出國(guó)留學(xué)網(wǎng)托福欄目為大家?guī)?lái)了《三個(gè)要素抓住托福閱讀主旨題》，我們網(wǎng)站的托福欄目編輯了各種有關(guān)托福的信息資料，希望對(duì)廣大考生有幫助!
主旨=主題+方向+關(guān)系詞(無(wú)詞閱讀法的“三要素”)
例1：《新概念第四冊(cè)》第二課的第一段：
Why you may wonder should spiders be our friends? Because they destroy so many insects, and insects include some of the greatest enemies of the human race. Insects would make it impossible for us to live in the world. They would devour all our crops, and kill our flocks and herds, if it were not for the protection we get from insect-eating animals. We owe a lot to the birds and beasts who eat insects but all of them put together kill only a fraction of the number destroyed by spiders. Moreover, unlike some of the other insect-eaters, spiders never do the least harm to us or our belongings.
這段話首句的主題很明顯講的是“spiders”，方向是“friends”(正向)，合在一起就是主旨“蜘蛛是朋友”。從第二句話開始出現(xiàn)的關(guān)系詞 Because、and和Moreover都是在維持著首句的方向，所以即使關(guān)系詞后面的具體內(nèi)容由于存在生詞(devour, flocks, herds等等)而看不太懂，也不會(huì)影響我們對(duì)段落主旨的把握。
如果用直白的語(yǔ)言來(lái)解釋“主題+方向+關(guān)系詞”這三個(gè)要素，那就是：“主題”等于這段話講的是個(gè)什么事物(spiders);方向是該事物是好是壞 (friends);關(guān)系詞(Because、and和Moreover)就是維持或者改變方向的一些標(biāo)志。一旦我們善于把握這“三要素”，那么閱讀速度將變得立刻提高，因?yàn)槌诉@“三要素”之外的細(xì)節(jié)如果包含著個(gè)別生詞，我們也可以忽略不計(jì)了，從而實(shí)現(xiàn)了“無(wú)詞閱讀”的境界。
如何掌握主旨(How)
閱讀英語(yǔ)段落的時(shí)候，應(yīng)該是“勻速閱讀”還是“變速閱讀”呢?當(dāng)然是“變速閱讀”!這樣我們才能做到閱讀時(shí)的詳略得當(dāng)。但是，“變速閱讀”是“先快后慢”還是“先慢后快”呢?這就要從英語(yǔ)的思維方式說(shuō)起。
英語(yǔ)傾向于先說(shuō)重要的還是先說(shuō)次要的?我們來(lái)看看英語(yǔ)與漢語(yǔ)的思維方式差異。
漢語(yǔ)族人的思維方式是“螺旋式”的，喜歡畫龍點(diǎn)睛，我們稱之為“Save the best for the last”。而英語(yǔ)族人的思維方式是“直線式”的，喜歡直入主題，我們稱之為“Say what you want to say, then say why”。
這樣一比較，大家應(yīng)該馬上明白了閱讀英語(yǔ)段落的要領(lǐng)：變速閱讀，先慢后快，精讀首句，瀏覽全段。據(jù)統(tǒng)計(jì)，70%-80%的英語(yǔ)段落都是首句是主題句。所以，以后閱讀英語(yǔ)段落，應(yīng)該先精讀首句(把握首句的“主題”和“方向”)，再瀏覽全段(把握全段的“關(guān)系詞”)，才能實(shí)現(xiàn)快速閱讀。而很多同學(xué)以前閱讀的時(shí)候，要么就是傾向于到段落結(jié)尾找主題句(這主要是受了漢語(yǔ)思維方式的影響)，要么就干脆把有限的精力平均分配到一段話內(nèi)部的每個(gè)單詞和每個(gè)句子，而忽略了主次關(guān)系，沒(méi)有詳略得當(dāng)?shù)亻喿x。
例2：
All these activities may have damaging environmental impacts. For example, land clearing for agriculture is the largest single cause of deforestation; chemical fertilisers and pesticides may contaminate water supplies; more intensive farming and the abandonment of fallow periods tend to exacerbate soil erosion; and the spread of monoculture and use of high-yielding varieties of crops have been accompanied by the disappearance of old varieties of food plants which might have provided some insurance against pests or diseases in future. Soil erosion threatens the productivity of land in both rich and poor countries. The United States, where the most careful measurements have been done, discovered in 1982 that about one-fifth of its farmland was losing topsoil at a rate likely to diminish the soil’s productivity. The country subsequently embarked upon a program to convert 11 per cent of its cropped land to meadow or forest. Topsoil in India and China is vanishing much faster than in America.
精讀首句：主題是“environmental impacts”，方向是“damaging”(負(fù)向)，主旨是“環(huán)境影響是破壞性的”。瀏覽全段：舉例關(guān)系詞For example本身就說(shuō)明是在維持著首句的方向，而且四個(gè)并列的分句也證明了這一點(diǎn)。那么，即便是后面的具體內(nèi)容不看了，只要沒(méi)有出現(xiàn)大的轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系，這段話的主旨就肯定是首句的“環(huán)境影響是破壞性的”。
例3：
Drama is sometimes seen as a branch of literature because plays，like literature, are often printed in book form. However, there is an important difference between the two forms. Unlike a novel，a play is written to be performed, and the script of a play is not a finished work;it is an outline for a performance. The physical production of the play--the scenery, lighting，and costumes--will affect the performance, and so will the actors. How the actors interpret their roles greatly influences the play’s effect on the audience.
精讀首句：主題是“drama”和“l(fā)iterature”，方向是“a branch”，主旨是“戲劇與文學(xué)的相同點(diǎn)”，而且因果關(guān)系詞because和類比關(guān)系詞like都是維持方向的。瀏覽全段：轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系詞However 說(shuō)明方向發(fā)生了改變，說(shuō)明主旨是“戲劇與文學(xué)是不同的”。對(duì)比關(guān)系詞Unlike也證明了比較的是不同點(diǎn)。所以，第二句話是該段的主題句。
當(dāng)然，“主題+方向+關(guān)系詞”這三個(gè)要素在一個(gè)段落里面并非一定同時(shí)存在。例如，有些說(shuō)明性段落里面可能只有主題，沒(méi)有方向。還有很多段落是沒(méi)有關(guān)系詞的。但是，總體上來(lái)說(shuō)，這三個(gè)要素是我們理解一個(gè)段落主旨所必需的最基本條件，需要我們盡量把握。
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