馬上就是愚人節(jié)了,那么該節(jié)日是怎么來的?這一天是公眾假期么?如何用英文來介紹愚人節(jié)的來歷?各個國家有怎樣的習(xí)俗呢?跟著出國留學(xué)網(wǎng)來了解一下吧,歡迎閱讀。
一、來歷
(參考中文)
除了愚人節(jié)之外,為鄰居玩弄無害惡作劇而留出一天的習(xí)俗在世界上是相當(dāng)普遍的。在喬叟的“ 坎特伯雷故事集”(1392年)中,“ 修女的牧師的故事 ”被設(shè)置為Syn March的大膽開朗的兩個人?,F(xiàn)代學(xué)者認為,在現(xiàn)存手稿中存在抄襲錯誤,而喬叟實際上寫道,Syn March是gon。因此,通道本意月32天后,即5月2日,訂婚紀(jì)念日理查二世以波希米亞的安妮,這發(fā)生在1381的讀者顯然誤解了這條線意味著“ 3月32日“,即4月1日。 在喬叟的故事中,公雞Chauntecleer被狐貍欺騙。
1508年,法國詩人Eloy d'Amerval提到了poisson d'avril(愚人節(jié),字面意思是“四月之魚”),這可能是對假期的一個參考。
1539年,佛蘭芒語詩人愛德華·德提納寫誰送他的仆人在愚蠢的差事4月1日是一個貴族的,在1686年,約翰·奧布里稱假期為“Fooles holy day”。 1698年4月1日,有幾個人被騙到倫敦塔去“看獅子”。
在中世紀(jì),3月25日在大多數(shù)歐洲城鎮(zhèn)慶祝元旦。在法國的一些地區(qū),新年是4月1 日結(jié)束的為期一周的假期。一些作者認為愚人節(jié)的起源是因為那些在1月1日慶祝的人取笑了那些慶祝其他日期的人。1月1日作為元旦在16世紀(jì)中葉在法國很常見,而這一天在1564年由魯西榮詔書正式通過。
在荷蘭,愚人節(jié)的起源往往歸因于1572年荷蘭人在布萊爾的勝利,西班牙公爵阿爾瓦雷斯德托萊多被擊敗?!癘p 1 april verloor Alva zijn bril” 是荷蘭諺語,可以翻譯為:“四月一號,阿爾瓦失去了他的眼鏡?!? 在這種情況下,眼鏡(荷蘭語中的“bril”)作為Brielle的隱喻。然而,這個理論對于愚人節(jié)的國際慶典沒有提供任何解釋。
雖然沒有圣經(jīng)學(xué)者或歷史學(xué)家知道提及這種關(guān)系,但有人表示相信,愚人節(jié)的起源可能會回溯到創(chuàng)世記洪水?dāng)⑹?。?908年版的哈珀周刊漫畫家伯莎·R·麥克唐納(Bertha R. McDonald)寫道:“當(dāng)局嚴(yán)格地將它與諾亞和方舟的時代背道而馳。倫敦公共廣告商1769年3月13日印刷:“在4月的第一天,在水已經(jīng)減少之前挪亞將鴿子送出方舟的錯誤,并且為了延續(xù)這次拯救的記憶,它被認為是正確的,無論誰忘記如此卓越一種情況,通過發(fā)送一些類似于族長送出的無效信息的無袖差事來懲罰他們?!?BR> (英文原文)
Aside from April Fools' Day, the custom of setting aside a day for the playing of harmless pranks upon one's neighbor is relatively common in the world.In Chaucer's Canterbury Tales (1392), the "Nun's Priest's Tale" is set Syn March bigan thritty dayes and two. Modern scholars believe that there is a copying error in the extant manuscripts and that Chaucer actually wrote, Syn March was gon.Thus the passage originally meant 32 days after March, i.e. 2 May,the anniversary of the engagement of King Richard II of England to Anne of Bohemia, which took place in 1381. Readers apparently misunderstood this line to mean "32 March", i.e. April 1. In Chaucer's tale, the vain cock Chauntecleer is tricked by a fox.
In 1508, French poet Eloy d'Amerval referred to a poisson d’avril (April fool, literally "Fish of April"), a possible reference to the holiday.In 1539, Flemish poet Eduard de Dene wrote of a nobleman who sent his servants on foolish errands on April 1. In 1686, John Aubrey referred to the holiday as "Fooles holy day", the first British reference. On April 1, 1698, several people were tricked into going to the Tower of London to "see the Lions washed".
