語法是很多同學(xué)薄弱的地方,想要努力,卻總是感覺有些力不從心?整理了考試中經(jīng)常出現(xiàn)有容易出錯的部分,大家趕緊收藏起來仔細(xì)學(xué)習(xí),把不懂的語法內(nèi)容都捋順!
一、主語從句
在主句中用作主語的主謂結(jié)構(gòu)稱之為主語從句。
例句:
That he will come to the discussion is certain.
他來參加討論是確定的。
That the moon moves round the earth is well known to all of us.
月球繞地球轉(zhuǎn)動,這是我們大家都熟知的。
When the meeting is to be held
has not yet been decide.
會議什么時候召開還沒有決定。
主語從句放在句首,句子常常顯得比較笨重,因此通常可以把it放在句首,作形式主語,而將主語從句放在后面。例如上面的句子可以分別改寫為:
It is certain that he will come to
the discussion.
It is well known to all of us that
the moon moves round the earth.
二、賓語從句
在主句中作謂語動詞、介詞及非謂語動詞的賓語的主謂結(jié)構(gòu)稱之為賓語從句。
在引導(dǎo)賓語從句時,從屬連詞that在口語中和非正式文本中常省略。
1. 動詞后的賓語從句
We know that a parrot can’t really speak.
我們知道鸚鵡不會真的說話。
He wants to tell us what he thinks.
他想告訴我們他所想的事情。
Knowing that it was going to rain, they decided to work inside the house.
知道要下雨了,于是他們決定在室內(nèi)工作。(現(xiàn)在分詞knowing的賓語從句)
I want to know whether/if you still work in the factory.
我想知道你是否還在工廠工作。(不定式to know的賓語從句)
The club will give whoever wins a prize.
獲勝者俱樂部將頒獎。
Up to now we can’t say whether his theory can stand the test.
到目前為止我們還不能說他的理論是否經(jīng)得住考驗。
2. 形容詞的賓語從句
有些形容詞可以用that引導(dǎo)賓語從句,表示說話人對某一事物的態(tài)度并帶有感情色彩。常見的這類形容詞有:
afraid,amazed,astonished,aware,certain,confident,delighted,glad, grateful,happy, proud,sad,sorry,sure,surprised等。
I am glad that you have come.
你來了,我真高興。
I am afraid that you are wrong on
this point.
恐怕你在這點上是錯誤的。
He is quite confident that he will
pass the examination.
他很有信心通過這個考試。
三、表語從句
在主句中擔(dān)當(dāng)表語的主謂結(jié)構(gòu)稱之為表語從句。
One idea is that fish is the best
brain food.
有一種看法認(rèn)為魚是的補腦食品。
The problem is where we can
hold our meeting.
問題是我們可以在哪兒舉行會議。
My question is how information
is stored in the long-term memory.
我的問題是信息是怎樣儲存在長期記憶中的。
That is what he really wants.
那就是他真想要的東西。
It seems that everything goes
smoothly.
似乎一切都進行得很順利。
四、同位語從句
同位語從句用于對前面出現(xiàn)的名詞作進一步說明,一般用連詞that引導(dǎo),由于先行名詞的意義不同,也可用whether,who,when,where,what,why,how等引導(dǎo)。
常見的先行名詞有:
fact,idea,belief,news,hope,conclusion,evidence,suggestion,order,problem,report,decision.
有時由于謂語較短,將同位語從句位于謂語之后。
如:
I had no idea how many books I
could borrow at a time.
The news came that their team
had won the championship.
名詞性從句的用法及定義
1.that 引導(dǎo)主語從句時,that 沒有意義,但不能省略。
It worried her a bit that her hair was turning gray.
她的頭發(fā)正在變白,這使她很不安。
that引導(dǎo)主語從句,it作形式主語,that不能省略。
That she is a rich woman is known
to us all.
眾所周知,她是個富有的女人。
這是that 引導(dǎo)主語從句,that 不能省略。這句話可以改為用it 作形式主語的句型。
2.從句作主語時,多數(shù)情況下由 it 作形式主語,而把主語從句放在后面,尤其是謂語部分(包括賓語)較短的情況下。
例:
①It wasn’t very clear what she
meant.
不清楚她是什么意思。
②It is important that he should
come on time.
他按時來是很重要的。
③It is true that that man on the left is a well-known writer here.
左邊那個人是本地的一位作家,這是真的。
這里,第一個that 引導(dǎo)主語從句,是單純的連詞,無詞義,不作句子成分。第二個that 是指示代詞,作句子成分,是man 的定語。
3.whether既可以引導(dǎo)主語從句也可以引導(dǎo)賓語從句,但if不能引導(dǎo)主語從句。whether 后面可以加or not, 而if 不能與or not 連用。作介詞賓語時不用if.
如:
①Whether I knew John doesn’t
matter.
