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英語四級、英語六級考試備考:篇章詞匯
語篇的銜接
分析語篇的銜接手段有助于我們準確把握文章的結(jié)構(gòu),加強對語篇連貫性、一致性和邏輯聯(lián)系的理解和認識,從而透徹理解全篇內(nèi)容。語篇的銜接手段分析如下:
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1.語法手段
(1)照應:指使話語中某一實體的所指在文本中得以確定的語義關(guān)系。它是一些起信號作用的詞匯,其語義必須從該詞語所指的對象中尋找答案。
照應分為人稱照應、指示照應和比較照應。比較照應通過形容詞和副詞的比較級等形式以及其他一些有比較意義的詞語(same`identical`such`equal`different`otherwise等)表示照應關(guān)系。
(2)替代:通過用某一詞替代前面句中出現(xiàn)的名詞(短語)、動詞(短語)或小句來實現(xiàn)的銜接關(guān)系。替代有名詞替代、動詞替代和小句替代。
(3)省略:指把語篇中某些成分省去不提。省略使上下句在語義上建立一種相互依賴關(guān)系,使語篇緊湊,被省略的成分能從上下文中找到。省略可分為名詞省略、動詞省略和小句省略。
(4)連接:指連接成分憑借其自身的意義使語篇建立句子間的語義聯(lián)系。Halliday和Hasan把連接分為添加(in addition等)、轉(zhuǎn)折、因果和時間。
2.詞匯手段
指語篇中使用一些相互之間存在意義聯(lián)系的詞語,從而建立一個貫穿語篇的語義鏈,保證語篇的連貫性。詞匯手段分為重復、同義/反義、上下義和詞匯搭配。此處的搭配指一般意義上句子中同一結(jié)構(gòu)內(nèi)的詞語搭配(如動詞與名詞、形容詞與名詞等),習慣性共現(xiàn)類型的搭配(如hair與comb,sky與 sunshine等)。
Passage 12
As is known to all, the organization and management of wages and salaries are very complex. Generally speaking, the Accounts Department is __1__ for calculations of pay, while the Personnel Department is interested in discussions with the employees about pay.
If a firm wants to __2__ a new wage and salary structure, it is essential that the firm should decide on a __3__ of job evaluation and ways of measuring the performance of its employees. In order to be __4__, that new pay structure will need agreement between Trade union s and employers. In job evaluation, all of the requirements of each job are defined in a detailed job description. Each of thsoe requirements is given a value, usually in “points”, which are __5__ together to give a total value for the job. For middle and higher management, a special method is used to evaluate managers on their knowledge of the job, their responsibility, and their __6__ to solve problems. Because of the difficulty in measuring management work, however, job grades for managers are often decided without __7__ to an evaluation system based on points.
In attempting to design a pay system, the Personne
英語四級、英語六級考試備考:篇章詞匯
語篇的銜接
分析語篇的銜接手段有助于我們準確把握文章的結(jié)構(gòu),加強對語篇連貫性、一致性和邏輯聯(lián)系的理解和認識,從而透徹理解全篇內(nèi)容。語篇的銜接手段分析如下:
編輯推薦
2011英語四級考試聽力高效復習技巧策略
2011年英語四級考試閱讀理解做題程序分析
2011年英語四六級考試免費短信提醒
1.語法手段
(1)照應:指使話語中某一實體的所指在文本中得以確定的語義關(guān)系。它是一些起信號作用的詞匯,其語義必須從該詞語所指的對象中尋找答案。
照應分為人稱照應、指示照應和比較照應。比較照應通過形容詞和副詞的比較級等形式以及其他一些有比較意義的詞語(same`identical`such`equal`different`otherwise等)表示照應關(guān)系。
(2)替代:通過用某一詞替代前面句中出現(xiàn)的名詞(短語)、動詞(短語)或小句來實現(xiàn)的銜接關(guān)系。替代有名詞替代、動詞替代和小句替代。
(3)省略:指把語篇中某些成分省去不提。省略使上下句在語義上建立一種相互依賴關(guān)系,使語篇緊湊,被省略的成分能從上下文中找到。省略可分為名詞省略、動詞省略和小句省略。
(4)連接:指連接成分憑借其自身的意義使語篇建立句子間的語義聯(lián)系。Halliday和Hasan把連接分為添加(in addition等)、轉(zhuǎn)折、因果和時間。
2.詞匯手段
指語篇中使用一些相互之間存在意義聯(lián)系的詞語,從而建立一個貫穿語篇的語義鏈,保證語篇的連貫性。詞匯手段分為重復、同義/反義、上下義和詞匯搭配。此處的搭配指一般意義上句子中同一結(jié)構(gòu)內(nèi)的詞語搭配(如動詞與名詞、形容詞與名詞等),習慣性共現(xiàn)類型的搭配(如hair與comb,sky與 sunshine等)。
Passage 12
As is known to all, the organization and management of wages and salaries are very complex. Generally speaking, the Accounts Department is __1__ for calculations of pay, while the Personnel Department is interested in discussions with the employees about pay.
If a firm wants to __2__ a new wage and salary structure, it is essential that the firm should decide on a __3__ of job evaluation and ways of measuring the performance of its employees. In order to be __4__, that new pay structure will need agreement between Trade union s and employers. In job evaluation, all of the requirements of each job are defined in a detailed job description. Each of thsoe requirements is given a value, usually in “points”, which are __5__ together to give a total value for the job. For middle and higher management, a special method is used to evaluate managers on their knowledge of the job, their responsibility, and their __6__ to solve problems. Because of the difficulty in measuring management work, however, job grades for managers are often decided without __7__ to an evaluation system based on points.
In attempting to design a pay system, the Personne

