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2021考研英語(yǔ)：同位語(yǔ)從句的翻譯方法
一、定義
一個(gè)名詞或代詞后面有時(shí)跟一個(gè)名詞或起名詞作用的成分，對(duì)前者進(jìn)一步說(shuō)明，叫做同位語(yǔ)。在某些抽象名詞后可以用that, whether, when等引導(dǎo)的從句作同位語(yǔ)，稱為同位語(yǔ)從句。這些名詞有：
agreement一致意見(jiàn)assumption假定awareness意識(shí)
belief看法conclusion結(jié)論conviction深信
decision決定delusion錯(cuò)覺(jué)determination決心
discovery發(fā)現(xiàn)doubt懷疑dream夢(mèng)想
evidence證據(jù)explanation解釋fact事實(shí)
feeling感覺(jué)guarantee保證guess猜測(cè)
hope希望idea觀點(diǎn)knowledge認(rèn)識(shí)
likelihood可能性message信息mind想法
news消息notion觀念objection反對(duì)
opinion觀點(diǎn)possibility可能性prediction預(yù) 測(cè)
probability可能性problem問(wèn)題proof證據(jù)
proposal建議proposition論點(diǎn)、主張question問(wèn)題
realization認(rèn)識(shí)rumor傳聞sign跡象
truth事實(shí)theory理論thought想法
二、結(jié)構(gòu)
(一)由that引導(dǎo)
I have no doubtthat he will overcome all this difficulties.
他會(huì)克服一切困難，對(duì)此我并不感到懷疑。
【特別提示】：同位語(yǔ)從句引導(dǎo)詞that不可省略。
(二)由whether引導(dǎo)
·The questionwhether we need more time to do the workhas not been decided.
我們是否需要更多時(shí)間來(lái)做這項(xiàng)工作，這個(gè)問(wèn)題還未決定。
(三)由其他詞引導(dǎo)的同位語(yǔ)從句
·I have not made up my mindwhat elective subjects I am to take next term.
我還沒(méi)有決定好下學(xué)期上哪些選修課。
·When you are about halfway through the story, try to make a guesshow the plot will develop.
當(dāng)你把故事讀到一半時(shí)，猜測(cè)一下情節(jié)將如何發(fā)展。
·I haveno idea when I will be back from Shanghai.
我不知道我什么時(shí)候從上?；貋?lái)。
(四) 同位語(yǔ)從句與被修飾名詞的分割
有時(shí)，為了保持句式的平衡，將同謂語(yǔ)從句與被修飾的名詞分割，其間出現(xiàn)其他成分。
·Concernswere raisedthat witnesses might be encouraged to exaggerate their stories in court to ensure guilty verdicts.
人們?nèi)找鎿?dān)心，證人可能會(huì)因此而受到鼓勵(lì)，在法庭上夸大事實(shí)以保證陪審團(tuán)對(duì)被告做出有罪的判決。(這里先行詞concerns與that同位語(yǔ)從句被謂語(yǔ)were raised隔開(kāi)。)
三、翻譯方法
同位語(yǔ)從句有以下五種翻譯方法：
①可以直接翻譯在所修飾詞后面。
②放在所修飾的名詞前面，充當(dāng)定語(yǔ)。
③譯成獨(dú)立句子：先翻譯主句，然后用“就是……”或者“即……”引導(dǎo)出同位語(yǔ)從句，或者把同位語(yǔ)從句譯成獨(dú)立的句子，由冒號(hào)或破折號(hào)引出。
④用代詞指代：先把同位語(yǔ)從句中的內(nèi)容翻譯出來(lái)，在后面用“這”或“那”等代詞復(fù)指它，參加句子主體的構(gòu)成。
⑤譯成賓語(yǔ) ：把同位語(yǔ)從句修飾的名詞轉(zhuǎn)譯成動(dòng)詞，而把同位語(yǔ)從句譯成賓語(yǔ)。
【試題例句】
What is harder to establish is whether the productivity revolution that businessmen assume they are presiding over is for real.
【解析】
句子可拆分為：What is harder to establish is //whether the productivity revolution //that businessmen assume //they are presiding over// is for real.
