在學(xué)習(xí)初中英語(yǔ)的過(guò)程中, 同學(xué)們常會(huì)犯這樣那樣的錯(cuò)誤, 大多數(shù)同學(xué)認(rèn)為這些錯(cuò)誤紛繁復(fù)雜, 無(wú)章可循, 其實(shí)并非如此。為便于系統(tǒng)復(fù)習(xí), 現(xiàn)將中考高頻考點(diǎn)，或者說(shuō)把同學(xué)們常犯的錯(cuò)誤進(jìn)行分類詳解, 希望對(duì)大家能有所警示與啟迪。
I. “蛇足”類錯(cuò)誤例析
“蛇足”類錯(cuò)誤就是“畫蛇添足”，在句中出現(xiàn)一些原本沒(méi)有或本應(yīng)省略的成分。
例1.
Though traveling by air is fast and comfortable, but it costs too much money. (×)
Traveling by air is fast and comfortable, but it costs too much money. (√)
Though traveling by air is fast and comfortable, it costs too much money. (√)
例2.
Because he was ill yesterday, so he didn’t go to work. (×)
Because he was ill yesterday, he didn’t go to work. (√)
He was ill yesterday, so he didn’t go to work. (√)
[析] 用though, but表示“雖然……，但是…… ”或用because, so 表示“因?yàn)?hellip;…，所以……”時(shí)，though和but 及because和so 都只能擇一而用，不能兩者同時(shí)使用。
例3.
More than three hundreds people died in the oil well accident in Chongqing in 2003.（×）
More than three hundred people died in the oil well accident in Chongqing in 2003. (√)
[析] hundred, thousand, million, billion等詞前有具體數(shù)詞修飾用來(lái)表示“確數(shù)”時(shí)，無(wú)論數(shù)詞大小，hundred等詞都要用單數(shù)形式。
例4.
My English teacher is a 38-years old man. (×)
My English teacher is a 38-year-old man. (√)
[析] 句中的38-years-old是由數(shù)詞、名詞和形容詞一起構(gòu)成的復(fù)合形容詞，在句中充當(dāng)定語(yǔ)，修飾名詞man。復(fù)合形容詞作定語(yǔ)時(shí), 其中的名詞要用單數(shù)形式, 且各詞之間要有連字符“-”。
例5.
The Smiths have moved Beijing. (×)
The Smiths have moved to Beijing. (√)
[析] 不及物動(dòng)詞后接名詞或代詞作賓語(yǔ)時(shí)，要在動(dòng)詞之后加上適當(dāng)?shù)慕樵~；但不及物動(dòng)詞后接home, here, there等副詞作賓語(yǔ)時(shí)，動(dòng)詞之后不必加任何介詞。
例6.
The box is too heavy for him to carry it. (×)
The box is too heavy for him to carry. (√)
[析] the box既是這句話的主語(yǔ), 也是不定式to carry的邏輯賓語(yǔ)，若句末再加上it，就和the box重復(fù)了。
II. “主謂不一致”類錯(cuò)誤例析
主謂不一致類錯(cuò)誤指的是句子的主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞在人稱和數(shù)上不一致而形成的錯(cuò)誤。
例1.
Each of the boys have a pen. (×)
Each of the boys has a pen. (√)
[析] 復(fù)數(shù)名詞前有表個(gè)體的each of, one of, every，either of等詞組修飾，或有表否定的neither of, none of 等詞組修飾時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要用單數(shù)形式。
例2. 那是你心軟！我不就是一個(gè)例子嗎？
Neither he nor you is good at English. (×)
Neither he nor you are good at English. (√)
[析] either... or..., neither... nor..., not only..., but also... 等詞組連接句子的兩個(gè)主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞遵循“就近一致原則”, 即由靠近謂語(yǔ)的那個(gè)主語(yǔ)決定謂語(yǔ)的人稱和數(shù)用何種形式。
例3.