In the Middle Ages, New Year's Day was celebrated on March 25 in most European towns.In some areas of France, New Year's was a week-long holiday ending on April 1.Some writers suggest that April Fools' originated because those who celebrated on January 1 made fun of those who celebrated on other dates.The use of January 1 as New Year's Day was common in France by the mid-16th century, and this date was adopted officially in 1564 by the Edict of Roussillon.
In the Netherlands, the origin of April Fools' Day is often attributed to the Dutch victory at Brielle in 1572, where the Spanish Duke álvarez de Toledo was defeated. "Op 1 april verloor Alva zijn bril." is a Dutch proverb, which can be translated to: "On the first of April, Alva lost his glasses." In this case, the glasses ("bril" in Dutch) serve as a metaphor for Brielle. This theory, however, provides no explanation for the international celebration of April Fools' Day.
Although no Biblical scholar or historian are known to have mentioned a relationship, some have expressed the belief that the origins of April Fool's Day may go back to the Genesis flood narrative. In a 1908 edition of the Harper's Weekly cartoonist Bertha R. McDonald wrote: "authorities gravely back with it to the time of Noah and the ark. The London Public Advertiser of March 13, 1769, printed: 'The mistake of Noah sending the dove out of the ark before the water had abated, on the first day of April, and to perpetuate the memory of this deliverance it was thought proper, whoever forgot so remarkable a circumstance, to punish them by sending them upon some sleeveless errand similar to that ineffectual message upon which the bird was sent by the patriarch'."
二、各國習(xí)俗
1.英國United Kingdom
In the UK, an April Fool joke is revealed by shouting "April fool!" at the recipient, who becomes the "April fool". A study in the 1950s, by folklorists Iona and Peter Opie, found that in the UK, and in countries whose traditions derived from the UK, the joking ceased at midday.A person playing a joke after midday is the "April fool" themselves.
在英國,愚人節(jié)的一個玩笑是在“愚人節(jié)”的受禮人身上發(fā)出的:“愚人節(jié)快樂!”在20世紀(jì)50年代,民俗學(xué)家Iona和Peter Opie的一項研究發(fā)現(xiàn),在英國和那些傳統(tǒng)源自英國的國家,玩笑在中午就停止了。一個人在中午之后開一個玩笑,就是“四月愚人”。
2.蘇格蘭Scotland
In Scotland, April Fools' Day was traditionally called 'Huntigowk Day',[11] although this name has fallen into disuse.[citation needed] The name is a corruption of 'Hunt the Gowk', "gowk" being Scots for a cuckoo or a foolish person; alternative terms in Gaelic would be Là na Gocaireachd 'gowking day' or Là Ruith na Cuthaige 'the day of running the cuckoo'. The traditional prank is to ask someone to deliver a sealed message that supposedly requests help of some sort. In fact, the message reads "Dinna laugh, dinna smile. Hunt the gowk another mile." The recipient, upon reading it, will explain he can only help if he first contacts another person, and sends the victim to this next person with an identical message, with the same result.In England a "fool" is known by different names around the country, including a "noodle", "gob", "gobby" or "noddy".
在蘇格蘭,愚人節(jié)傳統(tǒng)上被稱為“Huntigowk Day”,盡管這個名字已經(jīng)被廢棄了。這個名字是一種腐敗的“獵殺Gowk”,“Gowk”是蘇格蘭語的杜鵑或愚蠢的人的意思,在蓋爾語中,可選的詞語是La na gocaid 'gowking day'或La Ruith na Cuthaige 'the day of running the cuckoo'。傳統(tǒng)的惡作劇是要求某人傳遞一個密封的信息,據(jù)說請求某種形式的幫助。事實上,這條短信上寫著“Dinna laugh, Dinna smile”。再找一英里去打獵?!苯邮照咴陂喿x后會解釋說,如果他第一次接觸到另一個人,他只能幫助他,然后用同樣的信息將受害者發(fā)送給下一個人,結(jié)果是一樣的。在英國,一個“傻瓜”在全國各地都有不同的名字,包括“面條”、“gob”、“gobby”或“noddy”。
3.愛爾蘭Ireland
In Ireland, it was traditional to entrust the victim with an "important letter" to be given to a named person. That person would then ask the victim to take it to someone else, and so on. The letter when finally opened contained the words "send the fool further".