= It doesn’t matter whether I knew
John.
我是否認(rèn)識約翰沒有關(guān)系。
②Whether or not she’ll come isn’t
clear.
= Whether she’ll come or not isn’t
clear.
= It isn’t clear whether ….
她是否來還不清楚。
It +動詞+從句
seem,appear,happen,look,matter,
make,strike,occur
It appeared that he had a happy
childhood.
看來他有一段幸福的童年。
It made us very happy that she was saved.
她能化險為夷令我們大家很高興。
It is +形容詞+從句
true,strange,necessary,important,
certain,wonderful,possible,likely,probable
It is certain that free medical care
will be given to mostpeople in our city.
我們城市的多數(shù)人將享受免費醫(yī)療,這是一定的。
It is obvious that he has been treated.
很明顯他已經(jīng)被款待了。
It is +名詞+從句
fact,surprise,pity,honor,
common knowledge
It is common knowledge that the
moon cannot give out light.
月亮不會發(fā)光,這是常識。
It is a surprise that you gave such
an answer to the question.
你對這個問題作了這樣的回答,令人吃驚。
It+be+分詞+從句
said,reported,believed,known,
decided,thought,expected, announced
It is said that Jack has been to
Europe.
據(jù)說Jack去過歐洲。
It was reported that a new park will be built.
據(jù)報道將要建造一個新的公園。
需要注意的是,作為形式主語的it并無實際意義,只是為了滿足語法上的需要,避免句子頭重腳輕,它代替的是句子的邏輯主語,而真正主語由從句或不定式充當(dāng)。形式主語一直都是高頻考點,同學(xué)們需要多多練習(xí)。
從句:定語從句的簡化規(guī)律
(一)改用“不定式”或“不定式短語”
如果定語從句的時態(tài)與主句的時態(tài)具有同時性(包括謂語有情態(tài)動詞)或之后性,則可以用“關(guān)系代詞或關(guān)系副詞+不定式”來簡化,或直接用“不定式”來修飾先行詞。
We moved to the country so that the children would have a garden in
which they could play in.
我們搬到了鄉(xiāng)下,好讓孩子們有個花園在里面玩。
改為:
We moved to the country so that the
children would have a garden in which to play.
(二)改用“介詞短語”
介詞短語替代定語從句有兩種方式:
(1)省略“關(guān)系副詞+主語+be動詞”
或“關(guān)系代詞+be動詞”
(2)根據(jù)從句的意思改編。
We have never forgotten the days
(when we were) at college.
我們從來沒有忘記在大學(xué)對書的日子。
I don’t know the person (who is) in
your office.
在你辦公司的那個人我不認(rèn)識。
He is not a person who likes to
haggle over every ounce.
改為:
He is a person above personal
interests.
他不是一個斤斤計較的人。
(三)改用“現(xiàn)在分詞短語”和“過去分詞短語”
“現(xiàn)在分詞短語”作后置定語
此項要明白三點:
(1)“現(xiàn)在分詞短語”與前面的名詞一定是主謂關(guān)系;
(2)它隱含的時態(tài)為與謂語動詞同一階段的時態(tài)。
例如:謂語是一般現(xiàn)在時或?qū)頃r,現(xiàn)在分詞所隱含的是現(xiàn)在時、現(xiàn)在正在繼續(xù)時;如果謂語動詞為一般過去時或?qū)頃r,現(xiàn)在分詞所隱含的時態(tài)為過去時、過去正在進行時;
(3)being+-ed表示“正在進行時的被動語態(tài)”。如果信息的中心在什么時候可以用現(xiàn)在分詞呢?
當(dāng)被修飾的名詞為“不定代詞”、“泛指意義的名詞”或“專有名詞”,可用現(xiàn)在分句短語作后置定語由于主語是泛指,句子的意思往往表達(dá)的是一條“道理”或一件“事實”,所以它們的隱含時為“一般現(xiàn)在時”,此時就可以用分詞短語作后置定語。為了看清分詞所隱含的時態(tài),配上定語。
為了大家看得明白,配上定語從句,把分詞所替代的時間展示出來
Anyone touching that wire will get
an electric stock.
任何人碰到那根電線就會觸電。
=Anyone who touches that wire will get an electric stock.
注:雖然被修飾的詞是泛指意義的詞,但是如果從句里的時態(tài)不是同步,則不可以用“現(xiàn)在分詞”去作后置定語,只能用“定語從句”。
Do you know anybody who has lost a dog?
你知道有誰丟了一只貓?
定語從句所修飾的先行詞可以是名詞或代詞,也可以是一個句子。定語從句通常位于先行詞之后,由關(guān)系代詞或關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)。
限制性定語從句
限制性定語從句修飾先行詞,對先行詞起修飾作用,緊接先行詞之后,無逗號,若省去,原句意思不完整。
引導(dǎo)定語從句的關(guān)系代詞有who,whom,whose,which,that等。
who,whom,whose用于指人,whose有時也可指物,相當(dāng)于of which;which用于指物;that既可指人也可指物,但只用于限制性定語從句中。
如:
The computers and cables which
make up the Internet are owned
by people and organizations.