主句為What is harder to establish is whether the productivity revolution is for real。主句包含兩個(gè)從句成分：從句what is harder to establish做主語(yǔ);whether the productivity revolution is for real作表語(yǔ);that they are presiding over為定語(yǔ)從句修飾the productivity revolution;此定語(yǔ)從句中businessmen assume為主謂結(jié)構(gòu)的插入語(yǔ)。以what, whatever, whoever, whether, when, where, how, why等詞引導(dǎo)的主語(yǔ)從句及表語(yǔ)從句在翻譯的時(shí)候，一般可以按照英語(yǔ)原文順序來(lái)翻譯。
【參考譯文】難以確定的是，商界人士認(rèn)為他們所主導(dǎo)的生產(chǎn)力革命是否真的存在
2021考研英語(yǔ)：否定從句的翻譯方法
一、否定詞not來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn)全句否定
最基本的否定自然不用說(shuō)，那是否定謂語(yǔ)部分來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn)對(duì)全句的否定，這種情況往往是在系動(dòng)詞、助動(dòng)詞或情態(tài)動(dòng)詞之后加否定詞not來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn)。
二、部分否定
說(shuō)這個(gè)之前同樣先來(lái)一個(gè)句子。Fitzgerald有一部經(jīng)典著作《了不起的蓋茨比》中第一句話是這樣的：…just remember that, all the people in this world haven’t had the advantages that you have had.許多同學(xué)包括名家在翻譯這部小說(shuō)時(shí)，第一句都譯成了“世界上的所有人都不曾擁有你所擁有的優(yōu)越條件?！钡聦?shí)上這句話應(yīng)該是由“all…not” 所構(gòu)成的部分否定，應(yīng)該譯成“并非世界上的所有人都擁有你所擁有的優(yōu)越條件?！币虼朔穸ǖ妮p微變化使得許多中國(guó)學(xué)生不太習(xí)慣。大部分同學(xué)對(duì)于部分否定 not all都比較了解，但是對(duì)于all….not卻知之甚少，但是我相信大家都知道另外一個(gè)句子，那就是“All that glitters is not gold.””并非所有發(fā)光的都是金子”，記住了這句話，就記住了這個(gè)否定。
三、半否定
通過(guò)一些否定詞，比如：hardly，scarcely, barely, little, few等半否定詞來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn)。翻譯當(dāng)中只要翻譯其本來(lái)意思即可。比如在01年閱讀第四篇中The mergers of telecom companies, such as WorldCom, hardly seem to bring higher prices for consumers or a reduction in the pace of technical progress.像世界通訊這樣的通訊公司的合并，似乎不太可能給消費(fèi)者帶來(lái)價(jià)格上的增長(zhǎng)，也不會(huì)導(dǎo)致技術(shù)發(fā)展步伐的放慢。
四、否定轉(zhuǎn)移
這一點(diǎn)就跟我們剛開(kāi)頭所說(shuō)的形式一樣。否定轉(zhuǎn)移是指形式上否定謂語(yǔ)，但在邏輯語(yǔ)義上是否定句子的其他部分。比如：You don’t love a woman because she is beautiful, but she is beautiful because you love her.你不是因?yàn)樗拿烂捕鴲?ài)她，而是因?yàn)槟銗?ài)她而覺(jué)得她美。
五、形式肯定，意義否定的結(jié)構(gòu)
很多時(shí)候，我們會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)某些句子在形式上根本就看不到任何否定詞，但含有一些特定的詞組來(lái)表示否定意義，比如：prevent…from…; protect…from…; rather than; too…to..等等這些。而這些否定要弄清楚的唯一辦法就是本身要記住的含義，直接翻譯即可。
2021考研英語(yǔ)：插入語(yǔ)從句的語(yǔ)法技巧
表語(yǔ)從句位于主句的連系動(dòng)詞之后，在非正式文體中引導(dǎo)詞that可以省略。如：
That’s not what I want. 那不是我要的。
That’s why I have come. 那就是我為什么來(lái)了。
My opinion is that things will improve. 我的意見(jiàn)是事情會(huì)好起來(lái)的。
One advantage of solar energy is that it will never run out. 太陽(yáng)能的一個(gè)優(yōu)點(diǎn)是永遠(yuǎn)也不會(huì)枯竭。
The truth is that he didn’t really try. 實(shí)際情況是他沒(méi)有真正努力。
The problem is who is to pay and when we can start. 問(wèn)題是誰(shuí)來(lái)付帳、我們又何時(shí)開(kāi)始。
The fact is that he didn’t notice the car until too late. 事實(shí)是他注意到車時(shí)已經(jīng)太晚了。
What surprised me was that he spoke English so well. 使我感到吃驚的是他英語(yǔ)講得那么好。
