Higher education in Germany is mainly funded by the state and as such it is literally free of charge for domestic and international students alike. The German higher education system consists of around 400 institutions, divided into public “tuition free” institutions that host over 2.4 million students across Germany, and a smaller number of private institutions that enroll less than 5% of the total student body.
In the past decade, Germany has been politically struggling to ban tuition fees throughout the whole country; yet as a decentralized federal country it was difficult to bring all 16 of the federations to agree. In 2014, Germany’s 16 states abolished tuition fees for undergraduate students at all public German universities. This means that currently both domestic and international undergraduates at public universities in Germany can study for free, with just a small fee to cover administration and other costs per semester.
This good fortune may not last though. In December 2016 it was announced the south-west state of Baden-Württemberg will be reintroducing tuition fees for non-EU students, starting from autumn 2017, and it’s possible other states will follow suit in the coming years.
For now, the low fees certainly help to make studying in Germany an attractive option for prospective students, and the country has previously been ranked as the fourth most popular destination for international students in the world (after the US, UK and Australia).
德國高等教育的經(jīng)費主要由國家支出，因此就是你能從字面上讀到的意思，德國本國學(xué)生和國際學(xué)生都可以一視同仁地享受免學(xué)費的福利。德國高等教育體系由大約400所院校組成，分為公立“免學(xué)費”院校，在整個德國有超越240萬學(xué)生就讀，此外還有少數(shù)的私立學(xué)校，在讀學(xué)生數(shù)量少于總學(xué)生數(shù)量的5%。
在過去十年里，德國在政治上一直努力在全國實行廢除學(xué)費的政策，但是德國作為一個分散的聯(lián)邦制國家，很難使所有16個聯(lián)邦同意。在2014年，德國的16個州也實行了向所有在德國公立大學(xué)就讀的本科學(xué)生免除學(xué)費的政策。這就意味著，不管是德國本國學(xué)生還是國際學(xué)生，現(xiàn)在去德國留學(xué)只要在公立大學(xué)就讀本科學(xué)位課程都能免除學(xué)費，你去德國留學(xué)只需要支付一小筆管理費，并且自己負擔每學(xué)期的其他費用就行了。
這個好運可能不會持續(xù)太久了。在2016年12月，德國西南部的巴登-符騰堡州宣布將從2017年秋季學(xué)期開始，重新向非歐盟學(xué)生收取學(xué)費，并且其他的州可能在未來幾年里也效仿巴登-符騰堡州。
就目前的情況來看，這種低收費的政策無疑有助于吸引更多潛在的學(xué)生前來德國留學(xué)，使得德國成為越來越受歡迎的留學(xué)目的地，德國之前被評為全世界范圍內(nèi)第四受國際學(xué)生歡迎的留學(xué)目的地國家，僅次于美國、英國和澳大利亞。
Germany is a country characterized by variety. Trendy and modern Berlin can seem a world away from the more traditional and conservative Munich. The gleaming skyscrapers of Frankfurt form a stark contrast to quaint Heidelberg. And if bustling and fast-paced Hamburg becomes too much, you can always retreat to the peaceful and picturesque Middle Rhine region.
Universities in Germany offer plenty of choice, including some of the most prestigious institutions in Western Europe. Germany’s highest ranked university in the QS World University Rankings? 2016-2017 is Technische Universit?t München (ranked 60th in the world), followed by Ludwig-Maximilians-Universit?t München (joint 68th) and Ruprecht-Karls-Universit?t Heidelberg (72nd).
Beyond that, every major German city you can think of has at least one university ranked among the world’s best. A total of 15 German universities make the world’s top 250, and 31 are included within the world’s top 500. This establishes Germany well within the world’s higher education elite.
In addition to world-class universities, Germany also offers high quality of life, relatively low tuition fees, extensive support and scholarship schemes for international students, and decent post-graduation employment prospects. So it’s easy to see why so many choose to study in Germany each year.