Those who live alone or who are
sick may have trouble in getting
close to other people.
The girl whose parents died in an
accident is living with her
grandmother.
1)當(dāng)先行詞是all,anything,everything,something,nothing等不定代詞。
That is all that I've heard from him.
He's the first person that I'm going
to interview this afternoon.
2)關(guān)系代詞的省略
在從句中作賓語的關(guān)系代詞??墒÷?。關(guān)系代詞緊跟介詞,作介詞賓語時不可用that,只可用which或whom引導(dǎo)從句,并且不可省略。
如:
This is one of those things with which we have to put up.
This is one of those things (whichthat) we have to put up with.
3)引導(dǎo)定語從句的關(guān)系副詞有when,where,why等。
關(guān)系副詞在從句中作狀語,意義上相當(dāng)于一個“介詞+which”的結(jié)構(gòu)。
如:
No one knows the reason why(=for which) he was so angry that day
* 非限制性定語從句
非限制性定語從句既可修飾先行詞,也可修飾整個主句,起補充說明作用,與主句之間有逗號隔開,若省去,原句意思不受影響。不可用that引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句。關(guān)系詞不可省略。
如:
Every object has a gravitational pull,which is rather like magnetism.
“介詞+whichwhomwhose”引導(dǎo)的定語從句
“介詞+whichwhomwhose”可引導(dǎo)限制性定語從句,也可引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句,該結(jié)構(gòu)中介詞的選擇取決于從句謂語動詞的固定搭配,或先行詞的習(xí)慣搭配。
如:
This is the computer on which he spent all his savings.
It is written by a person with whom we are all familiar.
*as引導(dǎo)的定語從句
as引導(dǎo)的定語從句主要用于“such...as”及“the same...as”的結(jié)構(gòu)中,代替先行詞是人或物的名詞。as引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句時,代替整個主句,從句可位于主句之前、之后或中間。
如:
These are not such problems as can be easily solved.
(as代替先行詞problems)
As is mentioned above,no single company or group can control what happens on the Internet.(as代替主語)
關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)的定語從句
關(guān)系副詞可代替的先行詞是時間、地點或理由的名詞,在從句中作狀語。
1)when, where, why 關(guān)系副詞when, where, why的含義相當(dāng)于"介詞+ which"結(jié)構(gòu),因此常常和"介詞+ which"結(jié)構(gòu)交替使用。
例如:
There are occasions when (on which) one must yield.
任何人都有不得不屈服的時候。
Beijing is the place where (in which) I was born.
北京是我的出生地。
Is this the reason why (for which) he refused our offer?
這就是他拒絕我們幫助他的理由嗎?
2)that代替關(guān)系副詞
that可以用于表示時間、地點、方式、理由的名詞后取代when, where, why和"介詞+ which"引導(dǎo)的定語從句,在口語中that常被省略。
例如:
His father died the year (that / when / in which) he was born.
他父親在他出生那年逝世了。
He is unlikely to find the place (that / where / in which) he lived forty years ago.
他不大可能找到他四十年前居住過的地方。
關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)的定語從句
關(guān)系代詞所代替的先行詞是人或物的名詞或代詞,并在句中充當(dāng)主語、賓語、定語等成分。關(guān)系代詞在定語從句中作主語時,從句謂語動詞的人稱和數(shù)要和先行詞保持一致。
1)who, whom, that
這些詞代替的先行詞是人的名詞或代詞,在從句中所起作用如下:
Is he the man who/that wants to see you?
他就是想見你的人嗎?(who/that在從句中作主語)
He is the man whom/ that I saw yesterday.
他就是我昨天見的那個人。(whom/that在從句中作賓語)
2) Whose 用來指人或物,(只用作定語, 若指物,它還可以同of which互換)
例如:
They rushed over to help the man whose car had broken down.
那人車壞了,大家都跑過去幫忙。
Please pass me the book
whose (of which) cover is green.
請遞給我那本綠皮的書。
3)which, that
它們所代替的先行詞是事物的名詞或代詞,在從句中可作主語、賓語等
狀語從句
✩地點狀語從句
引導(dǎo)地點狀語從句的連詞是where,wherever.
✩原因、結(jié)果和目的狀語從句
1)引導(dǎo)原因狀語從句的從屬連詞有:because,as,since,now(that),seeing that,considering that,in that等。
2)引導(dǎo)結(jié)果狀語從句的連詞有:
so...that, such...that , so that,that,so等。
Eg.Mickey Mouse is so attractive that the children are reluctant to leave.
