對于考托福的同學來說，托福閱讀的長句子總是讓人困擾的，那么今天就和出國留學網(wǎng)小編一起來看看如何將托福長句子化為短句子？
1. 長句子
俗話說得好，世上本沒有長難句，修飾成分多了便有了長難句。面對一個難以理解的長句子，我們首先去反應一個問題，這個句子的生詞多不多？如果有較多不認識的生詞，那么先從單詞的查漏補缺開始做起。然而本文的重點不是單詞的記憶，而是面對單詞基本都認識，句子還是不理解或者讀不下去的問題該怎么辦。那么，問題的關鍵在于句子的語法結構你是否能夠明析，能否快速判斷出句子的主干和細節(jié)。接下來我們用一個例子加以說明。
A few art collectors Tames Bowdoin of Boston， William Byrd of Virginia， and the Aliens and Hamiltons of Philadelphia introduced European art traditions to those colonists privileged to visit their galleries，especially aspiring artists，and established in their respective communities the idea of the value of art and the need for institutions devoted to its encouragement.
這個句子的單詞難度比較適中，但是句子本身的難度并不小。原因在于句子結構比較復雜，我們來對它進行庖丁解牛。
A few art collectors introduced European art traditions to those colonistsand established in their respective communities the idea and the need.
紅色部分劃出了這個句子的核心主干（即主謂賓），間隔很大，支離破碎。注意后半部分嵌入了倒裝句established in their respective communities the idea and the need，establish是及物動詞，后面卻加了介詞in，說明此處有倒裝，還原正常語序應是established the idea and the need in their respective communities。倒裝出現(xiàn)的意義在于idea和need在原句中的后置定語（即藍色劃線部分）太長，為了防止頭重腳輕。
原句中綠色部分是人名的并列，也是本句主語art collectors的同位語。紫色部分是colonists的非謂語動詞后置定語，黃色部分是插入語用來進一步解釋art collectors。
綜上所述，本句運用了多種語法結構（并列，倒裝，同位語，后置定語，插入語）把主干部分分割得支離破碎，如果對這些語法結構不熟悉的同學肯定會一下子摸不著頭腦。而如果能夠盡最大努力把握其用法，那么對閱讀的速度和正確率的提升都有很大幫助。
翻譯：幾位藝術收藏家（此處省略幾位藝術家名字）將歐洲藝術傳統(tǒng)介紹給那些被特許參觀他們畫廊的殖民者，尤其是有抱負的藝術家們，并在他們各自的社區(qū)建立了藝術具有價值的觀念和致力于鼓勵其發(fā)展的機構的需要。
2. 長文章
說完句子結構，下面來說說段落和文章結構的重要性。面對比較長的段落和文章，要在短時間內快速抓住重點信息，做對題目，那么對文章的行文套路要有非常清晰的把握。下面以一篇OG真題文章Nineteenth-Century Politics in the United States的段落為例來講解。
In some ways the social makeup of the two parties was similar. To be competitive in winning votes， Whigs and Democrats both had to have significant support among farmers， the largest group in society， and workers. Neither party could win an election by appealing exclusively to the rich or the poor. The Whigs， however， enjoyed disproportionate strength among the business and commercial classes. Whigs appealed to planters who needed credit to finance their cotton and rice trade in the world market， to farmers who were eager to sell their surpluses， and to workers who wished to improve themselves. Democrats attracted farmers isolated from the market or uncomfortable with it， workers alienated from the emerging industrial system， and rising entrepreneurs who wanted to break monopolies and open the economy to newcomers like themselves. The Whigs were strongest in the towns， cities， and those rural areas that were fully integrated into the market economy， whereas Democrats dominated areas of semisubsistence farming that were more isolated and languishing economically.
對于這種較長的段落，如何快速辨別段落內部結構和句與句之間的邏輯是理解的關鍵。[一般來說，段落的主題常出現(xiàn)的位置在段首和段尾，但是也有例外，比如段落內部出現(xiàn)轉折，那么要注意轉折后的內容與前面相反而且是重點。]
這個段落，首句在講兩個黨派的社會組成是相似的，接著的第二三句出現(xiàn)了both、neither表示“都”、“都不”，提出了兩點相似之處。第四句出現(xiàn)了關鍵性的however，而該句以及接下來的句子主語也發(fā)生了轉變，都變?yōu)閮蓚€黨派的其中一個。那么，可以推斷出however之后的內容與前面相反，所以段落的主題落在了Democrats和Whigs社會組成的不同之處。