肯定句。
但如果說(shuō)話人表示“請(qǐng)求，提議”或“希望得到肯定回答”的意義時(shí)，some也可用在疑問(wèn)句中；some還可用于單數(shù)名詞前，表示未知或說(shuō)話人不想特別說(shuō)明的人、地、物等，意思是“某一，某個(gè)”。
如果表示“任何，無(wú)論哪個(gè)”時(shí)，any可用在肯定句中。
2. either & each & both & neither & every
[誤] There are many flowers on either side of the street.
[誤] There are many flowers on neither side of the street.
[誤] There are many flowers on each sides of the street.
[正] There are many flowers on both sides of the street.
[正] There are many flowers on each side of the street.
[誤] Every student has not finished their homework.
[正] No student has finished their homework.
either意思是“兩者之一的”，each意思是“任意一個(gè)的”，neither意思是“兩者都不的”，every強(qiáng)調(diào)整體，意思是“個(gè)個(gè)”。
3. few/little & a few /a little
[誤] Sorry, I have few money on me.
[正] Sorry, I have little money on me.
[誤] Her books are few.
[正] She has few books.
[誤] The work needs a few number of workers.
[正] The work needs a small number of workers.
[正] The work needs a few workers.
few后跟可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)，little后跟不可數(shù)名詞，都表示“幾乎沒(méi)有”的否定性意思；a few和a little區(qū)別也在于前者跟可數(shù)名詞，后者跟不可數(shù)名詞，都表示“有幾個(gè)”的肯定性意思。
4. no & not
no意思是“沒(méi)有”，可以否定一切名詞，修飾不可數(shù)名詞和可數(shù)名詞的復(fù)數(shù)時(shí)等于not any，修飾可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)時(shí)等于not a/an；如果被修飾的名詞通常情況下只有一個(gè)，則用它的單數(shù)形式；不能用a、the、all、every等限制詞之前，而not可以。
not意思是“不，不是”，可以否定一切動(dòng)詞，修飾動(dòng)詞。
no more than意思是“不過(guò)，僅僅”，相當(dāng)于only，修飾“數(shù)量”詞，強(qiáng)調(diào)“少”的含義；not more than意思是“至多，不多于，不超過(guò)”，用于陳述事實(shí)；no more…than和not more…than多用于多音節(jié)形容詞的比較級(jí)。
5. already & yet & still
[誤] When we arrived at the airport, the plane had taken off yet.
[正] When we arrived at the airport, the plane had taken off already.
[正] When we arrived at the airport, the plane had already taken off.
already意思是“已經(jīng)”，一般用于肯定句，常與完成時(shí)連用，常用于句中；yet意思是“已經(jīng)，還”，一般用于否定句和疑問(wèn)句，常用于句末；still意思是“仍然，還是”，強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作在進(jìn)行，主要用于肯定句，常用于句中。
6. also & too & either & so & neither & nor
[誤] My parents didn’t like swimming, nor did his.
[正] My parents didn’t like swimming, neither did his.
also用于肯定句，一般放在行為動(dòng)詞之前、助動(dòng)詞、情態(tài)動(dòng)詞、系動(dòng)詞之后，too一般用于肯定句末，前面常用逗號(hào)；either一般用于否定句末，前面也用逗號(hào)；so置于句首，引起句子倒裝，表示前面所講的情況也適用于另一個(gè)人或物，具有否定的意思；so后的主語(yǔ)與前一句主語(yǔ)是同一個(gè)人或物時(shí)，后面的主謂不倒裝，表示“確實(shí)如此”；neither置于句首，引起句子倒裝，表示前面所講的情況不適用于另一個(gè)人或物，具有否定的意思；nor常與not連用，表示“也不”，neither和nor都可用來(lái)對(duì)前面的否定陳述加以補(bǔ)充，如果補(bǔ)充的成分否定的不是同一事物，同一內(nèi)容，就只能用nor，不可用neither；當(dāng)否定的并列分句有兩個(gè)以上時(shí)，只能用nor，因?yàn)閚either只能指兩者中的一個(gè)，nor指三個(gè)以上的另一個(gè)。
7. sometimes & sometime & some time & some times
[誤] You can only keep the book for sometime.