3)引導(dǎo)目的狀語從句的連詞有:
so that,in order that,for fear that,lest等,
從句常使用may,might,can,could,would等情態(tài)動詞。
Eg. We got up early this morning so that we could catch the first bus to the railway station.
✩條件和讓步狀語從句
1)引導(dǎo)條件狀語從句的連詞和詞組:
if,unless, as(so) long as,
on condition that,in case,
provided(providing) that, supposing等。
Eg. As long as you have the right equipment,you can use a telephone line to transmit computer data.
2)引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句的連詞和詞組:
though,although,whether,
even though,even if,no matter what
whatever (whenever,wherever,however....)等。
though,even if等引導(dǎo)狀語從句可轉(zhuǎn)換成含有as的部分倒裝結(jié)構(gòu),具有強調(diào)意義。
其結(jié)構(gòu)為“形容詞(副詞、動詞、名詞)+as+主語+謂語”。
Eg. No matter what you may say,I would not change my mind.
✩時間狀語從句
引導(dǎo)時間狀語從句的從屬連詞和詞組有:
when,whenever,while,as,after,before,since,till,until,once等。
eg. We have learnt quite a lot about it since we came here.
狀語從句常用引導(dǎo)詞
✧時間狀語從句
常用引導(dǎo)詞:
when、as、while、as soon as、before、after、since、till、until
特殊引導(dǎo)詞:
the minute、the moment、the second、every time、immediately、the day、 directly、no sooner…than(一……就……)、hardly…when(剛一……就……)、scarcely…when(幾乎沒有…的時候)
✧地點狀語從句
常用引導(dǎo)詞:where
特殊引導(dǎo)詞:wherever、anywhere、everywhere
✧原因狀語從句
常用引導(dǎo)詞:because、since、as、for
特殊引導(dǎo)詞:seeing that、now that、in that、considering that、given that
✧結(jié)果狀語從句
常用引導(dǎo)詞:so…that、such…that
特殊引導(dǎo)詞:such that、to the degree that、to the extent that、to such a degree that
✧目的狀語從句
常用引導(dǎo)詞:so that、such that
特殊引導(dǎo)詞:to the degree that、to the extent that、to such a degree that、in order that
✧條件狀語從句
常用引導(dǎo)詞:
if、unless、whether(whether…or not)
特殊引導(dǎo)詞:
as/so long as、only if、providing/provide that、supposing that、in case that、on condition that
✧讓步狀語從句
常用引導(dǎo)詞:
though、although、even if、even though
特殊引導(dǎo)詞:
as(用在讓步狀語從句中必須要倒裝)、while(一般用在句首)、no matter…、in spite of the fact that、whatever、whoever、wherever、whenever、however、whichever
✧方式狀語從句
常用引導(dǎo)詞:as、as if、how
特殊引導(dǎo)詞:the way
✧比較狀語從句
常用引導(dǎo)詞:as(同級比較)、than(不同程度的比較)
特殊引導(dǎo)詞:
the more…the more…、just as…、so…、A to B is what/as C is to D、no…more than、not so much A as B
區(qū)分 that 與 what 引導(dǎo)的從句
一、引導(dǎo)主語從句
that與what都可引導(dǎo)主語從句,that在從句中不作句子成分,但不能省略。what 在從句中可作主語、賓語、表語等,不能省略。
二、引導(dǎo)賓語從句
that與what都可引導(dǎo)賓語從句,that在從句中不作句子成分,一般情況下可以省略,但當(dāng)有兩個以上的賓語從句時,只能省掉第一個that。what 在從句中可作主語、賓語、表語等,不能省略。
三、引導(dǎo)表語從句
that與what都可引導(dǎo)表語從句,that在從句中不作句子成分,且不能省略;what 在從句中可作主語、賓語、表語等,不能省略。
四、引導(dǎo)同位語從句
that與what都可引導(dǎo)同位語從句修飾表示抽象概念的名詞,對所修飾的名詞的具體內(nèi)容進行詳細(xì)闡述。這類名詞有:
fact, idea, news, hope, belief, promise, thought, suggestion, proposal等。that在從句中不作句子成分,但不能省略。what 在從句中可作主語、賓語、表語等,不能省略。
五、引導(dǎo)定語從句
that可引導(dǎo)定語從句且在定語從句中作主語或賓語,that既可指人也可指物。that在從句中作賓語時可省略。
注意:
what不能引導(dǎo)定語從句。
如不能說:
1.He did all what he could to save the patient.
2.All what he needs is more time.
應(yīng)將句中的what改為that,或去掉what,還可以將以上兩句中的all去掉。
六、引導(dǎo)狀語從句
so...that, such ...that, so that結(jié)構(gòu)引導(dǎo)狀語從句。what不能引導(dǎo)狀語從句,但whatever, no matter what可引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句。
如:
Put the little plants in the shade so that the sun won’t burn them.