All I can say is that I have nothing to do with it. 我能說(shuō)的就是我與此事沒(méi)有關(guān)系。
What I want to know is where we shall go and whether she will join us. 我想知道的是我們要去什么地方以及她是否加入我們。
表語(yǔ)從句位于主句的連系動(dòng)詞之后，在非正式文體中引導(dǎo)詞that可以省略。如：
The fact is that he didn’t notice the car until too late. 事實(shí)是他注意到車時(shí)已經(jīng)太晚了。
What surprised me was that he spoke English so well. 使我感到吃驚的是他英語(yǔ)講得那么好。
All I can say is that I have nothing to do with it. 我能說(shuō)的就是我與此事沒(méi)有關(guān)系。
What I want to know is where we shall go and whether she will join us. 我想知道的是我們要去什么地方以及她是否加入我們。
此外，表語(yǔ)從句還可由as if (好像)引導(dǎo)。如：
It looked as if it was/were going to rain. (虛擬語(yǔ)氣)
Now let’s do some translation:
這就是她昨天請(qǐng)一天假的原因。
That is why she had a day off yesterday.
我的想法是，個(gè)人的權(quán)利應(yīng)該得到充分尊重。
My idea is that individual rights should be fully respected.
問(wèn)題在于上帝是否真的存在。
The question is whether the God really exists.
我想知道的是，他是如何在這么短的時(shí)間內(nèi)完成這個(gè)項(xiàng)目的。
What I want to know is how he managed to complete the project in such a short time.
形容詞后的that 從句
that 引導(dǎo)的名詞性從句還可以用在一些形容詞后面。這種句型一般都用人作主語(yǔ)，所用的形容詞都是表示思想狀況或感情色彩的形容詞，如certain, sure, positive, afraid, convinced, anxious, disappointed, worried, glad, happy, sorry, amazed, surprised, aware, doubtful, confident等等。如：
I am sure/certain that he’s at home now. 我肯定他現(xiàn)在在家。
He became angry that you made the same mistake. 你犯了同樣的錯(cuò)誤，他生氣了。
He remains confident that he will win. 他仍然自信他會(huì)贏
She is aware that I can’t help her. 她知道我?guī)筒涣怂拿Α?BR> I am glad that you’ve come. 你來(lái)了我很高興。
He appeared/seemed surprised that I said “no”. 我說(shuō)不，他似乎很吃驚。
I am afraid that I can’t promise you anything. 恐怕我不能向你保證什么。
We were rather disappointed that you were not able to come yesterday. 昨天你沒(méi)能來(lái)我們有點(diǎn)失望。
I am a bit worried that she will not be able to make it. 我有點(diǎn)擔(dān)心她做不成這件事情。
what 從句的小結(jié)
一、意思是“所….的事/物”, 相當(dāng)于the thing(s) that…, that which…, 或those which…
(1) 引導(dǎo)主語(yǔ)從句。如：
What she saw frightened her. 她看到的事情嚇了她一跳。
What was once regarded as impossible has now become a reality. 曾經(jīng)被認(rèn)為不可能的事情，現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)變成了事實(shí)。
What I’m afraid of is their taking him to that place. 我怕的是他們帶他到那地方去。What we are worrying about is just her innocence. 我們擔(dān)心的是她的幼稚。
But what hurt our feelings most was the personal comment of the judge. 最傷我們感情的是法官的私下評(píng)論。
What will be, will be. 要發(fā)生的事總是要發(fā)生的。(諺語(yǔ))
What is gone is gone. 過(guò)去的事就過(guò)去了。
(2) 引導(dǎo)表語(yǔ)從句。如：
That’s what I hope. 那就是我希望的。
I should like to be a teacher. That’s what I want to be. 我想當(dāng)老師，那是我想干的事。
Times are not what they used to be. 時(shí)代不同了。
He’s not what he was a few years ago. 他不是幾年前的他了。
Your health is not what it ought to be. 你的身體應(yīng)該更好。
