現(xiàn)在分詞
現(xiàn)在分詞和過(guò)去分詞的主要區(qū)別在于：現(xiàn)在分詞表主動(dòng)意義;過(guò)去分詞表被動(dòng)意義。
現(xiàn)在分詞較過(guò)去分詞形式靈活，除部分能接賓語(yǔ)之外，可有被動(dòng)形式(being done)和完成式(having done， having been done)， 當(dāng)然being done和having been done也可理解成過(guò)去分詞變形為進(jìn)行式
1. 現(xiàn)在分詞作定語(yǔ)
現(xiàn)在分詞常接在名詞之后作定語(yǔ)，經(jīng)常可與定語(yǔ)從句替換
如：the man sitting behind me， 相當(dāng)于：the man who is sitting behind me
the kids running about in the garden， 相當(dāng)于：
the kids who are running about in the garden
單個(gè)的分詞作定語(yǔ)可放在被修飾詞之前，如：the sleeping baby， a running nose
改錯(cuò)題中若出現(xiàn)名詞之后直接接動(dòng)詞，且之間是主謂關(guān)系，但不是句子主謂語(yǔ)，此處必定有錯(cuò)，可改為現(xiàn)在分詞作定語(yǔ)
例題：
(1)
The boiled point of any liquid is determined by the pressure of the surrounding gases.
應(yīng)改為：boiling.
解釋：沸點(diǎn)的英文表達(dá)應(yīng)該是boiling point. 類似的表達(dá)如： boiling water(沸水); boiled表示已完成的狀態(tài)， 如boiled water意為白開(kāi)水， 即已沸騰過(guò)的水
(2)
The slide rule uses sliding scales with marks ---- numbers and their logarithms.
(A) representing
(B) represented
(C) are represented
(D) they are representing
答案：A
解釋：空格前是句子的主謂成分，空格處需要marks的定語(yǔ)，C， D可先排除;B是被動(dòng)式，無(wú)法接賓語(yǔ)numbers; 因此A正確，是現(xiàn)在分詞作定語(yǔ)
2. 現(xiàn)在分詞作狀語(yǔ)
分詞還可在句中作狀語(yǔ)，可放在句首、句中或句尾。現(xiàn)在分詞作狀語(yǔ)時(shí)，通常都表示主語(yǔ)正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作/伴隨動(dòng)作或者表示原因。
1.現(xiàn)在分詞短語(yǔ)可以作時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)，相當(dāng)于when， while， as soon as等所引導(dǎo)的從句
如：Hearing the news， he couldn’t help crying.
= When he heard the news， he couldn’t help crying.
2.現(xiàn)在分詞短語(yǔ)也可以表示原因，代替由since， as等所引導(dǎo)的從句
如：Not knowing what to do about the situation， she turned to him for help.
=Since she didn’t know what to do about the situation， she turned to him for help.
Being so poor in those days， we couldn’t afford to go to school.
=As we were so poor in those days， we couldn’t afford to go to school.
3.如果分詞表示的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在主句動(dòng)作之前，那么此時(shí)分詞就需要用完成形式
如：Having finished the work， she went to the park.
=After she had finished the work， she went to the park.
特別注意：分詞狀語(yǔ)的邏輯主語(yǔ)和句子的主語(yǔ)要保持一致
如： Seeing from the moutain， the ocean is emrald green.
此句是一個(gè)錯(cuò)誤的句子， 因?yàn)楦鶕?jù)分詞狀語(yǔ)的邏輯主語(yǔ)和句子的主語(yǔ)要保持一致的原則， seeing的邏輯主語(yǔ)也應(yīng)該是the ocean， 而the ocean是不能自己seeing的， 應(yīng)改為Seen from the mountain.
例題：
(1)
Snow aids farmers by keeping heat in the lower ground levels， thereby ---- from freezing.