Two months are quite a long time. (×)
Two months is quite a long time. (√)
[析] 當(dāng)時(shí)間、度量、距離、重量等名詞作句子主語(yǔ)時(shí)，常將其看作一個(gè)整體，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要用單數(shù)形式。
例4.
Ten minus three are seven. (×)
Ten minus three is seven. (√)
[析] 用英語(yǔ)表示加（plus）、減(minus)等數(shù)學(xué)運(yùn)算時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞也用單數(shù)形式。
例5.
Watching TV too much are bad for your eyes. (×)
Watching TV too much is bad for your eyes. (√)
[析] 不定式、v-ing形式充當(dāng)句子主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式
例6.
The number of the workers in this factory are about 5,000. (×)
The number of the workers in this factory is about 5,000. (√)
[析] the number of表示“……的數(shù)量”，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式；a number of 的意思是“若干”或“許多”，相當(dāng)于some或a lot of，和復(fù)數(shù)名詞連用，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式。
III. “詞序”、“語(yǔ)序”類錯(cuò)誤例析
詞序、語(yǔ)序類錯(cuò)誤指的是單詞或句子在排列順序上不正確，也表現(xiàn)為該用陳述語(yǔ)序的用了疑問(wèn)句語(yǔ)序，或該用疑問(wèn)句語(yǔ)序的用了陳述句語(yǔ)序等情況。
例1. Hello! I have important something to tell you. （×）
Hello! I have something important to tell you. (√)
[析] 形容詞或動(dòng)詞不定式修飾不定代詞作定語(yǔ)時(shí)，修飾成分要置于不定代詞之后。
例2. His son is enough old to go to school. （×）
His son is old enough to go to school. (√)
[析] enough作形容詞修飾名詞時(shí)，可以放在名詞前，也可放在名詞后；作副詞修飾形容詞或副詞時(shí)，只能放在形容詞或副詞之后。
例3. Here is your sweater, put away it.（×）
Here is your sweater, put it away. (√)
[析] put away, pick up, put on等“動(dòng)詞+副詞”構(gòu)成的詞組后接代詞作賓語(yǔ)時(shí)，代詞只能放在動(dòng)詞和副詞之間。
例4. I don’t know where is he going.（×）
I don’t know where he is going. (√)
[析] 在含賓語(yǔ)從句的復(fù)合句中，從句要用陳述句語(yǔ)序。
例5. Look! Here the bus comes.（×）
Look! Here comes the bus.（√）
[析] 在以here, there引起的陳述句中，若句子的主語(yǔ)是名詞，要用倒裝語(yǔ)序，即用“Here /There+動(dòng)詞+名詞”結(jié)構(gòu)；但主語(yǔ)若是代詞時(shí)，則不用倒裝語(yǔ)序, 即用“Here/There +代詞+動(dòng)詞”結(jié)構(gòu)。
例6. I do well in playing football, _______. (我妹妹也行。)
A. so my sister does（×）
B. so does my sister（√）
例7. --- Li Lei is really a football fan.
--- _______. (確實(shí)這樣.)