[正] You can only keep the book for some time.
sometimes是頻度副詞，意思是“有時(shí)，不時(shí)”，常與一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)或一般過(guò)去時(shí)連用；sometime是副詞，意思是“在某個(gè)不確定的時(shí)間，在某個(gè)時(shí)候，某時(shí)”，可與將來(lái)時(shí)或過(guò)去時(shí)連用；some time是名詞詞組，意思是“一段時(shí)間”，做時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)，也可用作副詞詞組，用來(lái)指一個(gè)未肯定的時(shí)刻，常指將來(lái)，此時(shí)可與sometime通用；some times是名詞詞組，意思是“幾次，幾倍”。
四、容易混淆的介詞：
[考試說(shuō)明] 熟練掌握介詞in、on、at、to、from、by、with、for、about、before的常見(jiàn)用法；理解這11個(gè)介詞的其他用法及所學(xué)其他介詞的一般用法。
1. above & over; below & under
[誤] Our classroom is over theirs.
[正] Our classroom is above theirs.
[誤] The plane flew above the bridge.
[正] The plane flew over the bridge.
[誤] The lights hung above the desk.
[正] The lights hung over the desk.
above、over都表示“在…上面”，且都表示表面不接觸的上方，但over指垂直在上，而above則表示位置較高，不一定是正上方。
below、under都表示“在…下面”，below指位置低于某物或在某物的下方，但不一定在某物的正下方，其反義詞是above，而under指在某物的正下方，有垂直在下的意思，其反義詞是over。
2. by & on & over & through
[誤] They’re talking on the radio.
[正] They’re talking by radio.
“通過(guò)無(wú)線電交談”習(xí)慣上說(shuō)talk by radio，名詞前不加冠詞。
“通過(guò)收音機(jī)聽(tīng)到”習(xí)慣上說(shuō)hear sth. on/over/through the radio，名詞前加冠詞。
“通過(guò)電視看到”習(xí)慣上說(shuō)watch sth. on TV。
“通過(guò)電話交談”習(xí)慣上說(shuō)talk with sb. on/over the telephone。
“通過(guò)人造衛(wèi)星收發(fā)電視節(jié)目”習(xí)慣上說(shuō)through man-made satellites。
3. in & on & to
[誤] Tian wan is to the east of China.
[誤] Tian wan is on the east of China.
[正] Tian wan is in the east of China.
表示方位“在……(東西南北)邊)時(shí)，介詞in、on、to有不同的用法。以“在……東部”為例，表示在該地范圍之內(nèi)，用in the east of，表示在該地與某地“相鄰”，有接壤之意，用on the east of，表示不在該地范圍，且有中間物，用to the east of。
4. in the end & at the end of & by the end of & at last
都有“最后”的意思，但in the end表示“結(jié)果，末了”，與at last是同義詞組，at the end of表示“在……末端，盡頭”，后面要接名詞短語(yǔ)，by the end of表示“在……結(jié)束時(shí)，末了為止”，后面接時(shí)間短語(yǔ)。
5. to & for & toward(s)
[誤] He is leaving to HongKong next month.
[正] He is leaving for HongKong next month.
to，toward(s)作靜態(tài)介詞，表示靜態(tài)位置時(shí)，均表示“朝……”或“向……”，一般兩者可通用，towards指時(shí)間“將近”，意思是nearly；to則表示一段時(shí)間的終點(diǎn)，“差……到”的意思；for常用在leave、start等后面，表示要去的目的地，不可用to。
五、容易混淆的連詞：
[考試說(shuō)明] 掌握并列連詞(如：and、but、or)和從屬連詞(如：when、if、that等)的基本用法。
1. because & since & as & for
[誤] Because he was ill, so he didn’t go to school today.
[正] Because he was ill, he didn’t go to school today.
