為了幫助考生解決托?？荚囬喿x部分的疑問，出國留學(xué)網(wǎng)小編整理了相關(guān)的資料，希望可以幫助考生度過考試的難關(guān)，下面是小編搜集的托福閱讀考試長難句的分析相關(guān)資訊，歡迎參考!
托福閱讀長難句分析
托福對讀句子的考察，體現(xiàn)在ETS有一項專門的題型，也就是句子簡化題。句子簡化題考察的句子都是一些比較繞，讀一遍不太好理解的句子。如果能對這樣的句子有好的把握，那后續(xù)讀句子會簡單得多。
首先，我們來看下句子簡化題的題干：
Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.
所有的句子簡化題問法都一樣：下面的四個句子，哪個最好的表達了標(biāo)注句子的核心信息?不正確的選項在重要的方面改變了句意，或者漏掉了核心信息。
根據(jù)這個題干咱們可以看出，句子簡化題的錯誤選項是非常有意義的，幫助我們?nèi)^(qū)分重要信息和非重要信息。
咱們接下來會把長難句分成六個大類，并舉例說明每一類如何去讀懂。
1. 省略非重點(總結(jié)，列舉，舉例論證)：
托福閱讀一篇文章有700個詞左右，而考場上看文章的時間必須限制在5分鐘以內(nèi);如果每個詞每句話都看到，那時間必然是不夠的;這就需要我們積極地去預(yù)測然后跳讀。而這部分句子給我們最大的啟示是，一個三行的句子，真正重要的信息可能一行就說完了。
例1. The West had plenty of attractions: the alluvial river bottoms, the fecund soils of the rolling forest lands, the black loams of the prairies were tempting to New England farmers working their rocky, sterile land and to southeastern farmers plagued with soil depletion and erosion.
O Because the West had more rivers and forests than the East, its soil was more productive.
O The fertile soils of the West drew farmers from regions with barren soils.
O Farmers living in western areas of the United States were more affected by soil erosion than farmers living in eastern areas.
O The soil in western areas of the United States was richer than soil in eastern areas.
原句中，The west had plenty of attractions(西部有許多吸引力) 為句子主干，最重要的信息體現(xiàn)在attractions這個詞，后面冒號在具體說明有哪些吸引力。用了一組反義詞fecund VS. sterile, 還用了 be tempting to (對什么有吸引力)，以及 and to的并列。
所以這句話最后就是：西部的土地對東部有吸引力，因為別的地方(包括New England和southeastern farmers)土地差。
看四個選項，只有第二個選項用draw這個詞表達了吸引的意思。A選項只說土地好，漏掉了essential information;C選項的比較級more affected… than 不存在;D的richer than說的是土地更好，跟A選項一樣，沒說土地好帶來的影響。
例2. The explanation is that the Maya excavated depressions, or modified natural depressions, and then plugged up leaks in the karst by plastering the bottoms of the depressions in order to create reservoirs, which collected rain from large plastered catchment basins and stored it for use in the dry season.
○Southern Maya populations obtained the water they needed for the dry season by collecting and storing rainwater in sealed depressions.
○The Maya are credited with creating methods for modifying natural rainwater and storing it.
○Leaks in the karst caused difficulties in the creation of reservoirs, which were needed to store water for the dry season.
○Southern Mayans were more successful at collecting rain than storing it during dry seasons.
原句中，最外層是一個表語從句，表語從句內(nèi)才是重點;從句中有三個并列結(jié)構(gòu)，excavated, modified, plugged(by plastering the bottoms of the depressions 這個方式狀語要略過不讀)講的都是造reservoir蓄水池的方式，只需要看一個就好，最關(guān)鍵的是抓住in order to;最后一個定語從句，說明reservoir的用處——collected rain for use in the dry season.
所以這句話最后就是：瑪雅開鑿水庫，這樣就可以收集雨水在旱季用。
看四個選項，第一個說南邊瑪雅人獲得(旱季需要的)水，通過收集雨水到水庫;正好符合原句的意思。sealed這個詞概括了原句的plugged... ; 再看第二個，be credited with…, ...被歸功，(credit to表示歸功于)，瑪雅聞名于創(chuàng)造了一些方法——改變自然水，原句沒有提過改變自然水。 3rd選項，裂縫造成了創(chuàng)造reservoir的困難; 4th選項，比較關(guān)系不對。
例3. In the wake of the Roman Empire's conquest of Britain in the first century A.D., a large number of troops stayed in the new province, and these troops had a considerable impact on Britain with their camps, fortifications, and participation in the local economy.
O Many Roman soldiers remained in Britain after conquering it, and their presence had a strong influence.
O The new Roman province of Britain seemed to awaken in the first century A.D. as the local economy improved.
O Camps, fortifications, and economic change contributed to the Roman conquest of Britain.
O With the conquest of Britain by Roman troops, the Roman Empire gained considerable economic strength.