德國是一個非常多樣化的國家，這里有時髦和現(xiàn)代的柏林，也有更傳統(tǒng)和保守的慕尼黑，法蘭克福閃閃發(fā)光的摩天大樓與古典的海德堡行程了鮮明的對比。如果熱鬧和快節(jié)奏的漢堡讓你覺得變化太多，你也能撤退到平靜和風(fēng)景如畫的中東萊茵地區(qū)。
德國有許多的大學(xué)可供你選擇，包括一些在西歐地區(qū)最負盛名的大學(xué)。德國在2016-2017年QS世界大學(xué)排名中排名最高的大學(xué)是慕尼黑工業(yè)大學(xué)(世界排名第60位)，緊隨其后的是慕尼黑大學(xué)(并列第68位)和海德堡大學(xué)(第72位)。
除此之外，每一個你能想到的德國主要的城市都有至少一所大學(xué)進入世界最佳大學(xué)之列?？偣灿?5所德國大學(xué)位于世界大學(xué)排名前250名之內(nèi)，并且還有31所大學(xué)位于世界大學(xué)排名前500名之內(nèi)。這也使得德國成為世界高等教育精英國家中的一員。
除了世界一流的大學(xué)之外，德國還有高質(zhì)量的生活，相對較低的學(xué)費，為國際留學(xué)生們提供的廣泛的支持和獎學(xué)金項目，畢業(yè)后光明就業(yè)前景。所以你也很容易明白每年為什么這么多人選擇去德國留學(xué)了。
Cost of living in Germany
While many students can study in Germany for free, living expenses are unavoidable. The cost of living in Germany is more expensive in some areas than others – Munich, for example, is considered the most expensive German city to live in, with living costs averaging about €10,800 (~US$11,645) per year. By comparison, the average annual living costs in Germany are around €9,600 (~US$10,350).
Rent will be your largest monthly expense, though this is cheaper if you live in a shared flat (average rent of €298/~US$320 per month) or a student hall of residence (€240/~US$260 per month).
Based on data from DAAD, other average monthly costs are as follows:
-€165 (~US$180) for food
-€52 (~US$56) for clothes
-€82 (~US$90) for transport
-€33 (~US$36) for telephone, internet and TV license
-€30 (~US$33) for work/study materials
-€68 (~US$73) for leisure activities
To find living expenses for specific cities in Germany (and compare them to the average costs in your home city) Numbeo is a useful tool.
You won’t need a visa to study in Germany if you’re an EU national or citizen of Iceland, Liechtenstein, Norway or Switzerland. Otherwise, expect to pay around €60 (~US$65) for your student visa, but there are also fee reductions or waivers for Schengen visas. In order to fulfill the visa requirements, you will need to show proof you have, or have access to, around €8,700 (~US$9,390) per year or €725 (~US$780) per month to cover your living costs.
For more information on getting a German student visa, see this article.
You will also need health insurance as a pre-condition of registering at a German university. If you’re a resident of a country within the EU or EEA, there should be a social security agreement between your country and Germany. This means that if you have public health insurance, you should be covered in Germany as well (full list here). If your health insurance isn’t valid in Germany, expect to pay around €80 (~US$86) per month to cover this.
德國留學(xué)的生活費
雖然很多學(xué)生都能夠免費在德國留學(xué)，但是德國留學(xué)期間的生活費也是不可避免的。在德國有些區(qū)域的生活成本要比另外的區(qū)域更高——舉個例子來說，慕尼黑相對來說是德國生活最昂貴的城市，平均生活費用為10,800歐元(約合11,645美元)每年。做個比較，在德國的平均生活費用為9,600歐元(約合10,350美元)每年。
房子租金會成為你每個月最大的一筆開支，但是如果你跟別人一起合租或者住在學(xué)生宿舍的話，租金會要便宜一些，合租的平均租金為298歐元/約合320美元每個月，學(xué)生宿舍的平均租金為240歐元/約合260美元每個月。
根據(jù)德意志學(xué)術(shù)交流中心(DAAD)的數(shù)據(jù)顯示，其他每個月的平均費用還有以下幾個方面：
-165歐元(約合180美元)的餐食費用
-52歐元(約合56美元)的衣服購買費用
-82歐元(約合90美元)的交通費用
-33歐元(約合36美元)的電話、互聯(lián)網(wǎng)和電視許可證費用
-30歐元(約合33美元) 的工作學(xué)習(xí)材料費用
-68歐元(約合73美元)的休閑活動開支
如果你想了解德國某一個城市具體的生活費，以及與你家鄉(xiāng)的城市平均生活費用進行比較的話，那么你可以參考Numbeo。
如果你是來自歐盟國家或者冰島、列支敦士登、挪威或者瑞士這些國家的公民，那么你不需要留學(xué)簽證就可以來德國留學(xué)，否則你就需要花費大約60歐元(約合65美金)的費用來申請你的留學(xué)簽證，但是申根簽證也可以享受費用降低或者免除的福利。為了滿足德國留學(xué)簽證申請的要求，你需要證明你自己擁有或者有權(quán)擁有大約8,700歐元(約合9,390美元) 每年或者725歐元(約合780美元)每個月的金額，用于支付你在德國留學(xué)期間的生活費用。
如果你想了解有關(guān)申請德國留學(xué)簽證的更多信息，請查看德國留學(xué)簽證申請要求
如果你想要在德國大學(xué)注冊，你還需要購買健康保險，這是在德國大學(xué)注冊的前提條件。如果你是一個來自歐盟或者歐洲經(jīng)濟區(qū)國家的居民，那么你的國家和德國之間應(yīng)該有社會保障協(xié)議。這就意味著，如果你已經(jīng)購買了公共醫(yī)療保險，那么你在德國留學(xué)期間也可以同樣享受這個保險。如果你不確定你是否能夠享受，請在來德國留學(xué)之前就資訊清楚。如果你的健康保險在德國是無效的，那么你每個月需要支付大約80歐元(約合86美元)的健康保險費。
Undergraduate costs to study in Germany
Although you can study for free at public German universities as an undergraduate, there is a charge per semester for enrolment, confirmation and administration. This is typically no more than €300 (~US$320) per semester, but varies depending on the university.