請把幼苗放在陰涼處以免太陽曬枯它們。
Don’t believe him no matter what he says.
無論他說什么,都不要相信他。
一、主語從句
在主句中用作主語的主謂結(jié)構(gòu)稱之為主語從句。
例句:
That he will come to the discussion is certain.
他來參加討論是確定的。
That the moon moves round the earth is well known to all of us.
月球繞地球轉(zhuǎn)動,這是我們大家都熟知的。
When the meeting is to be held
has not yet been decide.
會議什么時候召開還沒有決定。
主語從句放在句首,句子常常顯得比較笨重,因此通常可以把it放在句首,作形式主語,而將主語從句放在后面。例如上面的句子可以分別改寫為:
It is certain that he will come to
the discussion.
It is well known to all of us that
the moon moves round the earth.
二、賓語從句
在主句中作謂語動詞、介詞及非謂語動詞的賓語的主謂結(jié)構(gòu)稱之為賓語從句。
在引導(dǎo)賓語從句時,從屬連詞that在口語中和非正式文本中常省略。
1. 動詞后的賓語從句
We know that a parrot can’t really speak.
我們知道鸚鵡不會真的說話。
He wants to tell us what he thinks.
他想告訴我們他所想的事情。
Knowing that it was going to rain, they decided to work inside the house.
知道要下雨了,于是他們決定在室內(nèi)工作。(現(xiàn)在分詞knowing的賓語從句)
I want to know whether/if you still work in the factory.
我想知道你是否還在工廠工作。(不定式to know的賓語從句)
The club will give whoever wins a prize.
獲勝者俱樂部將頒獎。
Up to now we can’t say whether his theory can stand the test.
到目前為止我們還不能說他的理論是否經(jīng)得住考驗。
2. 形容詞的賓語從句
有些形容詞可以用that引導(dǎo)賓語從句,表示說話人對某一事物的態(tài)度并帶有感情色彩。常見的這類形容詞有:
afraid,amazed,astonished,aware,certain,confident,delighted,glad, grateful,happy, proud,sad,sorry,sure,surprised等。
I am glad that you have come.
你來了,我真高興。
I am afraid that you are wrong on
this point.
恐怕你在這點上是錯誤的。
He is quite confident that he will
pass the examination.
他很有信心通過這個考試。
三、表語從句
在主句中擔(dān)當(dāng)表語的主謂結(jié)構(gòu)稱之為表語從句。
One idea is that fish is the best
brain food.
有一種看法認(rèn)為魚是的補腦食品。
The problem is where we can
hold our meeting.
問題是我們可以在哪兒舉行會議。
My question is how information
is stored in the long-term memory.
我的問題是信息是怎樣儲存在長期記憶中的。
That is what he really wants.
那就是他真想要的東西。
It seems that everything goes
smoothly.
似乎一切都進行得很順利。
四、同位語從句
同位語從句用于對前面出現(xiàn)的名詞作進一步說明,一般用連詞that引導(dǎo),由于先行名詞的意義不同,也可用whether,who,when,where,what,why,how等引導(dǎo)。
常見的先行名詞有:
fact,idea,belief,news,hope,conclusion,evidence,suggestion,order,problem,report,decision.
有時由于謂語較短,將同位語從句位于謂語之后。
如:
I had no idea how many books I
could borrow at a time.
The news came that their team
had won the championship.
名詞性從句的用法及定義
1.that 引導(dǎo)主語從句時,that 沒有意義,但不能省略。
It worried her a bit that her hair was turning gray.
她的頭發(fā)正在變白,這使她很不安。
that引導(dǎo)主語從句,it作形式主語,that不能省略。
That she is a rich woman is known
to us all.
眾所周知,她是個富有的女人。
這是that 引導(dǎo)主語從句,that 不能省略。這句話可以改為用it 作形式主語的句型。
2.從句作主語時,多數(shù)情況下由 it 作形式主語,而把主語從句放在后面,尤其是謂語部分(包括賓語)較短的情況下。
例:
①It wasn’t very clear what she
meant.
不清楚她是什么意思。
②It is important that he should
come on time.
他按時來是很重要的。
③It is true that that man on the left is a well-known writer here.
左邊那個人是本地的一位作家,這是真的。
這里,第一個that 引導(dǎo)主語從句,是單純的連詞,無詞義,不作句子成分。第二個that 是指示代詞,作句子成分,是man 的定語。
3.whether既可以引導(dǎo)主語從句也可以引導(dǎo)賓語從句,但if不能引導(dǎo)主語從句。whether 后面可以加or not, 而if 不能與or not 連用。作介詞賓語時不用if.
如:
①Whether I knew John doesn’t
matter.
= It doesn’t matter whether I knew
John.
我是否認(rèn)識約翰沒有關(guān)系。
②Whether or not she’ll come isn’t
clear.
