很多學(xué)生覺(jué)得英語(yǔ)難學(xué),但事實(shí)上,英語(yǔ)和其他學(xué)科區(qū)別不大,知識(shí)點(diǎn)都完全出在書(shū)中。只要肯下工夫,一定會(huì)把英語(yǔ)學(xué)好,至少英語(yǔ)成績(jī)不會(huì)被別人落下太多。通過(guò)今年的初三期末考試可以看出來(lái),學(xué)生們存在的最主要的問(wèn)題還是對(duì)教材不夠熟悉。比如,今年的完形填空題出自教科書(shū)中的原文,但是5個(gè)填空部分很多學(xué)生都沒(méi)有完全答對(duì)。其實(shí),現(xiàn)在考試的趨勢(shì)越來(lái)越回歸教材,所以學(xué)生們一定要對(duì)教材非常熟悉。英語(yǔ)考試中的作文雖然不像語(yǔ)文作文那樣占分比例很大,但這仍是一個(gè)重點(diǎn)。此次考試,學(xué)生們的作文情況也不是很理想。原因是學(xué)生們平時(shí)不愿意動(dòng)筆。其實(shí),只要對(duì)教材熟悉,寫(xiě)作的問(wèn)題就不大。教材中的每個(gè)模塊的第二、三單元都是一個(gè)主題,這個(gè)主題會(huì)告知寫(xiě)作內(nèi)容。中考時(shí)的寫(xiě)作范圍也不會(huì)脫離這些主題,肯定會(huì)是書(shū)中提到過(guò)的,所以,學(xué)生們要根據(jù)這些主題主動(dòng)練習(xí)寫(xiě)作。
寒假期間的復(fù)習(xí)重點(diǎn)可根據(jù)個(gè)人情況而定,但以下兩方面不得忽視:1、完形填空和閱讀每天要做四五篇。英語(yǔ)考試中完形填空和閱讀所占分?jǐn)?shù)非常大,這是一個(gè)容易得分的部分。所以,學(xué)生們?cè)诩倨诿刻於家WC閱讀數(shù)量。英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)感很重要,如果長(zhǎng)時(shí)間不做閱讀,再次復(fù)習(xí)時(shí)會(huì)費(fèi)很多力氣。2、初一到初三教材“過(guò)”一遍。復(fù)習(xí)英語(yǔ)的最好方式就是熟讀教材,因?yàn)橛⒄Z(yǔ)教材中幾乎涵蓋了所有知識(shí)點(diǎn)。寒假期間,初一到初三年級(jí)的全部英語(yǔ)單詞要復(fù)習(xí)一遍,課文要通讀一遍,要保證英譯漢和漢譯英都沒(méi)有問(wèn)題,這樣會(huì)給開(kāi)學(xué)后進(jìn)入總復(fù)習(xí)提供很多幫助。
主謂一致
1. 語(yǔ)法一致的原則 2. 意義一致的原則 3. 鄰近一致的原則
謂語(yǔ)受主語(yǔ)支配,須和主語(yǔ)在人稱(chēng)和數(shù)上保持一致,這叫做主謂一致。主謂一致一般遵循三條原則:語(yǔ)法一致原則,意義一致原則和就近一致原則。
在英語(yǔ)中,謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞必須和主語(yǔ)在人稱(chēng)和數(shù)上同主語(yǔ)保持一致,叫做主謂一致。通常采用下列三個(gè)原則來(lái)處理,即:語(yǔ)法形式一致的原則、邏輯意義一致的原則、就近(或毗鄰)一致的原則。
一、語(yǔ)法形式一致的原則,即在語(yǔ)法形式上取得一致。如:主語(yǔ)為單數(shù)形式,謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù);主語(yǔ)為復(fù)數(shù)形式,謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞也采用復(fù)數(shù)形式。但須注意下列幾種情況:
1.以單數(shù)名詞或代詞、動(dòng)詞不定式短語(yǔ)、動(dòng)名詞短語(yǔ)或從句作主語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。 例如:
Much land has been deserted in this area in the past few years.在過(guò)去的幾年中,這個(gè)地區(qū)的許多土地已經(jīng)沙化。
To start smoking is quite easy, but to give it up needs courage.開(kāi)始吸煙很容易,但是要戒煙卻需要勇氣。
Reading English newspapers is a good way of improving you English. 閱讀英文報(bào)紙是提高你英語(yǔ)水平的好方法。
What you need most is to have a good sleep.你所需要的就是好好睡一覺(jué)。 How you can get there is a problem. 你怎么到那兒去還是個(gè)問(wèn)題。
[注意:]由what引導(dǎo)的主語(yǔ)從句,后面的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞多數(shù)情況用單數(shù)形式。但若表語(yǔ)是“復(fù)數(shù)或what從句是一個(gè)帶有復(fù)數(shù)意義的并列結(jié)構(gòu)”時(shí),主句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù) 。例如: What I bought were three English books.我買(mǎi)的是三本英語(yǔ)書(shū)。
What I say and do is (are) helpful for you.我所說(shuō)的和做的對(duì)你是有幫助的。 2、由and 或both...and來(lái)連接并列主語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)用復(fù)數(shù)。例如: Swimming and walking are good exercises.游泳和散步都是好運(yùn)動(dòng)。
He and I were classmates when we were at college.他和我在上大學(xué)時(shí)是同學(xué)。 Both John and Ann have got pen-friends.約翰和安都有筆友。 Both Zhou Lan and Yang Pei like sports.周蘭和楊蓓都愛(ài)好體育。
[注意]1)但是,并列主語(yǔ)如果表示同一個(gè)人、同一事物或同一概念時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式(這時(shí)and后的名詞前沒(méi)有冠詞)。例如:
The manager and secretary was absent at the meeting.經(jīng)理兼書(shū)記沒(méi)有出席會(huì)議。 The manager and the secretary are busy now.經(jīng)理和書(shū)記現(xiàn)在都很忙。 Their teacher and friend is Mr. Li.他們的老師和朋友是李先生。