原句中，第一行是一個時間點，可以略過;最重要的信息是 troops stayed and had impact; 最后一行細化到底有怎樣的影響。
看四個選項，第一個presence替代stayed;influence替代impact;與原文相符;2nd選項，中心放在前面我們略過的時間點上; 3rd選項，contribute to貢獻，導(dǎo)致;因果關(guān)系搞反了; 4th選項，Roman帝國得到了更多的經(jīng)濟力量，跟原句不符。
例4. numerous insects occupy the marsh, feeding on living or dead cordgrass tissue, and redwing blackbirds, sparrows, rodents, rabbits, and deer feed directly on the cordgrass.
O Insects feed only on dead cordgrass, while most other marsh inhabitants feed on live cordgrass.
O The marsh is a good habitat for insects, but a relatively poor one for birds and animals.
O Although cordgrass provides food for birds and animals, it gives insects both food and a place to live.
O Cordgrass provides food for numerous insects, birds, and other animals.
原句中，前面說insects occupy the mash,靠cordgrass tissue為生;后面并列部分，許多其他動物(redwing blackbirds…)直接吃cordgrass;并列關(guān)系?？偨Y(jié)一下就是各種生物靠cordgrass提供食物。
看四個選項，4th選項，雖然句子主語變了，但句意未變，grass provide food，直接概括了原句意思;1st選項，while表示對比，原句是并列關(guān)系而非對比，而且only這個詞原句也沒這個意思; 2nd的but和3rd的although都不對，沒有轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系。
例5. If the water table intersects the land surface, groundwater will flow out onto the surface at springs, either to be collected there or to subsequently flow father along a drainage.
A. Groundwater only flows out of the ground if the water table intersects the land surface.
B. If the land surface and the water table intersect, groundwater can flow underground.
C. Groundwater may be drained if springs occur where the water table intersects the land surface.
D. Where the water table meets the land surface, groundwater flows out through surface springs.
原句中，If表示條件句，如果water table和land surface相交，groundwater就會flow out，后面都是講冒出之后的事——要么收集在那里，要么進一步流走。所以最關(guān)鍵是水流出來。
看四個選項，D選項用where代替了if表示條件，用meet代替intersect，省略了后面的either...; A選項only多余了;B選項flow underground，文章是flow out onto the surface; C選項maybe be drained只是原句flow out之后的一種situation，不能概括全部。
例6. A glance at a map of the Pacific Ocean reveals that there are many islands far out at sea that are actually volcanoes—many no longer active, some overgrown with coral—that originated from activity at points in the interior of the Pacific Plate that forms the Pacific seafloor.
A. Volcanic activity is responsible for the formation of the Pacific seafloor in the interior of the Pacific Plate.
B. Many volcanoes in the Pacific Ocean are no longer active and have become islands that support coral.
C. The map of the Pacific Ocean reveals fewer volcanic islands than there truly are because many are no longer active and some are completely overgrown with coral.
D. There are many islands in the Pacific Ocean that originated as volcanoes in the interior of the Pacific Plate.
原句中，先忽略破折中間的插入語及句末的定語從句，外層說a glance at a map看一眼地圖表明，reveal后面是賓語從句，是這句話最重要的信息：many islands are volcanoes that originated from activity…(太平洋板塊內(nèi)部的一些點) 最后一個定語從句修飾points，因為in the interior of the Pacific Plate是一個地點狀語，本來應(yīng)該放在最后(中文習(xí)慣放最前面);最后看破折號內(nèi)部的插入語，許多不再(no longer)活躍，有些長滿珊瑚，用來修飾volcanoes。
所以最后這句話就是：許多島嶼是在板塊內(nèi)部的火山。
看四個選項，D選項islands originated as volcanoes跟原句相符;
A選項說火山活動導(dǎo)致(be responsible for)海底形成，未說到重點的many islands;B選項說許多火山不再活躍成為珊瑚，講的是破折號里的minor idea; C選項fewer... than…比較關(guān)系不存在。
例7. A major development was the discovery, again about 3000 B.C.E., that if copper, which had been known in Mesopotamia since about 3500 B.C.E., was mixed with tin, a much harder metal, bronze, would result.
○ Although copper had been known since 3500 B.C.E in Mesopotamia, the discovery of bronze did not occur until around 3000 B.C.E.
○ Another major development around 3000 B.C.E. was the discovery that copper could be mixed with a much harder metal known as tin.
○ The development of bronze by mixing copper and tin probably occurred around 3000 B.C.E. but may have happened as early as 3500 B.C.E.
○ Also around 3000 B.C.E., it was discovered that mixing copper, known from about 3500 B.C.E., with tin would create a much harder metal known as bronze.
原句中，有一些插入語——分別表示時間點again...，定語從句 which had...，以及bronze;最重要的信息是前面的discovery ——如果copper mix with tin，就會變成bronze。(兩個時間點：3000BCE是discovery的時間，3500BCE是copper發(fā)現(xiàn)的時間;同位語：much harder metal=bronze. )
看四個選項，最后一個 mixing copper with tin would create bronze,符合原句。1st的although及3rd的but原句都沒有;2nd說的是copper mixed with tin;與原句不符。
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