托福閱讀 句子結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜怎么辦
除了詞匯量較大以外，句子結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜也是新托福閱讀的障礙之一。面對(duì)難句，必須迅速把握其主干和重點(diǎn)，因?yàn)榭荚嚂r(shí)涉及答案的主要是句子的主干和重點(diǎn)，對(duì)于句子簡(jiǎn)化題(sentence simplification)尤其如此。要把握難句的主干和重點(diǎn)，首先要弄清它們的類型。簡(jiǎn)而言之，托福閱讀中的難句主要包括下列類型：
1.定語(yǔ)(包含后置定語(yǔ)與定語(yǔ)從句)
2.同位語(yǔ)
3.并列結(jié)構(gòu)
4.that引導(dǎo)的各種從句
5.插入結(jié)構(gòu)
6.獨(dú)立主格
7.倒裝句
8.強(qiáng)調(diào)句
9.虛擬語(yǔ)氣
•對(duì)于不同類型的難句，把握主干的方法也不一樣。以倒裝句為例，主要有下列情況：
1.方位副詞放在句首
Herein lay the beginning of what ultimately turned from ignorance to denial of the value of nutritional therapies in medicine.
2.介詞放在句首
Amongthe species of seabirds that use the windswept cliffs of the Atlanticcoast of Canada in the summer to mate, lay eggs, and rear their youngare common murres, Atlantic puffins, black-legged kittiwakes, andnorthern gannets.
3. 形容詞放在句首
Implicitin it is an aesthetic principle as well: that the medium has certainqualities of beauty and expressiveness with which sculptors must bringown aesthetic sensibilities into harmony.
4.過(guò)去分詞放在句首
Accustomedthough we are to speaking of the films made before 1927 as “silent”,the film has never been, in the full sense of the word, silent.
5.現(xiàn)在分詞放在句首
Missing until recently were fossils clearly intermediate, or transitional, between land mammals and cetaceans.
• 句子倒裝的目的主要有兩個(gè)：
一是被提前的部分被強(qiáng)調(diào)，如上述的第四句：Accustomed though we are to speaking of the films made before 1927 as “silent”，其中的accustomed按照正常語(yǔ)序應(yīng)該放在are之后：Though we are accustomed to speaking of the films made before 1927 as “silent”。之所以將accustomed提前，是為了強(qiáng)調(diào)它。
二是為了句子的平衡，否則將導(dǎo)致頭重腳輕的效果，如上述的第一句、第三句和第五句。以第五句為例，按照正常語(yǔ)序應(yīng)該是：Fossils clearly intermediate, or transitional, between land mammals and cetaceans were missing until recently.但是這種句子結(jié)構(gòu)比較糟糕，因?yàn)橹髡Z(yǔ)及其修飾語(yǔ)過(guò)長(zhǎng)(從句首直到cetaceans)，而謂語(yǔ)部分were missing until recently較短，容易造成頭重腳輕的效果。第五句將missing提前，避免了這一現(xiàn)象。