在愛爾蘭,傳統(tǒng)的做法是將“重要信件”委托給受害者,交給一個指定的人。然后那個人會讓受害者把它給其他人,以此類推。那封信終于打開了,里面寫著“把這個再給另外一個傻子送過去”。
4.波蘭Poland
In Poland, prima aprilis ("1 April" in Latin) is a day in which many jokes are told; various hoaxes are prepared by people, media (which sometimes cooperate to make the "information" more credible) and even public institutions. Serious activities are usually avoided. This conviction is so strong that the anti-Turkish alliance with Leopold I signed on April 1, 1683, was backdated to March 31.
在波蘭,prima aprilis(拉丁語中的“4月1日”)是一個講很多笑話的日子;各種各樣的騙局是由人、媒體(有時會合作使“信息”更可信),甚至是公共機構(gòu)。嚴(yán)肅的活動通常是可以避免的。這一信念是如此強烈,以致于1683年4月1日與利奧波德簽署的反土耳其聯(lián)盟被回溯至3月31日。
5.北歐國家Nordic countries
Danes, Finns, Icelanders, Norwegians and Swedes celebrate April Fools' Day (aprilsnar in Danish; aprillip?iv? in Finnish). Most news media outlets will publish exactly one false story on April 1; for newspapers this will typically be a first-page article but not the top headline.
丹麥、芬蘭、冰島、挪威和瑞典慶祝愚人節(jié)。大多數(shù)新聞媒體將在4月1日發(fā)布一篇完全錯誤的報道;對于報紙來說,這通常是一篇頭版文章,但不會將愚人的消息放到頭版的地方。
In Italy, France, Belgium, The Netherlands, and French-speaking areas of Switzerland and Canada, April 1 tradition is often known as "April fish" (poissons d'avril in French, aprilvis in Dutch or pesce d'aprile in Italian). This includes attempting to attach a paper fish to the victim's back without being noticed. Such fish feature prominently on many late 19th- to early 20th-century French April Fools' Day postcards. Many newspapers also spread a false story on April Fools' Day, and a subtle reference to a fish is sometimes given as a clue.
在意大利、法國、比利時、荷蘭和瑞士和加拿大的法語區(qū),4月1日的傳統(tǒng)通常被稱為“April fish”(法語中是poissons d'avril, aprilvis是荷蘭語,意大利語是pesce d'aprile。這包括試圖在不引起注意的情況下將紙魚附在受害者的背部。這種魚在許多19世紀(jì)末到20世紀(jì)初的法國愚人節(jié)明信片上占據(jù)著重要的地位。許多報紙也在愚人節(jié)傳播了一個虛假的故事,而對一條魚的隱晦的引用有時也被當(dāng)作一條線索。
6.印度India
In India, there have been numerous references to April Fools' Day in both cinema and popular literature and people are jovially associated with the day.
在印度,在電影和通俗文學(xué)中都有很多關(guān)于愚人節(jié)的說法,人們都很開心地和這一天聯(lián)系在一起。
7.羅馬Romania
In Romania, an April Fool joke is revealed by shouting "P?c?leal? de 1 Aprilie!" (which means "April 1 hoax!") at the recipient, who becomes the "April fool".