= Whether she’ll come or not isn’t
clear.
= It isn’t clear whether ….
她是否來還不清楚。
It +動詞+從句
seem,appear,happen,look,matter,
make,strike,occur
It appeared that he had a happy
childhood.
看來他有一段幸福的童年。
It made us very happy that she was saved.
她能化險為夷令我們大家很高興。
It is +形容詞+從句
true,strange,necessary,important,
certain,wonderful,possible,likely,probable
It is certain that free medical care
will be given to mostpeople in our city.
我們城市的多數(shù)人將享受免費醫(yī)療,這是一定的。
It is obvious that he has been treated.
很明顯他已經(jīng)被款待了。
It is +名詞+從句
fact,surprise,pity,honor,
common knowledge
It is common knowledge that the
moon cannot give out light.
月亮不會發(fā)光,這是常識。
It is a surprise that you gave such
an answer to the question.
你對這個問題作了這樣的回答,令人吃驚。
It+be+分詞+從句
said,reported,believed,known,
decided,thought,expected, announced
It is said that Jack has been to
Europe.
據(jù)說Jack去過歐洲。
It was reported that a new park will be built.
據(jù)報道將要建造一個新的公園。
需要注意的是,作為形式主語的it并無實際意義,只是為了滿足語法上的需要,避免句子頭重腳輕,它代替的是句子的邏輯主語,而真正主語由從句或不定式充當(dāng)。形式主語一直都是高頻考點,同學(xué)們需要多多練習(xí)。
從句:定語從句的簡化規(guī)律
(一)改用“不定式”或“不定式短語”
如果定語從句的時態(tài)與主句的時態(tài)具有同時性(包括謂語有情態(tài)動詞)或之后性,則可以用“關(guān)系代詞或關(guān)系副詞+不定式”來簡化,或直接用“不定式”來修飾先行詞。
We moved to the country so that the children would have a garden in
which they could play in.
我們搬到了鄉(xiāng)下,好讓孩子們有個花園在里面玩。
改為:
We moved to the country so that the
children would have a garden in which to play.
(二)改用“介詞短語”
介詞短語替代定語從句有兩種方式:
(1)省略“關(guān)系副詞+主語+be動詞”
或“關(guān)系代詞+be動詞”
(2)根據(jù)從句的意思改編。
We have never forgotten the days
(when we were) at college.
我們從來沒有忘記在大學(xué)對書的日子。
I don’t know the person (who is) in
your office.
在你辦公司的那個人我不認(rèn)識。
He is not a person who likes to
haggle over every ounce.
改為:
He is a person above personal
interests.
他不是一個斤斤計較的人。
(三)改用“現(xiàn)在分詞短語”和“過去分詞短語”
“現(xiàn)在分詞短語”作后置定語
此項要明白三點:
(1)“現(xiàn)在分詞短語”與前面的名詞一定是主謂關(guān)系;
(2)它隱含的時態(tài)為與謂語動詞同一階段的時態(tài)。
例如:謂語是一般現(xiàn)在時或?qū)頃r,現(xiàn)在分詞所隱含的是現(xiàn)在時、現(xiàn)在正在繼續(xù)時;如果謂語動詞為一般過去時或?qū)頃r,現(xiàn)在分詞所隱含的時態(tài)為過去時、過去正在進行時;
(3)being+-ed表示“正在進行時的被動語態(tài)”。如果信息的中心在什么時候可以用現(xiàn)在分詞呢?
當(dāng)被修飾的名詞為“不定代詞”、“泛指意義的名詞”或“專有名詞”,可用現(xiàn)在分句短語作后置定語由于主語是泛指,句子的意思往往表達(dá)的是一條“道理”或一件“事實”,所以它們的隱含時為“一般現(xiàn)在時”,此時就可以用分詞短語作后置定語。為了看清分詞所隱含的時態(tài),配上定語。
為了大家看得明白,配上定語從句,把分詞所替代的時間展示出來
Anyone touching that wire will get
an electric stock.
任何人碰到那根電線就會觸電。
=Anyone who touches that wire will get an electric stock.
注:雖然被修飾的詞是泛指意義的詞,但是如果從句里的時態(tài)不是同步,則不可以用“現(xiàn)在分詞”去作后置定語,只能用“定語從句”。
Do you know anybody who has lost a dog?
你知道有誰丟了一只貓?
定語從句所修飾的先行詞可以是名詞或代詞,也可以是一個句子。定語從句通常位于先行詞之后,由關(guān)系代詞或關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)。
限制性定語從句
限制性定語從句修飾先行詞,對先行詞起修飾作用,緊接先行詞之后,無逗號,若省去,原句意思不完整。
引導(dǎo)定語從句的關(guān)系代詞有who,whom,whose,which,that等。
who,whom,whose用于指人,whose有時也可指物,相當(dāng)于of which;which用于指物;that既可指人也可指物,但只用于限制性定語從句中。
如:
The computers and cables which
make up the Internet are owned
by people and organizations.