[正] He didn’t go to school today because he was ill.
because通常表示說(shuō)話人認(rèn)為這種理由或原因是正式的理由。在含because的句子中，全句強(qiáng)調(diào)的重點(diǎn)在原因上，不在主句的結(jié)果上。因此，回答why提出的問(wèn)題時(shí)，只能用because，不能用since、as或for。because of后面只能跟短語(yǔ)，不能跟從句。
since表示的原因，指人們已知的事實(shí)，常譯為“既然”，引導(dǎo)的從句只是一種附帶的說(shuō)明原因，不是對(duì)原因的強(qiáng)調(diào)。because與since不能與so連用。
as表示原因與since差別不大，只是語(yǔ)氣更弱，是顯而易見(jiàn)的理由。
for表示因果關(guān)系時(shí)，可與because替換使用，所不同的只是它只能放在主句之后，不能放在句首。在含for的句子里，for從句有時(shí)只是對(duì)主句補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明理由或推斷原因，與前一分句不存在因果關(guān)系。
2.either…or… & neither…nor… & not only…but also… & both…and…
[誤] Either he or I are right.
[正] Either he or I am right.
前三個(gè)連詞連接名詞、代詞等作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要與離其最近的主語(yǔ)的單復(fù)數(shù)一致，both…and…的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞則要用復(fù)數(shù)。
六、容易混淆的代詞：
[考試說(shuō)明] 熟練掌握人稱代詞主格、賓格形式及基本用法，在口語(yǔ)和書(shū)面語(yǔ)的表達(dá)中正確運(yùn)用；掌握形容詞性物主代詞和名詞性物主代詞的基本用法；掌握反身代詞作為賓語(yǔ)和同位語(yǔ)的基本用法；熟練掌握指示代詞和疑問(wèn)代詞的基本用法。
1. either & each & none & neither & both & all & some
[誤] Either of the books are good.
[正] Either of the books is good.
either/ each / none / neither of+復(fù)數(shù)名詞或代詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)，
其中neither的也可用復(fù)數(shù)；both/ all /some of+復(fù)數(shù)名詞或代詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)。
[模擬練習(xí)]
1. Mum, I’m very thirsty. Is there _____ in the fridge?
A. some milk B. any juice C. any bread D. some cakes
2. –What time is it?
--Sorry. I don’t have a ______.
A. book B. watch C. pen D. picture
3. ______ is ______.
A. Orange, orange B. Orange, an orange
C. An orange, orange D. An ranges, an orange
4. Oh. It’s time ______.
A. for break B. to break C. for a break D. to a break
5. The novel is very ______. I’m ______ in it.
A. interest, interest B. interesting, interesting
C. interested, interested D. interesting, interested
6. Although the man lived ______, he didn’t feel ______ because he had quite ______ old friends.
A. lonely, lonely, few B. alone, alone, few
C. alone, lonely, a few D. lonely, alone, a few
7. Everyday Mr. Green got ______ the lift and then got ______ his car to go to work.
A. on, off B. into, out, of C. off, on D. out of, into
8. The jacket is so expensive. It ______ me a lot of money.
A. takes B. spends C. pays D. costs
9. Don’t throw about the paper. Please ______.
A. pick up it B. pick it up C. picks up it D. picks it up
10. Please hurry up! The plane ______ in a few minutes.
A. takes down B. will take away C. takes place D. will take off
11. His brother enjoys ______ football matches.
A. seeing B. looking C. watching D. finding
12. You may ______ we go to visit our uncle.
A. say B. tell C. speak D. talk
13. When we ran to the railway station, the plane just ______.
A. reached B. got C. arrived D. went
14. China has ______ several manmade satellites into space.
A. sent up B. sent for C. sent away D. sent back
15. You can ______ the book until you finish ______ it.
A. borrow, looking B. lend, watching
C. keep, reading D. return, seeing
16. The box is ______. You can’t put ______ in it.
A. empty, something B. empty, anything
C. full, something D. full, anything
17. China is a ______ country in the world.
A. big B. huge C. tall D. great
18. There is ______ time for me to think. I must leave at once.
A. few B. a few C. little D. a little
19. Girls always try to keep their rooms ______.
A. clean B. cleaning C. to clean D. cleans
20. –You look pretty today. --______.
A. You’re right. B. All right.
C. No. You’re not right. D. Thank you.
答案： 1. C 2. B 3. C 4. C 5. D 6. C 7. D 8. D 9. B 10. D 11. C 12. A 13. C 14. A 15. C 16. D 17. D 18. C 19. A 20. D