高考英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法:高中英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法-詞義猜測(cè)“十法”(一)

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《高中英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法-詞義猜測(cè)“十法”(一)》由出國(guó)留學(xué)編輯精心為您學(xué)習(xí)英語(yǔ)準(zhǔn)備.liuxue86.com。本內(nèi)容整理時(shí)間為05月12日,如有任何問(wèn)題請(qǐng)聯(lián)系我們。
    詞義猜測(cè)“十法”(一)
    在高考的“閱讀理解”題中,經(jīng)常見(jiàn)到一些猜測(cè)詞義的題目。這種題目旨在考查考生根據(jù)上下文提供的語(yǔ)境猜測(cè)單詞或短語(yǔ)含義的能力,這種能力既涉及到考生的語(yǔ)言知識(shí)水平,也涉及到考生的語(yǔ)言運(yùn)用能力和綜合素質(zhì)水平。本文結(jié)合歷年高考試題,就如何做好詞義猜測(cè)題提供一些方法,供考生參考。
    一 . 常見(jiàn)的設(shè)問(wèn)方式:
    詞義猜測(cè)題主要有以下幾種常見(jiàn)的設(shè)問(wèn)方式:
    1. The underlined word “…” probably means __________.
    2. The word “…” in the … paragraph refers to _____________.
    3. The phrase “…” in the … sentence can be replaced by _____________.
    4. Which of the following is the closest in meaning to the word “…”?
    5. What is the meaning of the underlined word in the … paragraph?
    6. By saying “…” we mean _____________.
    7. What do you think the expression “…” stands for?
    二 . 詞義猜測(cè)十法
    ◆定義解釋法
    有些文章,特別是科技文章,通常會(huì)用逗號(hào)、破折號(hào)引出對(duì)某一個(gè)單詞的定義或解釋性說(shuō)明,我們應(yīng)充分利用這些定義或解釋性說(shuō)明來(lái)推測(cè)單詞或短語(yǔ)的含義。例如:
    ( NMET 2004 , B 篇 61 題) There is no cure for Alzheimer’s. But a drug,called ARICEPT,has been used by millions of people to relieve their symptoms (癥狀) .
    61. What is AIRCEPT?
    A. A medicine to cure Alzheimer’s.
    B. A medicine to delay signs of aging.
    C. A medicine to reduce the symptoms of Alzheimer’s.
    D. A medicine to cure brain damage.
    解析:句中的“ a drug, called ARICEPT ,… to help their symptoms ”就是給 ARICEPT 下的一個(gè)定義,故答案為 C .
    ◆利用舉例法
    有時(shí),有些文章為了證實(shí)或說(shuō)明某一觀點(diǎn),經(jīng)常會(huì)列舉一些例子。我們可以充分利用這些例子來(lái)猜測(cè)生詞的含義。例如:
    ( NMET 2001 全國(guó), A 篇 56 題) The largest player —— Shanghai Bashi Tourism Car Rental offers a wide variety of choices —— deluxe sedans,minivans,station wagons,coaches,Santana sedans are the big favorites.
    56. The words “ deluxe sedans ” ,“ minivans ” and “ station wagons ” used in the text refer to __________.
    A. cars in the making
    B. car rental firms
    C. cars for rent
    D. car makers
    解析:文中談到上海巴士旅游汽車(chē)出租公司能提供很多種汽車(chē)供選擇,下面列舉的當(dāng)然是可供租用的各種類(lèi)型的汽車(chē)了,故答案為 C .
    ◆利用構(gòu)詞法
    英語(yǔ)中有很多單詞是通過(guò)一定的構(gòu)詞法生成的,如果我們掌握了一定的英語(yǔ)構(gòu)詞法知識(shí),就可以根據(jù)構(gòu)詞法來(lái)推測(cè)文中生詞的含義。例如:
    Car rentals (出租)are becoming more and more popular as an inexpensive way of taking to the roads.
    解析:句中的斜體詞 inexpensive 是由 expensive 派生而來(lái)的。 expensive 是形容詞,意為“昂貴的”, in- 是表示否定意義的前綴。因此,我們可以推知 inexpensive 意為“便宜的”。
    ◆語(yǔ)境推斷法
    英語(yǔ)單詞的一個(gè)特點(diǎn)是一詞多義,一個(gè)單詞在不同的語(yǔ)境中有不同的含義。離開(kāi)了一定的語(yǔ)言環(huán)境,詞匯的意義就難以確定。因此很多詞的詞義可以根據(jù)上下文來(lái)推測(cè)出來(lái)。例如:
    ( NMET 2004 浙江, B 篇 61 題) These days a green building means more than just the color of the paint. Green building can also refer to environmentally friendly houses, actories,and offices. “ Green building ” means “ reducing the impact (影響) of the building on the land ” ,Taryn Holowka of the U.S. Green Building Council in Washington,D.C., said.
    61. In the second paragraph, the underlined words “ the building ” most probably refers to ______________.
    A. an ordinary building
    B. an energy-saving building
    C. a green-colored building
    D. a building in Washington,D.C.
    解析:該段第二句提到了當(dāng)今的 green building 是指環(huán)保型的 houses, factories 和 offices .第三句指出環(huán)保型建筑就是要減少 the building 對(duì)地球造成的(不良)影響。由上下文可以推斷,答案為 A .
    ◆同義詞法
    很多情況下,在生詞出現(xiàn)的上下文中,有時(shí)會(huì)出現(xiàn)由并列連詞 and 或 or 連接的與之同義或近義的詞語(yǔ),我們可以通過(guò)這些熟悉的同義詞或近義詞的意義來(lái)推知該生詞的含義或它的義域。例如:
    ( NMET 2003 全國(guó), C 篇 65 題) In 1963,a schoolboy called Andrew,while reading in his school library, came across the world’s greatest mathematical problem : Fermat’s Last Theorem (定理). First put forward by the French mathematician Pierre de Fermat in the seventeenth century, the theorem had baffled and beaten the finest mathematical minds, including a French woman scientist who made a major advance in working out the problem, and who had to dress like a man in order to be able to study at the Ecole Polytechnique.
    65. Which of the following best explains the meaning of the word “ baffle ” as it is used in the text?
    A. To exncourage people to raise questions.
    B. To cause difficulty in understanding.
    C. To provide a person with an explanation.
    D. To limit people’s imagination.
    解析:從上下文看, and 把 baffled 與 beaten 連接起來(lái),表示它們是并列關(guān)系,應(yīng)該是同義詞,故答案為 B .[1][2]
    《高中英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法-詞義猜測(cè)“十法”(一)》由出國(guó)留學(xué)編輯精心為您學(xué)習(xí)英語(yǔ)準(zhǔn)備.liuxue86.com