現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的用法：主語(yǔ)+have(has)+過(guò)去分詞(done)
(1) 定義：現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)用來(lái)表示現(xiàn)在之前已發(fā)生過(guò)或完成的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài),但其結(jié)果卻和現(xiàn)在有聯(lián)系,也就是說(shuō),動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)發(fā)生在過(guò)去但它的影響現(xiàn)在還存在。
I have lost my wallet. (含義是:現(xiàn)在我沒(méi)有錢(qián)花了)
Jane has laid the table. (含義是:簡(jiǎn)已在吃飯.)
Michael has been ill. (含義是:現(xiàn)在仍然很虛弱)
He has returned from abroad. (含義是:現(xiàn)在已在此地)
(2) 定義2：現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)可以用來(lái)表示發(fā)生在過(guò)去某一時(shí)刻的，持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的情況，常與for, since連用。
Mary has been ill for three days.
I have lived here since 1998.
注意：1. 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)不能單獨(dú)與準(zhǔn)確時(shí)間連用，如：yesterday(morning、afternoon), last(morning、afternoon)等，除非與for, since連用。
2. 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)往往同表示不確定的過(guò)去時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用，如already, yet, just, before, recently, still, lately等。
He has already obtained a scholarship.
I haven't seen much of him recently (lately).
We have seen that film before.
Have they found the missing child yet
3. 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)常常與表示頻度的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用，如often, sometimes, ever, never, twice, on several occasion等。
Have you ever been to Beijing.
I have never heard Bunny say anything against her.
I have used this pen only three times. It is still good.
George has met that gentleman on several occasions.
4. 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)還往往可以同包括現(xiàn)在時(shí)間在內(nèi)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用，如now, up to these few days/weeks/months/years, this morning/week/month/year, now, just, today, up to present, so far等。
Peter has written six papers so far.
Man has now learned to release energy from the nucleus of the atom.
There has been too much rain in San Francisco this year.
The friendly relations and cooperation between our two countries have been enhanced in the past few years.
Up to the present everything has been successful.
5. 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)表示現(xiàn)在之前業(yè)已完成的動(dòng)作，雖然其效果或影響仍然存在但已不再繼續(xù)，但是有一些現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的句子，在后面加上for+一段時(shí)間，則現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的動(dòng)作就表示延續(xù)性。
Thomas has studied Russian. (現(xiàn)在不再學(xué)俄語(yǔ))
Thomas has studied Russian for three years. (=Thomas began to study Russian three years ago, and is still studying it now. (同第2點(diǎn)用法第一個(gè)例句)
6. 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)還可以用來(lái)表示過(guò)去的一個(gè)時(shí)間到現(xiàn)在這段時(shí)間內(nèi)重復(fù)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。
We have had four texts this semester.
現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的“完成用法”和“未完成用法”
1. 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的"完成用法"
現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的"完成用法"指的是動(dòng)作發(fā)生在過(guò)去某一時(shí)刻并已結(jié)束，但該動(dòng)作對(duì)現(xiàn)在產(chǎn)生了影響，與現(xiàn)在情況具有因果關(guān)系。
例如：He has turned off the light.他已把燈關(guān)了。(動(dòng)作結(jié)束于過(guò)去，但說(shuō)明的是現(xiàn)在的情況--燈現(xiàn)在不亮了。)
現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)"完成用法"的特點(diǎn)是動(dòng)作不延續(xù)，因此，該時(shí)態(tài)只能與表示不定的過(guò)去時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)(如：already，yet，before，recently等)、頻度時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)(如：never，ever，once等)、包括現(xiàn)在時(shí)刻在內(nèi)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)(如：this morning /month /year...，today等)連用。
例如：Have you found your pen yet?你已找到你的鋼筆了嗎?
2. 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的"未完成用法"
現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的"未完成用法"指的是動(dòng)作開(kāi)始于過(guò)去某一時(shí)刻，一直延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在，或可能還要繼續(xù)下去。
例如：He has lived here since 1978.自從1978年以來(lái)，他一直住在這兒。(動(dòng)作起始于1978年，一直住到現(xiàn)在，可能還要繼續(xù)住下去。)
I have been in the army for more than 5 years.我在部隊(duì)已經(jīng)呆了五年多了。(動(dòng)作開(kāi)始于5年前，一直延續(xù)至今，有可能還要繼續(xù)下去。)
此種用法的句中常需一個(gè)表示一段時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ)(由since或for引導(dǎo))，或表示與現(xiàn)在時(shí)刻相連的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)(如：up to now，so far)等。
例如：I have heard nothing from him up to now. 到目前為止我沒(méi)有他的任何消息。
注意：(1)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的未完成用法只適用于延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞，不可用于終止性動(dòng)詞，即瞬間完成或延續(xù)時(shí)間很短的動(dòng)詞。如：come, go, arrive, leave, join，become, die等。
(2) 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)常見(jiàn)兩種句型：
① for短語(yǔ)
② It is+一段時(shí)間+ since從句
3. 一段時(shí)間+has passed + since從句
4. 主語(yǔ)+have / has been+since短語(yǔ)
例如：He has been in the League for three years. 或It is three years since he joined the League. 他入團(tuán)已三年了
一.have/has been doing sth.
