現(xiàn)代人總結(jié)成功的幾大要素：正確的思想、不懈的行動、偉大的性格、嫻熟的技能、天賜的機會、寶貴的健康。可見，想取得成功，不僅要吃“苦中苦”，也要相關(guān)條件的配合支持，那些光知道吃苦的人，那些吃了不值得吃的苦的人，那些把吃苦當(dāng)成解決一切問題法寶的人，恐怕只能繼續(xù)在“苦中苦”的怪圈里徘徊。為大家整理了《高一年級英語語法時態(tài)講解及強化復(fù)習(xí)攻略》更多精彩內(nèi)容，請持續(xù)關(guān)注本站！
【語法時態(tài)講解 】
一、現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時
1. 表示現(xiàn)在 (說話瞬間) 正在進(jìn)行或發(fā)生的動作。
[例句] He is reading a newspaper now.
2. 表示當(dāng)前一段時間內(nèi)的活動或現(xiàn)階段正在進(jìn)行的動作 (說話時動作不一定正在進(jìn)行)。
[例句] What are you doing these days?
3. 表示說話人現(xiàn)在對主語的行為表示贊嘆或厭惡等, 常與always, constantly, continually等副詞連用。
[例句] He is always thinking of others.
4. 表示在最近按計劃或安排要進(jìn)行的動作。常限于go, come, leave, start, arrive等表“移動”、“方向”的詞。
[例句] He is coming to see me next week.
二、過去進(jìn)行時
1. 表示過去某時正在進(jìn)行的動作。
[例句] He was sleeping when Mary came to see him.
2. 動詞go, come, leave, arrive, start等的過去進(jìn)行時常表過去將來時。
[例句] She said she was going to Beijing the day after tomorrow.
三、一般現(xiàn)在時
1. 表示現(xiàn)在習(xí)慣或經(jīng)常反復(fù)發(fā)生的動作或存在的狀態(tài), 常與usually, always, sometimes, often, every day / week / month / year等時間狀語連用。
[例句] He often does his homework in his study.
2. 表示主語現(xiàn)在的特征、性格和狀態(tài)。
[例句] The dictionary belongs to me.
3. 表示客觀規(guī)律或科學(xué)真理、格言, 以及其他不受時間限制的客觀存在。
[例句] The moon goes around the sun.
4. 在有連詞if, unless, before, as soon as, when, once, however等引導(dǎo)的時間、條件和讓步狀語從句中, 用一般現(xiàn)在時表將來。
[例句] If you work hard, you won’t fail in the exam.
四、一般將來時
1. 表示將來發(fā)生的動作或存在的狀態(tài), 常與表示將來的時間狀語連用。
[例句] I don’t know what will happen in the future.
2. 常用來表示將來時的結(jié)構(gòu)包括：
(1) shall / will + 動詞原形：(單純) 表將來, 一般不用于條件句。
(2) be going to + 動詞原形：(計劃)打算做……。
(3) be about to + 動詞原形：即將或正要去做某事,通常不與時間狀語連用,但可與when引導(dǎo)的從句連用。
(4) be to + 動詞原形：預(yù)定要做……。
(5) be doing 表示按計劃、安排即將發(fā)生的動作,常與go, start, set out, leave, reach, arrive, return, come, move等表位移的動詞連用。
五、一般過去時
1. 表示過去某一時間發(fā)生的動作或存在的狀態(tài)。
[例句] She went to the zoo yesterday.
2. 在時間、條件狀語從句中代替過去將來時。
[例句] He said when she came he would tell her.
六、現(xiàn)在完成時
1. 表示過去發(fā)生或已經(jīng)完成的某一動作對現(xiàn)在造成的影響或結(jié)果。
[例句] —Have you had your supper yet? —Yes, I have just had it.
2. 常與介詞for, during, in, within, over等引導(dǎo)的時間狀語連用, 表示過去的某一行為一直延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在。
[例句] I haven’t seen my English teacher for a long time.
3. 表示反復(fù)或習(xí)慣性的動作, 常與several times, once, twice, frequently等頻度副詞連用。
[例句] I have been to the USA several times.
4. 表示從過去到現(xiàn)在沒有發(fā)生過的動作。
[例句] I haven’t swept the floor for a week.
5. 用在時間、條件狀語從句中, 表示從句動作先于主句動作完成。
[例句] I’ll tell him after you have left.
6. 在“級+ 名詞”或在“這是第幾次…”之后跟定語從句，從句用現(xiàn)在完成時。
[例句] ①This is the third time I have been there.
②This is the best tea I have ever drunk.
七、過去完成時
1. 表示在過去某一時刻以前已經(jīng)開始并一直延續(xù)到這一時刻、或是在此刻前已經(jīng)完成的動作。
[例句] By the end of last term, we had learned 1,000 English words.
2. 有些動詞 (如： hope, think, expect, mean, intend, suppose, want等) 的過去完成時可表示過去未曾實現(xiàn)的希望、打算或意圖。
[例句] I had hoped to see more of Beijing.