There may be an additional charge to purchase a “Semesterticket”, which covers public transport expenses for six months – the price varies depending upon which Semesterticket option you choose. If you exceed the standard period of study by more than four semesters, you may also face a long-term fee charge, which could be as much as €500 (~US$540) per semester.
Most universities in Germany are public. Private institutions are usually dependent on tuition fees for their funding (though some also receive support from foundations), and set their own fees, which can be anything up to €20,000 a year (~US$21,560).
The Federal Student Financial Aid Program (BAf?G: Bundesausbildungsf?rderungsgesetz) can be used by both German nationals and EU students, as well as some foreigners under select conditions. Generally, this aid is for those under 30 years old (under 35 if you’re studying for a master’s degree), but exceptions can be made depending on circumstance. The BAf?G is usually split in two, with 50% taking the form of a state grant and the other half being an interest-free loan that must be paid back in instalments when the maximum period of assistance expires.
德國本科留學(xué)的費用
雖然你可以在德國的公立大學(xué)免收學(xué)費進行本科學(xué)習(xí)，但是你仍然需要支付一些費用用于每學(xué)期的注冊、確認和管理，具體收費標準取決于你所就讀的大學(xué)，這筆費用通常不超過300歐元(約合320美元)每學(xué)期 。
除此之外，可能還會有“學(xué)期優(yōu)惠乘車票”的額外費用，這個費用包括了你在六個月的時間內(nèi)搭乘公共交通的費用——價格取決于你選擇哪一種類型的“學(xué)期優(yōu)惠乘車票”。如果你在德國留學(xué)的時間超過了四個學(xué)期的標準時間，你也可能會需要支付“超期費”，這筆費用可能會高達500歐元(約合540美元) 每學(xué)期。
在德國大多數(shù)的大學(xué)都是公立大學(xué)。私立大學(xué)通?？繌膶W(xué)生那里收取的學(xué)費來提供大學(xué)運作的資金，盡管有些私立大學(xué)也會得到基金會的支持。私立大學(xué)會自行設(shè)定學(xué)費數(shù)額，可能會高達20,000歐元(約合21,560美元)一年。
聯(lián)邦學(xué)生財政援助項目(BAf?G: Bundesausbildungsf?rderungsgesetz) 是為德國本國學(xué)生以及歐盟國家學(xué)生準備的，但是同樣也包括滿足條件的外國學(xué)生。一般來說，這種援助是為那些30歲以下的學(xué)生，或者35歲以下打算攻讀碩士學(xué)位的學(xué)生提供的。但是也可能有例外情況，具體視情況而定。聯(lián)邦學(xué)生財政援助項目通常分為兩部分，50%是以國家補助金的形式，另外一半是無息貸款，當最長的援助期滿之后，學(xué)生必須分期償還。
Master’s and postgraduate costs to study in Germany
Master’s degrees at German universities are usually free if they are classed as “consecutive” – i.e. following directly on from a related bachelor’s degree gained in Germany. Again, there is a small charge per semester for enrolment, confirmation and administration, plus a Semesterticket. Tuition fees for “non-consecutive” master’s degrees, for those who have gained their bachelor’s degree elsewhere in the world, vary between universities and may be around €5,000 (~US$5,400) per year at public institutions and up to €30,000 (~US$32,410) at private German universities.