Those who live alone or who are
sick may have trouble in getting
close to other people.
The girl whose parents died in an
accident is living with her
grandmother.
1)當(dāng)先行詞是all,anything,everything,something,nothing等不定代詞。
That is all that I've heard from him.
He's the first person that I'm going
to interview this afternoon.
2)關(guān)系代詞的省略
在從句中作賓語的關(guān)系代詞??墒÷?。關(guān)系代詞緊跟介詞,作介詞賓語時不可用that,只可用which或whom引導(dǎo)從句,并且不可省略。
如:
This is one of those things with which we have to put up.
This is one of those things (whichthat) we have to put up with.
3)引導(dǎo)定語從句的關(guān)系副詞有when,where,why等。
關(guān)系副詞在從句中作狀語,意義上相當(dāng)于一個“介詞+which”的結(jié)構(gòu)。
如:
No one knows the reason why(=for which) he was so angry that day
* 非限制性定語從句
非限制性定語從句既可修飾先行詞,也可修飾整個主句,起補充說明作用,與主句之間有逗號隔開,若省去,原句意思不受影響。不可用that引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句。關(guān)系詞不可省略。
如:
Every object has a gravitational pull,which is rather like magnetism.
“介詞+whichwhomwhose”引導(dǎo)的定語從句
“介詞+whichwhomwhose”可引導(dǎo)限制性定語從句,也可引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句,該結(jié)構(gòu)中介詞的選擇取決于從句謂語動詞的固定搭配,或先行詞的習(xí)慣搭配。
如:
This is the computer on which he spent all his savings.
It is written by a person with whom we are all familiar.
*as引導(dǎo)的定語從句
as引導(dǎo)的定語從句主要用于“such...as”及“the same...as”的結(jié)構(gòu)中,代替先行詞是人或物的名詞。as引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句時,代替整個主句,從句可位于主句之前、之后或中間。
如:
These are not such problems as can be easily solved.
(as代替先行詞problems)
As is mentioned above,no single company or group can control what happens on the Internet.(as代替主語)
關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)的定語從句
關(guān)系副詞可代替的先行詞是時間、地點或理由的名詞,在從句中作狀語。
1)when, where, why 關(guān)系副詞when, where, why的含義相當(dāng)于"介詞+ which"結(jié)構(gòu),因此常常和"介詞+ which"結(jié)構(gòu)交替使用。
例如:
There are occasions when (on which) one must yield.
任何人都有不得不屈服的時候。
Beijing is the place where (in which) I was born.
北京是我的出生地。
Is this the reason why (for which) he refused our offer?
這就是他拒絕我們幫助他的理由嗎?
2)that代替關(guān)系副詞
that可以用于表示時間、地點、方式、理由的名詞后取代when, where, why和"介詞+ which"引導(dǎo)的定語從句,在口語中that常被省略。
例如:
His father died the year (that / when / in which) he was born.
他父親在他出生那年逝世了。
He is unlikely to find the place (that / where / in which) he lived forty years ago.
他不大可能找到他四十年前居住過的地方。
關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)的定語從句
關(guān)系代詞所代替的先行詞是人或物的名詞或代詞,并在句中充當(dāng)主語、賓語、定語等成分。關(guān)系代詞在定語從句中作主語時,從句謂語動詞的人稱和數(shù)要和先行詞保持一致。
1)who, whom, that
這些詞代替的先行詞是人的名詞或代詞,在從句中所起作用如下:
Is he the man who/that wants to see you?
他就是想見你的人嗎?(who/that在從句中作主語)
He is the man whom/ that I saw yesterday.
他就是我昨天見的那個人。(whom/that在從句中作賓語)
2) Whose 用來指人或物,(只用作定語, 若指物,它還可以同of which互換)
例如:
They rushed over to help the man whose car had broken down.
那人車壞了,大家都跑過去幫忙。
Please pass me the book
whose (of which) cover is green.
請遞給我那本綠皮的書。
3)which, that
它們所代替的先行詞是事物的名詞或代詞,在從句中可作主語、賓語等
狀語從句
✩地點狀語從句
引導(dǎo)地點狀語從句的連詞是where,wherever.
✩原因、結(jié)果和目的狀語從句
1)引導(dǎo)原因狀語從句的從屬連詞有:because,as,since,now(that),seeing that,considering that,in that等。
2)引導(dǎo)結(jié)果狀語從句的連詞有:
so...that, such...that , so that,that,so等。
Eg.Mickey Mouse is so attractive that the children are reluctant to leave.
3)引導(dǎo)目的狀語從句的連詞有:
so that,in order that,for fear that,lest等,
從句常使用may,might,can,could,would等情態(tài)動詞。
Eg. We got up early this morning so that we could catch the first bus to the railway station.
