托福閱讀加試經(jīng)常會(huì)出現(xiàn),成績(jī)不計(jì)入總分。以下是出國(guó)留學(xué)網(wǎng)托福頻道分享的閱讀經(jīng)典加試：兩河流域蘇美文明與埃及文明之比較。
科學(xué)家驚奇的發(fā)現(xiàn)，兩種文明可以在同一時(shí)間產(chǎn)生。在埃及文化產(chǎn)生時(shí)，美索不達(dá)米亞文化也同時(shí)應(yīng)運(yùn)而生。埃及土地肥沃，造成它的獨(dú)立致。美索不達(dá)米亞兩河流域，地理環(huán)境特殊，四周沙漠什么的，老被侵略，所以都是一個(gè)幫一個(gè)幫的，美索不達(dá)米亞文化不像埃及文化一樣，美索不達(dá)米亞文化沒有留下很多遺產(chǎn)。當(dāng)初美索不達(dá)米亞的居民生活好像挺好的，所以一直沒有人提出統(tǒng)一的想法，很久以后才有，可是由于大量的花費(fèi)在戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)上什么的，很快就覆滅了。由于當(dāng)時(shí)的環(huán)境條件，那里的人們都用泥土/木頭蓋房子，所以和埃及不一樣，現(xiàn)在我們沒找到什么當(dāng)初留下的建筑物。我們現(xiàn)在還挖出了許多陶器石板，上面刻著文字，只能通過這些推知?dú)v史。后來又變成什么蘇美爾了，這是從外面遷徙過來的民族。
兩河地域的美索布達(dá)米婭文明，先是和埃及文明作比較，比較的結(jié)果是他們(美索)由外來入侵，文明不易保存，建筑用的材料也不易保存，考古學(xué)家只能從挖掘出來的文物中研究他們。后半部分是講蘇美爾人在兩河地區(qū)建立的文明的特點(diǎn)，特別是他們城邦的宗教神祗制度，影響了他們的經(jīng)濟(jì)制度(獻(xiàn)納)。大題目是分類題，比較埃及文明和蘇美爾文明 。
科學(xué)家驚奇的發(fā)現(xiàn)，兩種文明可以在同一時(shí)間產(chǎn)生。在埃及文化產(chǎn)生時(shí)，美索不達(dá)米亞文化也同時(shí)應(yīng)運(yùn)而生。埃及土地肥沃，造成它的獨(dú)立所致。美索不達(dá)米亞兩河流域，地理環(huán)境特殊，四周沙漠什么的，老被侵略，所以都是一個(gè)城邦一個(gè)城邦的，美索不達(dá)米亞文化不像埃及文化一樣，美索不達(dá)米亞文化沒有留下很多遺產(chǎn)。當(dāng)初美索不達(dá)米亞的居民生活安逸，所以一直沒有人提出統(tǒng)一的想法，很久以后才有，可是由于大量的花費(fèi)在戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)上，很快就覆滅了。由于當(dāng)時(shí)的環(huán)境條件，那里的人們都用泥土/木頭蓋房子，所以和埃及不一樣，現(xiàn)在沒找到什么當(dāng)初留下的建筑物。但是挖出了許多陶器石板，上面刻著文字，考古學(xué)家只能從挖掘出來的文物中研究其歷史。后來講蘇美爾人在兩河地區(qū)建立的文明的特點(diǎn)，特別是他們城邦的宗教神祗制度，影響了他們的經(jīng)濟(jì)制度(獻(xiàn)納)。大題目是分類題，比較埃及文明和蘇美爾文明 。
Sumerian Civilization
It is an astonishing fact that human civilization should have emerged into the light of history in two separate places at just about the same time. Between 3,500 and 3,000 B.C. when Egypt was being united under pharaonic rule, another great civilization arose in Mesopotamia, the “land between the rivers.” And for close to three thousand years, the two rival centers retained their distinct characters, even though they had contact with each other from their earliest beginnings, and their destinies were interwoven in many ways. The pressure that forced the inhabitants of both regions to abandon the pattern of Neolithic village life may well have been the same. But the valley of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers, unlike that of the Nile, is not a narrow fertile strip protected by desert on either side. It resembles a wide, shallow trough with few natural defenses, crisscrossed by two great rivers and their tributaries, and is easily encroached upon from any direction.
1.The word astonishing in the passage is closest in meaning to
(A) important
(B) unknown
(C) amazing
(D) interesting
2.Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.