For example, Germany’s top-ranked institution, the Ruprecht-Karls-Universit?t Heidelberg, lists fees for non-consecutive master’s degrees ranging from €2,500 (US$2,700) per semester for a Master of Arts in American Studies up to €7,000 (US$7,560) per semester for a Master of Science in Health Economics.
At PhD level, tuition is once again free at all universities in Germany – for the first six semesters at least. As at all levels of study, PhD students are also required to make a semester contribution of no more than €300 for administration and other costs.
德國碩士留學(xué)的費用
如果你屬于“連續(xù)就讀”的學(xué)生——即你的學(xué)士學(xué)位就是在德國大學(xué)獲得的，并且你直接在德國大學(xué)就讀跟你學(xué)士學(xué)位專業(yè)相關(guān)的碩士學(xué)位，那么你在德國大學(xué)就讀碩士學(xué)位就是免收學(xué)費的。與在德國大學(xué)讀本科一樣，雖然免收學(xué)費，但是每學(xué)期還是有少量的注冊費、確認費以及管理費，再加上學(xué)期優(yōu)惠乘車票的費用。但是，如果你不是“連續(xù)就讀”的學(xué)生，就是說你是在世界別的國家獲得的學(xué)士學(xué)位，你在德國公立大學(xué)就讀碩士學(xué)位的學(xué)費大約為5,000歐元(約合5,400美元) 每學(xué)期，在私立大學(xué)就讀的學(xué)費則高達30,000歐元(約合32,410美元) 每年。
舉個例子來說，在德國排名頂尖的大學(xué)，海德堡大學(xué)，非連續(xù)就讀的碩士學(xué)位列出的費用是，美國研究專業(yè)文科碩士的學(xué)費為2,500歐元(2,700美元)每學(xué)期，衛(wèi)生經(jīng)濟學(xué)專業(yè)理科碩士的學(xué)費為7,000歐元(7,560美元)每學(xué)期。
如果你是在德國就讀博士學(xué)位，那么所有的德國大學(xué)又都是免學(xué)費的——至少是最開始的六個學(xué)期免收學(xué)費。就像在德國大學(xué)就讀其他等級一樣，博士學(xué)生每學(xué)期也需要繳納不超過300歐元的管理費以及其他費用。
Scholarships to study in Germany
The German Academic Exchange Service, otherwise known as the DAAD (Deutscher Akademischer Austausch Dienst), provides support for German and international students to gain funding to live and study in Germany for free or at a more affordable cost.
DAAD scholarships to study in Germany are offered to German and international students of all levels, as well as academics and researchers. To find relevant scholarships to study in Germany, you can search based on keywords, study level, country of origin and subject.
Another useful resource is the Federal Ministry of Education and Research or BMBF (Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung), which hosts a site dedicated to providing information on scholarships to study in Germany.
You can also check out our own listing of Scholarships to Study in Germany.
Figures contained in this article are averages. The amount you pay will fluctuate depending on the length of your program, your level of study, the German state (L?nder) you live in and whether your university is private or public.
德國留學(xué)的獎學(xué)金
德意志學(xué)術(shù)交流中心，也被稱為DAAD(Deutscher Akademischer Austausch Dienst)，為德國本國學(xué)生以及國際留學(xué)生提供了支持，讓這些學(xué)生能夠獲得資金補助，并且能夠免費或者以更能夠負擔得起的費用在德國學(xué)習(xí)和生活。
德意志學(xué)術(shù)交流中心的德國留學(xué)獎學(xué)金是為所有等級的德國本國學(xué)生和國際留學(xué)生提供的，學(xué)者和研究人員也可以享受。如果你想了解德國留學(xué)相關(guān)的獎學(xué)金，你可以根據(jù)關(guān)鍵詞、你的學(xué)習(xí)等級、原籍國以及專業(yè)等分類條件來進行搜索。
德國聯(lián)邦教育和科研部或者BMBF (Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung)也是你了解德國留學(xué)獎學(xué)金的另一個非常有用的資源，這里建立了一個網(wǎng)站，提供各種去德國留學(xué)獎學(xué)金的信息，你也可以搜索了解。
此外，你還可以咨詢你所申請的大學(xué)。
文中所提到的數(shù)額都是平均數(shù)。你具體需要支付的費用將取決于你的課程長度、你的學(xué)習(xí)等級、你所居住的德國的州以及你所就讀的大學(xué)是公立大學(xué)還是私立大學(xué)。
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