for和since的運(yùn)用
for表示及“經(jīng)歷(一段時(shí)間)”，而since表示“從……以來(lái)”。常見(jiàn)結(jié)構(gòu)：
for+一段時(shí)間;since+一段時(shí)間+ago;since+一個(gè)時(shí)間點(diǎn);since+從句
如：He has stayed here for 3 hours . 他留在這兒已經(jīng)有三個(gè)小時(shí)了。
He has stayed here since 3 hours ago. 他三個(gè)小時(shí)前就已經(jīng)留在這兒了。
He has stayed here since 3 o'clock. 他從三點(diǎn)鐘一直留在這兒。
He has taught English since he came here. 他到這以后就教英語(yǔ)。
1.現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)
當(dāng)后面接有一段時(shí)間的詞時(shí),或是加表示時(shí)間的詞時(shí),可以用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí).如果這件事現(xiàn)在還在持續(xù)或還在做,則可用現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí).
如: I have been skating for 4 hours.
I have finished my homework.
2. 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài).
后接動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞.
如:The building has been built for 5 years.
二.一般現(xiàn)在時(shí): 用動(dòng)詞原形
一般過(guò)去時(shí): 用動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去式
一般將來(lái)時(shí): will/shall +do
is/am/are going to do
過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí): could/would do
現(xiàn)在完成時(shí): have/has done
過(guò)去完成時(shí):had done
將來(lái)完成時(shí):shall have done
過(guò)去將來(lái)完成時(shí):would/could have done
現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí):is/am/are doing
過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí):was/were doing
將來(lái)進(jìn)行時(shí):will/shall be doing
過(guò)去將來(lái)進(jìn)行時(shí):would/could be doing
在完成進(jìn)行時(shí):have/has been doing
過(guò)去完成進(jìn)行時(shí):had been doing
將來(lái)完成進(jìn)行時(shí):shall have been doing
過(guò)去將來(lái)完成進(jìn)行時(shí):would have been doing
此時(shí)態(tài)一般在中學(xué)學(xué)習(xí)
過(guò)去分詞的構(gòu)成：
1 、規(guī)則動(dòng)詞：規(guī)則動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞的構(gòu)成規(guī)則與規(guī)則動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去式的構(gòu)成規(guī)則相同。四點(diǎn)變化規(guī)則：
⑴、一般動(dòng)詞，在詞尾直接加“ ed ”。
work---worked---worked ,visit---visited---visited
⑵、以“ e ”結(jié)尾的動(dòng)詞，只在詞尾加“ d ”。
lived---lived---lived ,
⑶、以“輔音字母 + y ”結(jié)尾的動(dòng)詞，將 "y" 變?yōu)?"i" ，再加“ ed ”。
study---studied---studied ,cry---cried---cried ,
play---played---played ,stay---stayed---stayed
⑷、重讀閉音節(jié)結(jié)尾，末尾只有一個(gè)輔音字母，先雙寫(xiě)該輔音字母，再加“ ed ”。
stop---stopped---stopped , drop---dropped--dropped
2 、不規(guī)則動(dòng)詞：不規(guī)則動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞要特別牢記，詳見(jiàn)課后附錄中的不規(guī)則動(dòng)詞表.
兩種時(shí)態(tài)的區(qū)分:
(1) 、一般過(guò)去時(shí)的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用過(guò)去式，而現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的謂語(yǔ)基本構(gòu)成是“助動(dòng)詞 have/ has + 過(guò)去分詞”。
(2) . 一般過(guò)去時(shí)通常與表示過(guò)去的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用。如： yesterday, last week , two years ago ,just now ,in 2002 等;而現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)則常與just ,already ,ever ,never 等副詞和 these days ,this week ,since ......, for ...... 等表示一段時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ)連用。
試比較以下幾組句子，有什么區(qū)別：
① A: Have you seen the film?
B: Did you see the film?
分析：你看過(guò)這部電影嗎?(A)句強(qiáng)調(diào)的是被問(wèn)者對(duì)劇情是否了解;(B) 句強(qiáng)調(diào)的是看這部電影的動(dòng)作是否發(fā)生過(guò)，并不強(qiáng)調(diào)是否知道其內(nèi)容。
② A: How has he done it?