✩條件和讓步狀語從句
1)引導(dǎo)條件狀語從句的連詞和詞組:
if,unless, as(so) long as,
on condition that,in case,
provided(providing) that, supposing等。
Eg. As long as you have the right equipment,you can use a telephone line to transmit computer data.
2)引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句的連詞和詞組:
though,although,whether,
even though,even if,no matter what
whatever (whenever,wherever,however....)等。
though,even if等引導(dǎo)狀語從句可轉(zhuǎn)換成含有as的部分倒裝結(jié)構(gòu),具有強調(diào)意義。
其結(jié)構(gòu)為“形容詞(副詞、動詞、名詞)+as+主語+謂語”。
Eg. No matter what you may say,I would not change my mind.
✩時間狀語從句
引導(dǎo)時間狀語從句的從屬連詞和詞組有:
when,whenever,while,as,after,before,since,till,until,once等。
eg. We have learnt quite a lot about it since we came here.
狀語從句常用引導(dǎo)詞
✧時間狀語從句
常用引導(dǎo)詞:
when、as、while、as soon as、before、after、since、till、until
特殊引導(dǎo)詞:
the minute、the moment、the second、every time、immediately、the day、 directly、no sooner…than(一……就……)、hardly…when(剛一……就……)、scarcely…when(幾乎沒有…的時候)
✧地點狀語從句
常用引導(dǎo)詞:where
特殊引導(dǎo)詞:wherever、anywhere、everywhere
✧原因狀語從句
常用引導(dǎo)詞:because、since、as、for
特殊引導(dǎo)詞:seeing that、now that、in that、considering that、given that
✧結(jié)果狀語從句
常用引導(dǎo)詞:so…that、such…that
特殊引導(dǎo)詞:such that、to the degree that、to the extent that、to such a degree that
✧目的狀語從句
常用引導(dǎo)詞:so that、such that
特殊引導(dǎo)詞:to the degree that、to the extent that、to such a degree that、in order that
✧條件狀語從句
常用引導(dǎo)詞:
if、unless、whether(whether…or not)
特殊引導(dǎo)詞:
as/so long as、only if、providing/provide that、supposing that、in case that、on condition that
✧讓步狀語從句
常用引導(dǎo)詞:
though、although、even if、even though
特殊引導(dǎo)詞:
as(用在讓步狀語從句中必須要倒裝)、while(一般用在句首)、no matter…、in spite of the fact that、whatever、whoever、wherever、whenever、however、whichever
✧方式狀語從句
常用引導(dǎo)詞:as、as if、how
特殊引導(dǎo)詞:the way
✧比較狀語從句
常用引導(dǎo)詞:as(同級比較)、than(不同程度的比較)
特殊引導(dǎo)詞:
the more…the more…、just as…、so…、A to B is what/as C is to D、no…more than、not so much A as B
區(qū)分 that 與 what 引導(dǎo)的從句
一、引導(dǎo)主語從句
that與what都可引導(dǎo)主語從句,that在從句中不作句子成分,但不能省略。what 在從句中可作主語、賓語、表語等,不能省略。
二、引導(dǎo)賓語從句
that與what都可引導(dǎo)賓語從句,that在從句中不作句子成分,一般情況下可以省略,但當(dāng)有兩個以上的賓語從句時,只能省掉第一個that。what 在從句中可作主語、賓語、表語等,不能省略。
三、引導(dǎo)表語從句
that與what都可引導(dǎo)表語從句,that在從句中不作句子成分,且不能省略;what 在從句中可作主語、賓語、表語等,不能省略。
四、引導(dǎo)同位語從句
that與what都可引導(dǎo)同位語從句修飾表示抽象概念的名詞,對所修飾的名詞的具體內(nèi)容進行詳細(xì)闡述。這類名詞有:
fact, idea, news, hope, belief, promise, thought, suggestion, proposal等。that在從句中不作句子成分,但不能省略。what 在從句中可作主語、賓語、表語等,不能省略。
五、引導(dǎo)定語從句
that可引導(dǎo)定語從句且在定語從句中作主語或賓語,that既可指人也可指物。that在從句中作賓語時可省略。
注意:
what不能引導(dǎo)定語從句。
如不能說:
1.He did all what he could to save the patient.
2.All what he needs is more time.
應(yīng)將句中的what改為that,或去掉what,還可以將以上兩句中的all去掉。
六、引導(dǎo)狀語從句
so...that, such ...that, so that結(jié)構(gòu)引導(dǎo)狀語從句。what不能引導(dǎo)狀語從句,但whatever, no matter what可引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句。
如:
Put the little plants in the shade so that the sun won’t burn them.
請把幼苗放在陰涼處以免太陽曬枯它們。
Don’t believe him no matter what he says.
無論他說什么,都不要相信他。