(A) A great civilization arose in Mesopotamia, the “land between the rivers” under pharaonic rule. 發(fā)源于美索不達(dá)米亞的偉大文明，在paranonic統(tǒng)治之下的“兩河之間的土地”
(B) Egypt and another great civilization both developed in Mesopotamia between 3500 and 3000 B.C.
(C) A great civilization arose in Mesopotamia between 3500 and 3000 B.C. at the same time that ancient Egypt was being united.
(D) As Egypt was being united under pharaonic rule, a great civilization arose there.
3.The phrase its substance refers to
(A) the political history of ancient Mesopotamia古代美索不達(dá)米亞政治的歷史
(B) divine kingship
(C) Egypt
(D) the sudden collapse of military power
4.The word obscure in the passage is closest in meaning to
(A) unclear
(B) unique
(C) controversial
(D) important
5.The author mentions Nor did they share the Egyptians’ concern with the hereafter, in order to作者提到 也不分享埃及人關(guān)于從今以后的擔(dān)憂 為了……
(A) To provide one explanation for the relatively few physical remains of ancient Sumerian society.為相對(duì)少的關(guān)于古代蘇美爾社會(huì)物理遺跡提供一個(gè)解釋。
(B) To explain why ancient Sumerian built with mud brick and wood rather than with stone.
(C) To help account for the fact that tombs and vaulted chambers have been found only at Ur.
(D) To counter the claim that all ancient societies paid great attention to the afterlife.
6.According to the passage, it can be inferred that the City of Ur is located in Ur 城(烏爾城)位于
(A) Egypt
(B) Persia
(C) northern Mesopotamia
(D) near the confluence of Tigris and Euphrates底格里斯河和幼發(fā)拉底河的附近
7.The word vast in the passage is closest in meaning to
(A) random
(B) very large
(C) surprising
(D) relatively small
8.According to paragraph 2 and 3, the physical characteristics of Mesopotamia affected Sumerian civilization in all of the following ways EXCEPT: 根據(jù)2、3、段美索不達(dá)米亞影響蘇美爾文明，除了哪方面(A) Foreign invasions were made easy.
(B) Creating and maintaining political stability was made difficult.
(C) Continuity of cultural and artistic traditions could not be achieved.
文化和藝術(shù)傳統(tǒng)的一致性 得不到
(D) Sumerian architecture could not produce long-lasting structures
9.Look at the four [■] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.
Click on a square [■] to add the sentence to the passage.
Despite these achievements, scholars know much less about Sumerian life than they would like. 盡管這些成就，學(xué)者們對(duì)于蘇美爾人的生活知道的更少，比起他們愛好什么而言。
Where would the sentence best fit?
第四方塊
10.According to paragraph 4, what evidence is used to support the claim that the idea of divine ownership was not “a mere pious fiction”? 對(duì)于神的所有權(quán)并不僅僅“是虔誠(chéng)的虛構(gòu)”這一論點(diǎn)支持的證據(jù)是：
(A) The idea of divine ownership originated with the kings of Sumerian city-state.
(B) The idea of divine ownership was the reason why a large part of the harvest was offered to the god.
(C) The idea of divine ownership eventually came to replace “theocratic socialism”.
(D) The idea of divine ownership served as the basis for the economic organization of Sumerian society. 神的所有權(quán)服務(wù)于蘇美爾社會(huì)的經(jīng)濟(jì)組織形式的基礎(chǔ)
11.，The word considerable in the passage is closest in meaning to
(A) substantial
(B) fixed
(C) valuable
(D) limited.
12，In the above passage, all of the following were true of the local god EXCEPT 哪項(xiàng)不是關(guān)于當(dāng)?shù)氐纳竦氖聦?shí)
(A) The local god owned everything and everyone in the city-state.
(B) The local god represented the subjects of the city-state to other gods.
(C) The local god communicated with the people of the city-state through a human ruler.
(D) The local god sometimes fought against the local gods of rival city-states 當(dāng)?shù)氐纳裼袝r(shí)候同競(jìng)爭(zhēng)的城邦的神作戰(zhàn)
13，fill in a table問題
Ancient Egyptian Civilization
政治統(tǒng)一了很久時(shí)間，有相當(dāng)多建筑物遺址
Sumerian Civilization
城邦國(guó)家是一個(gè)特色，從文件中所記載，這一個(gè)文明受到外部的侵略