(A) to save the seeds
(B) saving the seeds
(C) which saves the seeds
(D) the seeds saved
答案：B
解釋：thereby一詞習(xí)慣上接現(xiàn)在分詞作句子的結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)，只有B符合要求
現(xiàn)在分詞和過(guò)去分詞的主要區(qū)別在于：現(xiàn)在分詞表主動(dòng)意義;過(guò)去分詞表被動(dòng)意義。
現(xiàn)在分詞較過(guò)去分詞形式靈活，除部分能接賓語(yǔ)之外，可有被動(dòng)形式(being done)和完成式(having done， having been done)， 當(dāng)然being done和having been done也可理解成過(guò)去分詞變形為進(jìn)行式
1. 現(xiàn)在分詞作定語(yǔ)
現(xiàn)在分詞常接在名詞之后作定語(yǔ)，經(jīng)常可與定語(yǔ)從句替換
如：the man sitting behind me， 相當(dāng)于：the man who is sitting behind me
the kids running about in the garden， 相當(dāng)于：
the kids who are running about in the garden
單個(gè)的分詞作定語(yǔ)可放在被修飾詞之前，如：the sleeping baby， a running nose
改錯(cuò)題中若出現(xiàn)名詞之后直接接動(dòng)詞，且之間是主謂關(guān)系，但不是句子主謂語(yǔ)，此處必定有錯(cuò)，可改為現(xiàn)在分詞作定語(yǔ)
例題：
(1)
The boiled point of any liquid is determined by the pressure of the surrounding gases.
應(yīng)改為：boiling.
解釋：沸點(diǎn)的英文表達(dá)應(yīng)該是boiling point. 類似的表達(dá)如： boiling water(沸水); boiled表示已完成的狀態(tài)， 如boiled water意為白開(kāi)水， 即已沸騰過(guò)的水
(2)
The slide rule uses sliding scales with marks ---- numbers and their logarithms.
(A) representing
(B) represented
(C) are represented
(D) they are representing
答案：A
解釋：空格前是句子的主謂成分，空格處需要marks的定語(yǔ)，C， D可先排除;B是被動(dòng)式，無(wú)法接賓語(yǔ)numbers; 因此A正確，是現(xiàn)在分詞作定語(yǔ)
2. 現(xiàn)在分詞作狀語(yǔ)
分詞還可在句中作狀語(yǔ)，可放在句首、句中或句尾。現(xiàn)在分詞作狀語(yǔ)時(shí)，通常都表示主語(yǔ)正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作/伴隨動(dòng)作或者表示原因。
1.現(xiàn)在分詞短語(yǔ)可以作時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)，相當(dāng)于when， while， as soon as等所引導(dǎo)的從句
如：Hearing the news， he couldn’t help crying.
= When he heard the news， he couldn’t help crying.
2.現(xiàn)在分詞短語(yǔ)也可以表示原因，代替由since， as等所引導(dǎo)的從句
如：Not knowing what to do about the situation， she turned to him for help.
=Since she didn’t know what to do about the situation， she turned to him for help.
Being so poor in those days， we couldn’t afford to go to school.
=As we were so poor in those days， we couldn’t afford to go to school.
3.如果分詞表示的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在主句動(dòng)作之前，那么此時(shí)分詞就需要用完成形式
如：Having finished the work， she went to the park.
=After she had finished the work， she went to the park.
特別注意：分詞狀語(yǔ)的邏輯主語(yǔ)和句子的主語(yǔ)要保持一致
如： Seeing from the moutain， the ocean is emrald green.
此句是一個(gè)錯(cuò)誤的句子， 因?yàn)楦鶕?jù)分詞狀語(yǔ)的邏輯主語(yǔ)和句子的主語(yǔ)要保持一致的原則， seeing的邏輯主語(yǔ)也應(yīng)該是the ocean， 而the ocean是不能自己seeing的， 應(yīng)改為Seen from the mountain.
例題：
(1)
Snow aids farmers by keeping heat in the lower ground levels， thereby ---- from freezing.
(A) to save the seeds
(B) saving the seeds
(C) which saves the seeds
(D) the seeds saved
答案：B
解釋：thereby一詞習(xí)慣上接現(xiàn)在分詞作句子的結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)，只有B符合要求