A. So is he（×）
B. So he is（√）
[析] “so+be動(dòng)詞/助動(dòng)詞+主語(yǔ)”的倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)表示前面所述情況也適用于后者，意為“……也是這樣”；“so+主語(yǔ)+be動(dòng)詞/助動(dòng)詞”的陳述結(jié)構(gòu)表示對(duì)前述情況的肯定，意為“……確實(shí)如此”。
IV. “邏輯”類錯(cuò)誤例析
邏輯類錯(cuò)誤是指用英語(yǔ)表達(dá)某一思想時(shí)，犯了邏輯推理錯(cuò)誤，導(dǎo)致句子語(yǔ)法成分不全，句意表達(dá)上前后矛盾等方面的失誤。
例1. 重慶比中國(guó)的其他城市都大。
Chongqing is larger than any city in China. (×)
Chongqing is larger than any other city in China. (√)
[析] “any city in China”包括了重慶這座城市, 同一事物自己與自己不能做比較，只有在city 前加上other才能表示重慶和中國(guó)的其它城市比較大小。
例2. 廣州的天氣比北京的天氣更暖和。
The weather in Guangzhou is warmer than Beijing. (×)
The weather in Guangzhou is warmer than that in Beijing . (√)
[析] 表示比較時(shí)，句子中的兩個(gè)比較對(duì)象必須一致，不同的比較對(duì)象不能做比較。錯(cuò)誤句的比較對(duì)象分別為the weather in Guangzhou和Beijing，這兩個(gè)不同類的事物之間不能做比較。
V. “受漢語(yǔ)思維方式影響”類錯(cuò)誤例析
受漢語(yǔ)影響類錯(cuò)誤是指用英語(yǔ)表達(dá)某個(gè)意思時(shí)，受了漢語(yǔ)表達(dá)的影響而導(dǎo)致犯錯(cuò)。
例1. Mr Wu teaches our English. (×)
Mr Wu teaches us English. (√)
[析] “teach sb. sth.”句式中的sb.和 sth.是teach的雙賓語(yǔ)，因此teach后的人稱代詞要用賓格，而不能受漢語(yǔ)影響使用形容詞性物主代詞。
例2. His sister married with a teacher last summer.(×)
His sister married a teacher last summer. (√)
[析] 表達(dá)“A和B結(jié)婚”，要用A married/will marry B。這時(shí)務(wù)必要避免受漢語(yǔ)影響使用A married/will marry with B。
例3. There is going to have a film tonight. (×)
There is going to be a film tonight. (√)
[析] 一般將來(lái)時(shí)用在 There be 句式中時(shí)，be going to或will之后的動(dòng)詞原形只能用be,也就是說(shuō)要用There is (are) going to be.... / There will be....。
例4. I’ll go hiking if it won’t rain next Sunday. (×)
I’ll go hiking if it doesn’t rain next Sunday.(√)
[析] 習(xí)慣上在含有時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句和條件狀語(yǔ)從句的復(fù)合句中，如果主句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用了一般將來(lái)時(shí)，從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示將來(lái)的動(dòng)作。
例5. Teacher told us yesterday that the earth went around the sun. (×)
Teacher told us yesterday that the earth goes around the sun. (√)
[析] 習(xí)慣上在含有賓語(yǔ)從句的復(fù)合句中，主句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用了一般過(guò)去時(shí)，從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要用過(guò)去的某種時(shí)態(tài)。但如果從句表述的是一客觀事實(shí)或客觀真理時(shí)，則不受主句時(shí)態(tài)的影響，而用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。
例6. All the balls are not round. 翻譯成漢語(yǔ)：
所有的球都不是圓的。(×)
并不是所有的球都是圓的。(√)
[析] all, every, both等詞和not連用時(shí)，not通常放在all, every, both的后面，一般情況下表示部分否定，意為“并非……都……”。
例7. Do you know the way of the park? (×)
Do you know the way to the park? (√)
[析] 習(xí)慣上表示無(wú)生命名詞的所有格常用“...of...”； 但表示“通往……的路”要用“the way to...”, 而不能用“the way of...”。類似結(jié)構(gòu)的詞還有 the key to the lock (這把鎖的鑰匙), the answer to this question(這個(gè)問(wèn)題的答案), the ticket to the concert (音樂(lè)會(huì)的票)等。
例8. --- He didn’t go to school yesterday, did he?
--- _______, though he didn’t feel very well.
A. No, he didn’t (×) B. Yes, he did (√)
例9. --- Don’t you usually come to school by bike?
--- _______. But I sometimes walk.
A. No, I don’t (×) B. Yes, I do (√)
[析] 習(xí)慣上英語(yǔ)中的yes意為“是的”，no意為“不”，但在“前否后肯”的反意疑問(wèn)句或否定疑問(wèn)句中，yes意為“不”，no意為“是的”。(完)