B: How did he do it?
分析：他是怎么做的這件事?(A)句強(qiáng)調(diào)的是他做著件事的方式對(duì)現(xiàn)在產(chǎn)生了某種影響;(B)句單純的詢問(wèn)做這件事的方式。
③ A: He has lived in Beijing for 8 years.
B: He lived in Beijing for 8 years.
分析：他在北京住了 8 年。(A) 句講的是到目前為止他在北京住了8年，可能還會(huì)繼續(xù)在北京住下去。(B)句講的是他在北京住過(guò)8年，現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)不在北京了。
(2) 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)強(qiáng)調(diào)過(guò)去發(fā)生的動(dòng)作對(duì)現(xiàn)在的影響和結(jié)果，而一般過(guò)去時(shí)與現(xiàn)在沒(méi)有聯(lián)系，只是說(shuō)明某個(gè)動(dòng)作發(fā)生的時(shí)間是在過(guò)去。
比：I have washed the car. 我洗過(guò)了車。(看上去很漂亮)
I washed the car a moment ago.我剛才洗過(guò)車了。
She has watered the flowers. 她已經(jīng)澆了花。(不需要再澆了)
She watered the flowers yesterday. 她昨天澆的花。
I have written the letter but I haven't posted it yet. 信我已經(jīng)寫(xiě)好了，但還沒(méi)有寄出。
I wrote the letter last week and I posted it three days ago. 我上周寫(xiě)的那封信，3天前寄出的。
(3) 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)表示的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在并可能延續(xù)下去，而一般過(guò)去時(shí)則單純表示過(guò)去某段時(shí)間內(nèi)的經(jīng)歷。
比：It has rained for five hours. 雨已經(jīng)下了5個(gè)小時(shí)了。
It rained for live hours yesterday. 昨天下了5個(gè)小時(shí)的雨。
He has waited for her for two hours. 他等她已經(jīng)兩個(gè)小時(shí)了。
He waited for her two hours and then went home. 他等她等了兩個(gè)小時(shí)，然后就回家了。
I have reviewed two lessons this morning. 今天上午我已經(jīng)復(fù)習(xí)了兩課。(說(shuō)話時(shí)還在上午)
I reviewed two lessons this morning. 今天上午我復(fù)習(xí)了兩課。(說(shuō)話時(shí)已是下午或晚上)
用在現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)態(tài)和過(guò)去完成時(shí)態(tài)的動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞的構(gòu)成與動(dòng)詞過(guò)去時(shí)的構(gòu)成相似。規(guī)則動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去式和過(guò)去分詞是一樣，不規(guī)則動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去式、過(guò)去分詞如下表：
am (是) –was--been is(是)--was---been are(是)--were ---been
begin(開(kāi)始)--began--begun bring(拿來(lái))--brought--brought come(來(lái))--came--come
catch(捉住)--caught—caught cut(砍，割)--cut--cut dig(挖，掘)--dug--dug
do(做，干)--did--done draw(畫(huà)畫(huà),拉)--drew--drawn drink(喝)--drank--drunk
drive(駕駛)--drove--driven eat(吃)--ate--eaten fall(跌倒，落下)--fell--fallen
feel(感覺(jué))--felt--felt fly(飛)--flew--flown get(獲得)--got--gotten
give(給)---gave--given go(去)--went--gone grow(生長(zhǎng))--grew--grown
have (has)(有)--had--had hurt(傷害)--hurt--hurt keep(保持)--kept--kept
know(知道，認(rèn)識(shí))--knew--known learn(學(xué)習(xí))--learnt--learnt leave (離開(kāi))--left--left
let(讓)--let--let lie(躺，平放)--lay--lain make(使得，做)--made--made
may(可以)--might--might read(讀)--read--read ride (騎)--rode--ridden ring (鳴鈴)--rang--rung run (跑)--ran--run say (說(shuō))--said--said see (看見(jiàn))--saw--seen
sell (賣)--sold--sold send(送)--sent--sent set (放)--set--set
sing(唱歌)--sang--sung sleep (睡覺(jué))--slept--slept smell(聞)--smelt--smelt
speak(說(shuō)話)--spoke --spoken spend (花費(fèi))--spent--spent stand (站立)--stood--stood swim (游泳)--swam--swum take (拿到)--took--taken
teach(教)--taught--taught tell (告訴)--told--told think(認(rèn)為)--thought--thought
throw(投擲)--threw--thrown understand(懂得)--understood--understood
wake(喚醒)--woke--woken wear(穿)--wore--worn win(獲勝)--won --won write(寫(xiě))--wrote--written
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