(3) 引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句，包括介詞賓語(yǔ)。如：
He could not express what he felt. 他不能表達(dá)他的感受。
Well, I’ll do what I can. 好吧，我盡力。
I can’t do what you’ve just asked of me. 我不能做你剛才要求我的事。
And having got what he wanted, he took his hat and went away. 得到了他要的東西，他拿上帽子就走了。
As a friend of yours, I want to tell you what I hear. 作為你的朋友，我想告訴你我所聽(tīng)到的。
The father began to criticize what the boy had done. 父親開(kāi)始批評(píng)男孩所做的事。(注意時(shí)態(tài))
She was not happy at what he had said. 她對(duì)他說(shuō)的話不高興。
Don’t poke your nose into what doesn’t concern you. 不要多管閑事。
The city is different from what it was ten years ago. 這座城市和十年前不同了。
It was a small place then compared to what it is now. 和現(xiàn)在比起來(lái)，它那時(shí)候是個(gè)小地方。
The father began to criticize what the boy had done. 父親開(kāi)始批評(píng)男孩所做的事。(注意時(shí)態(tài))
She was not happy at what he had said. 她對(duì)他說(shuō)的話不高興。
Don’t poke your nose into what doesn’t concern you. 不要多管閑事。
The city is different from what it was ten years ago. 這座城市和十年前不同了。
It was a small place then compared to what it is now. 和現(xiàn)在比起來(lái)，它那時(shí)候是個(gè)小地方。
I don’t care about money or what people call position. 我不在乎金錢或者別人所謂的地位。
Philip was depressed by what he had gone through. Philip經(jīng)歷過(guò)的事情使他很消沉。
They paid fifty percent of what they were able to earn to the state. 他們能掙來(lái)的東西，百分之五十交給了國(guó)家。
二、用作插入語(yǔ)，指代后面的成分。這和非限定性定語(yǔ)從句正好相反，非限定性定語(yǔ)從句指代的是前面的成分。
如：
Then I discovered, what was news to me, that his wife was Mary’s niece. 后來(lái)我發(fā)現(xiàn)，他妻子原來(lái)是Mary的侄女，這對(duì)我是個(gè)新聞。
He never joined in the usual sports of the boys, and, what is remarkable, never went out in a boat on the river. 他從來(lái)不參加男孩子通常做的體育活動(dòng)，更奇怪的是，他從來(lái)不坐船出去到河上面去。
He’s an interesting speaker, and, what is more important, he knows his subject thoroughly. 他講話生動(dòng)有趣，更重要的是，他對(duì)課題了如指掌。
He went to the meeting and, what was worse, insisted on speaking. 他去參加了會(huì)議，而且更糟糕的是，他堅(jiān)持要發(fā)言。
It is a useful book, and, what is more, not an expensive one. 這是本很有用的書(shū)，再說(shuō)也不貴。
You’ll have nobody but yourself to blame, and, what’s more, you’ll get no sympathy from anybody. 你怪不著別人，只能怪你自己;還有，你得不到任何人的同情。
We invited a new speaker and, what’s more, he was happy to come. 我們請(qǐng)到了一位新的發(fā)言人，而且他很樂(lè)意來(lái)。
三、引導(dǎo)讓步狀語(yǔ)從句，等于“不管什么…”。
注意狀語(yǔ)從句的語(yǔ)序。如：
Do what she would, she could not invent a reason for not going. 不管她會(huì)做什么，她都編不出不去的理由。狀語(yǔ)從句把實(shí)義動(dòng)詞放在句首，句子倒裝。=No matter what she would do, …
Come what may, you’ll always keep it secret. 無(wú)論怎樣，你都要保守秘密。=No matter what may come, ….
Jack has made up his mind that, come what might, he would stay there. Jack已經(jīng)拿定主意，無(wú)論如何他也要呆在那里。=…no matter what might come, …
Say what he will, in his heart he knows that he is wrong. 不管他怎么說(shuō)，內(nèi)心里他知道自己錯(cuò)了。= No matter what he will say.