2)由and連接的并列單數(shù)主語(yǔ)前如果分別被no, each, every或many a ,more than one修飾時(shí),其謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式。 例如:
In our country every boy and every girl has the right to receive education.在我們國(guó)家里,每個(gè)男孩和女孩都有權(quán)利受教育。
Each man and each woman is asked to help. 每個(gè)男士和婦女都被請(qǐng)來(lái)幫忙。 Many a student is having practice in that factory. 許多學(xué)生正在那家工廠實(shí)習(xí)。 More than one student is interested in the book.不止一個(gè)學(xué)生對(duì)這本書(shū)感興趣。
[注意] 在“more than one+單數(shù)名詞”作主語(yǔ)時(shí),若在There be句型中,亦可用復(fù)數(shù)。 如: There is/are more than one man here. 這兒不止一個(gè)人。
3、如果主語(yǔ)是單數(shù),盡管后面跟有(together) with, as well as, like, but, except, besides,
including, no less than, rather than ,as much as,more than,along with in addition to等介詞短語(yǔ),其謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞仍用單數(shù)形式;若主語(yǔ)為復(fù)數(shù),則謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞也用復(fù)數(shù)。例如:
An English teacher together with some students has climbed to the top of the mountain.一位英語(yǔ)老師和幾個(gè)學(xué)生已經(jīng)爬到了山頂。
Mary as well as her friends likes this painting.瑪麗和她的朋友都喜歡這幅畫(huà)。
No one except my close friends knows anything about this matter.除了我的親密朋友誰(shuí)也不知道這件事。
She, like you and Tom, is very tall.像你和湯姆那樣她很高。
4、不定代詞each, either, neither 和由 some, any, no, every 構(gòu)成的復(fù)合代詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。 例如:
Each (of us) takes a cup of coffee.(我們)每人喝一杯咖啡。
Everyone knows smoking cigarettes is bad for health.大家都知道吸煙不利于身體健康。 Nothing is to be done 沒(méi)有什么要干的事。
Everybody obeys the school rules; anybody who breaks the rules is punished.每個(gè)人必須遵守學(xué)校規(guī)則,任何人違反了規(guī)則將受到懲罰。
2)若后面的名詞是不可數(shù)名詞,它的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞就要用單數(shù);若它后面的名詞是復(fù)數(shù),它的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)或復(fù)數(shù)都可以。例如:
None of the sugar was left.沒(méi)有剩下什么糖了。
None of us has (have) been to America.我們中沒(méi)有人去過(guò)美國(guó)。
5.不定代詞none 以及由"none/either/neither+of+復(fù)數(shù)合詞(或代詞)"構(gòu)成的短語(yǔ)作主語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)用單復(fù)數(shù)均可,這取決于說(shuō)話(huà)人的意思。當(dāng)說(shuō)話(huà)人著眼于“每一個(gè)都不.......”或“兩個(gè)中的任何一個(gè)都不.......”時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù);當(dāng)說(shuō)話(huà)者著眼于“所有的都不.......”或“兩個(gè)中的全部都不.......”時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)。例如:
None know when that was. (強(qiáng)調(diào)所有的人) 沒(méi)人知道這是什么時(shí)候的事。 None is so good as he.(強(qiáng)調(diào)每一個(gè)人) 沒(méi)有人像他那么好。 None of them have / has a car.他們都沒(méi)有小汽車(chē)。(他們沒(méi)有一個(gè)人有小汽車(chē)。) Neither of them know / knows the answer.他們兩個(gè)全都不知道答案。(他們兩個(gè)人誰(shuí)也不知道答案。)
Neither of the article is (are ) interesting.其中沒(méi)有哪篇文章有趣。 Neither of them have replied. 他們兩個(gè)誰(shuí)也沒(méi)有答復(fù)。 Neither of them has replied. 他們兩個(gè)誰(shuí)也沒(méi)有答復(fù)。
5、在定語(yǔ)從句中,關(guān)系代詞that,who,which等作主語(yǔ)時(shí),其謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的數(shù),應(yīng)與句中先行詞的數(shù)一致。例如:
It sounded like a train which/that was going under my house.那聲音聽(tīng)起來(lái)就像有一列火車(chē)從我的房子底下開(kāi)過(guò)似的。
People who study the think that there will be another big one soon.研究地震的人認(rèn)為不久將還有一次大的地震。