在羅馬尼亞,一個愚人節(jié)玩笑是通過喊“P c leal de 1 Aprilie!”(意思是“愚人節(jié)惡作劇!”)在收信人面前,他變成了“四月傻瓜”。
三、有趣的愚人事件
英國女王冒充親叔叔
1991年4月1日,英國《獨立報》報道,有一位65歲的威爾士農(nóng)夫是英女王伊麗莎白二世祖父喬治五世的私生子,換句話說,他擁有繼承英國王位的權(quán)力。這一報道以“女王的王位受到威脅”為題,將這位農(nóng)夫的身世形容得有板有眼,還稱這位王位的合法繼承人已經(jīng)向當(dāng)?shù)胤ㄔ禾崞鹪V訟,要求重新奪回本應(yīng)屬于自己的王位繼承權(quán)。后來人們才恍然大悟:這是個愚人節(jié)玩笑。
蒙娜麗莎的皺眉
1991年英國《獨立報》報道稱,一個藝術(shù)小組在擦拭名畫《蒙娜麗莎》時發(fā)現(xiàn)了一個驚人的秘密,在將畫上的蒙塵去掉之后,這位以“神秘的微笑”風(fēng)靡世界的女子竟然皺著眉頭。
尼克松復(fù)出
1992年的愚人節(jié),美國公眾廣播電臺報道說,因“水門事件”而下臺的前總統(tǒng)尼克松已經(jīng)宣布復(fù)出,角逐總統(tǒng)寶座。節(jié)目中還播出了一段“尼克松”的演講,宣布他的復(fù)出,并稱“從來沒有做錯過任何事”。節(jié)目播出后,觀眾反響強烈,紛紛打電話到電臺抗議,主持人才道出事實真相:其實尼克松的講話只是喜劇演員的表演。
分割比利時
1992年,在這一年的愚人節(jié),《倫敦時報》用大版篇幅報道了比利時將被一分為二的消息。該報紙稱,比利時北部說荷蘭語的部分將并入荷蘭,南部講法語的部分則并入法國。這篇報道說得煞有介事,還附上了詳細的分割地圖,竟然愚弄了當(dāng)時的英國外交大臣,他還表示準(zhǔn)備接受電視采訪,討論這一“重要問題”。
男女分用電話
1993年 以嚴(yán)肅、理性著稱于世的德國人也在愚人節(jié)開起了玩笑。德國的一家地方報紙《Sudkurier》稱,當(dāng)?shù)卣郎?zhǔn)備引進一種新的電話系統(tǒng),男人和女人將使用不同的電話,原因是“女人占用電話的時間太長”。
不準(zhǔn)“酒后上網(wǎng)”
1994年 著名的電腦雜志《PC Computing》發(fā)表文章稱,美國國會將通過一項法案,將酒后上網(wǎng)和酒后駕駛一樣視為“非法”;另外,在網(wǎng)上談?wù)摗靶浴边@一話題也被定為“非法行為”。
迪斯尼買下列寧遺體
1995年《愛爾蘭時報》報道,迪斯尼公司正在和俄羅斯政府商討購買列寧遺體一事。該報稱,迪斯尼建議將列寧的遺體從莫斯科紅場遷移至歐洲的迪斯尼樂園,供游人瞻仰,同時還將有“列寧襯衫”出售。該報還分析說,歐洲迪斯尼樂園可籍此吸引大批游客,走出困境。
木星發(fā)現(xiàn)生物
1996年在當(dāng)年還屬于新興媒體的互聯(lián)網(wǎng)也很快加入了“愚人節(jié)”假新聞的制造者行列。1996年4月1日,美國在線的用戶登陸后看到的第一條新聞就是:有政府官員透露,在木星上已經(jīng)發(fā)現(xiàn)了生物。該報道稱,美國政府已經(jīng)掌握了木星存在生物的證據(jù),但是將這一消息閉而不發(fā),美國在線老總和一位知名生物學(xué)家一起出面證實這一新聞的可靠性。這條新聞上網(wǎng)之后,跟貼達到1300多張,人們紛紛打電話到政府有關(guān)部門查詢相關(guān)信息。汽車發(fā)超聲波趕走動物
1997年德國寶馬汽車公司宣布,該公司研制出了一種新型汽車,這種汽車能夠發(fā)出一種超聲波,趕走擋在路上的動物,從而達到減少和避免交通事故的目的。
“健力士時間”取代“格林尼治時間”
1998年的3月30日,愛爾蘭著名啤酒公司健力士啤酒宣布,該公司已經(jīng)與格林尼治天文臺達成協(xié)議,該公司將成為天文臺千年活動的贊助商。作為交換條件,從1998年到1999年底,“健力士時間”將取代“格林尼治時間”。
英國改國歌
1999年英國廣播公司(BBC)第四電臺報道,英國的國歌“上帝保佑女王”將被歐盟的“統(tǒng)一國歌”代替,并用德文演唱。這首“統(tǒng)一國歌”采用貝多芬的音樂,BBC還播出了由英國小學(xué)生演唱的一個版本,并聲稱查爾斯王子辦公室還打電話到電臺索要這首歌的錄音帶和錄像帶。
免費汽車
2000年美國著名男性雜志《Esquire》向讀者介紹了一家名為“免費輪”(Freewheels)的新汽車公司,稱這家公司正準(zhǔn)備計劃向大眾推廣免費汽車,這些汽車的車身上將印滿廣告,“免費輪”的收入就是來自這些廣告。

