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一、什么是同位語？
當(dāng)一個(gè)名詞(或其它形式)用來限定或說明另一個(gè)名詞或代詞時(shí)，這個(gè)名詞(或其它形式)就是同位語。
同位語與被它修飾的詞在格式上要保持一致，而且同位語一般都是緊跟所修飾的詞語的。
同位語與所修飾的詞語關(guān)系緊密時(shí)，不用逗號(hào)隔開;同位語對(duì)其所修飾的詞語只作補(bǔ)充解釋時(shí)，可用逗號(hào)隔開。如：
1) My sister Mary will visit me tomorrow morning.
2) Last Saturday, I met my old friend, James Brown.
第1)句中的Mary就是my sister的同位語，第2)句中的James Brown就是my old friend的同位語，指的都是同一個(gè)人。
二、同位語的分類
(一)名詞或名詞短語作同位語
Jack, the mayor, will attend the meeting next Friday.
句中的the mayor作Jack的同位語。
Jerry, our beloved pet dog, has lived with us for eight years.
句中的our beloved pet dog作Jerry的同位語。
(二)直接引語作同位語
Now let's get down to the girl's question, "Who will take over the job?"
句中引號(hào)的直接引語就作為question的同位語。
(三)句子作同位語
I don't believe the fact that she is a spy.
句中的she is a spy作the fact的同位語。
三、何謂“同位語從句”?
當(dāng)一個(gè)句子用來充當(dāng)某個(gè)名詞或代詞的同位語時(shí)，這個(gè)句子就是該名詞或代詞的同位語從句。
同位語從句主要用來對(duì)其前面的抽象名詞進(jìn)行解釋說明，被解釋說明的詞和同位語在邏輯上是主表關(guān)系。如：
The idea that we will visit Paris next week excites every one of us.
句中的同位語從句we will visit Paris next week與the idea之間就是主表關(guān)系，即同位語從句和它所修飾的成分之間其實(shí)可以用系動(dòng)詞連接起來。如：
The idea is that we will visit Paris next week.
四、同位語從句的引導(dǎo)詞
引導(dǎo)同位語從句的詞語通常有連詞that、whether、連接代詞和連接副詞等。
(一)that引導(dǎo)的同位語從句
They are very excited to hear the news that they have won the game.
The fact that he stole the money yesterday shocks us all.
【注意】
1、當(dāng)同位語從句所修飾的名詞為表建議、命令、要求等的時(shí)，同位語從句的謂語動(dòng)詞呀采用“should+do”的虛擬語氣形式。其中，should可以省略。如
They were faced with the demand that this tax (should) be abolished.
They expressed the wish that he (should) leave the country as soon as possible.
2、引導(dǎo)同位語從句的連詞that通常不省略，但在非正式文體中也可以省去。 如：
He picked up his luggage and gave the impression he was boarding the waiting train.
句中的impression后面就省略了that。
(二)whether引導(dǎo)的同位語從句
當(dāng)whether用來引導(dǎo)同位語從句時(shí)，其所修飾的名詞往往是表問題或疑惑的名詞。如：
There is some doubt whether he will come.
The question whether it is right or wrong depends on the result.
注意：if不能引導(dǎo)同位語從句。
(三)連接代詞引導(dǎo)的同位語從句
常用來引導(dǎo)同位語從句的連接代詞有what、who、whom、whose、which等。如：
I'm wondering the puzzle who has taken away my umbrella.
He has no idea what time he should leave tomorrow.
(四)連接副詞引導(dǎo)的同位語從句
常用來引導(dǎo)同位語從句的連接副詞有when、where、why、how及其-ever結(jié)構(gòu)。如：
She has no idea when the plane will arrive.
It is a question how he managed to solve the mystery.
He had no idea why she had left without saying goodbye to anyone.
五、同位語從句的分隔
有時(shí)同位語從句會(huì)與其所修飾的名詞分開。 如：
The story goes that she has won the race many times.
The rumour spread that a new governor would be appointed here.
Report has it that many citizens died in the earthquake last night.
The order soon came that all soldiers (should) retreat under no circumstances.
由以上例句可以看出，當(dāng)同位語從句與其所修飾的名詞分開時(shí)，往往是因?yàn)檫@個(gè)名詞是主句的主語，其后緊跟的是主句的謂語動(dòng)詞。