The horse which is tied to the tree belongs to John.拴在樹(shù)上的那匹馬是約翰的。
Those who want to go on a journey please sign your name here.要去旅游的請(qǐng)把名字簽在這兒。 Some of the energy that is used by man comes from the sun.被人類(lèi)使用的一些能源來(lái)自太陽(yáng)。 [注意]在以“one of the+復(fù)數(shù)名詞”為先行詞的定語(yǔ)從句中,關(guān)系代詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù);但如果“one of the+復(fù)數(shù)名詞”這個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)前有the only之類(lèi)的修飾語(yǔ)時(shí),其從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞
用單數(shù)。 例如:
This is one of the questions that have been asked by the students.這是學(xué)生提出的許多問(wèn)題的一個(gè)。 Bob is one of my friends who are helping me with English.鮑勃是幫助我英語(yǔ)的朋友之一。 He is the only one of the officers who was invited to the ball here. 他是辦公室唯一收到邀請(qǐng)參加舞會(huì)的人。
The head master is the only one of the teachers who knows Esperanton.校長(zhǎng)是老師中唯一懂得世界語(yǔ)的人。
6、“a lot of (lots of, plenty of, a head of, heaps of, the rest(majority) of ,some
(many,anymore,most, all等)of++名詞”構(gòu)成的短語(yǔ)作主語(yǔ)時(shí),其謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的數(shù)要與of后面的名詞(短語(yǔ))保持一致。例如:
Some of us do not know much about the theatre.我們中有一些人還不太懂得戲劇。 Some (of the sugar) is wet. 有些(糖)是濕的。
Most of the students in our class are league. 我們班上大多數(shù)學(xué)生是團(tuán)員。 Most of the food tastes delicious. 大多數(shù)食物味道很好。 Half of the work is left unfinished.一半的工作沒(méi)有完成。
Half of the apples are given to the children.一半的蘋(píng)果送給孩子們。 Lots of damage was caused by smoking.許多損害是由吸煙引起的。 Plenty of English books are on the shelf.許多英語(yǔ)書(shū)在書(shū)架上。
注意:1)all單獨(dú)作主語(yǔ)表示“人”時(shí),謂語(yǔ)用復(fù)數(shù);表示“整個(gè)事件或事情”時(shí),謂語(yǔ)用單數(shù)。 如:
All are present. 所有的人都出席了。(表人) All is well. 一切都好。 (表示整個(gè)事情或情況)
2)“a number of+復(fù)數(shù)名詞 ”作主語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式;“The number of+復(fù)數(shù)名詞”作主語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式。例如:
A large number of buildings were burnt down.許多樓房被毀了。
A number of students in our class are out by the lake.我們班有些學(xué)生到湖邊去了。 The number of students in our school is 2500.我們學(xué)校的學(xué)生人數(shù)是2500名。
The number of books on women published in China is growing.在中國(guó),有關(guān)婦女書(shū)籍出版數(shù)目在增加。
The number of wagging dances per minute told the exact distance to the feeding place.每分鐘擺尾的次數(shù)表明了到喂食處的精確距離。
7、由“分?jǐn)?shù)或百分?jǐn)?shù)+of +名詞(或代詞)”構(gòu)成的短語(yǔ)作主語(yǔ)時(shí),其謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的數(shù)要與of后面的名詞(短語(yǔ))保持一致。例如:
Two thirds of the country is dry or desert.這個(gè)國(guó)家的三分之二的地方氣候干燥或者是沙漠地區(qū)。 Two thirds of the people present are against the plan.在場(chǎng)的三分之二的人反對(duì)這個(gè)計(jì)劃。
More than 70 percent of the surface of our earth is covered by water.我們地球的70%的表面被水所覆蓋。
30 percent of the students in our class are girls.我們班的30%是女生。
8、 如果主語(yǔ)是由“a kind of, 或this/that kind of, a series ( a species) of ,a pair of等 + 名詞”構(gòu)成謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞通常用單數(shù)形式。例如:
This kind of men is dangerous.這種人是危險(xiǎn)的。
Is this kind of car made in Shanghai ?這種汽車(chē)是上海制造的嗎? There is a kind of rose in his garden.他的花園里有玫瑰花。 This kind of apple/apples is rather expensive. 這種蘋(píng)果相當(dāng)貴。
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