◆動詞時態(tài)應(yīng)注意的幾點
1. 瞬間性動詞的一般現(xiàn)在時和現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時常用來表示將來的動作。例句：
①The film begins in a minute.
②My uncle is leaving tomorrow morning.
2. 在時間、條件、讓步狀語從句中,常用一般現(xiàn)在時代替一般將來時。例句：
①Every time I listen to that song, I’ll think of my old friend.
②If you do that, I shall be very pleased.
③They’ll stand by you even if you don’t succeed.
3. 一般過去時和現(xiàn)在完成時的區(qū)別：一般過去時和現(xiàn)在完成時都表示過去所發(fā)生的動作，但現(xiàn)在完成時強調(diào)這一動作與現(xiàn)在的關(guān)系，如對現(xiàn)在產(chǎn)生的影響、結(jié)果等，所以它不能和表示過去的時間狀語連用;一般過去時只表示過去的事實，不表示和現(xiàn)在的關(guān)系,因而它可以和表示過去的時間狀語連用。如：
—Have you finished your work?
—Yes, I have.
—When did you finish it?
—I finished it last summer.
◆直接引語與間接引語轉(zhuǎn)換時應(yīng)注意的幾個問題：
1. 人稱的變化
2. 時態(tài)的變化
3. 時間狀語的變化
4. 地點狀語的變化
例句：
①Xiao Yi said, “I want to go to the park this afternoon.”
→Xiao Yi said (that) he wanted to go to the park that afternoon.
②Bob said, “We’ll have a meeting here tomorrow morning.”
→Bob said (that) they would have a meeting there the next morning.
◆定語從句中關(guān)系代詞只能用that和不能用that的幾種情況：
只能用that的情況
1. 先行詞是不定代詞。
例句：Please tell me everything that happened to you.
2. 先行詞被形容詞級、序數(shù)詞或only, last, same, very等修飾。
例句： ①This is the most interesting movie that I have ever seen.
②This is the only book that I read during the summer holiday.
3. 先行詞既包括人又包括物。例句：She talked about the writer and his works that interested her.
不能用that的情況
1. 非限制性定語從句中。
例句：He said he could speak three foreign languages, which is not true.
2. 先行詞本身是that。
例句：I have that which you gave me.
3. “介詞+ 關(guān)系代詞”結(jié)構(gòu)。
例句：The person to whom I talked just now is Tom.
◆現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時與現(xiàn)在完成時進(jìn)行的比較：
1. 強調(diào)動作還未結(jié)束時, 多用現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時;強調(diào)動作的結(jié)果時, 多用現(xiàn)在完成時。例句：
①I have been painting the paining. (強調(diào)“一直在畫”這個動作)
②I have painted the painting. (強調(diào)“畫完了”這個結(jié)果)
2. 有些動詞不能用在現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時中，但可用在現(xiàn)在完成時中。如：have, love, see等。例句：
①She has had a cold for a week.
②They have loved each other for three years.
③I have seen this movie.
-ing形式：
1. having done
having done是非謂語動詞中-ing形式的完成式,而doing則是其一般式,它們都與句中主語構(gòu)成邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系,只是doing與句中謂語動詞同時發(fā)生或基本上同時發(fā)生;having done則表示動作或狀態(tài)發(fā)生在句中謂語動詞之前。
[例句]
①Hearing the news, they got excited. (hear 和get excited這兩個動作幾乎同時發(fā)生)
②Having arrived at the top of mountain, they took a rest. (arrive 發(fā)生在take a rest之前)
2. 動詞后接動詞的-ing形式和不定式有些動詞后既可接動詞的-ing形式也可接to do形式作賓語，但意義有所不同。
[例如]
① forget / remember / regret doing sth. 表示動作已經(jīng)發(fā)生;
forget / remember / regret to do sth. 則表示該動作未發(fā)生。
② mean to do sth. 表示“打算做某事”;
mean doing sth. 表示“意味著做某事”。
③ try to do sth. 表示“設(shè)法盡力做某事”;
try doing sth. 表示“試著做某事”。
④ stop to do sth. 表示“停下來接著做另一件事”;
stop doing sth. 表示“停止做某事”。
⑤ go on to do sth. 表示“(做完某事)接著做另一件事”;
go on doing sth. 表示“繼續(xù)做同一件事”(= go on with sth.)。
⑥ can’t help to do sth. 表示“不能幫助做某事”;
can’t help doing sth. 表示“情不自禁地做某事”。
3. have/has been doing
have / has been doing是現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時的構(gòu)成，強調(diào)動作的延續(xù)過程，動作可能還在進(jìn)行。而have / has done是現(xiàn)在完成時的構(gòu)成，強調(diào)動作的結(jié)果，該動作通常已經(jīng)結(jié)束。
[例句]
①I have written a book. (動作結(jié)束)
②I have been writing a book. (可能未寫完，側(cè)重最近一直忙于寫書)
一、現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時
1. 表示現(xiàn)在 (說話瞬間) 正在進(jìn)行或發(fā)生的動作。
[例句] He is reading a newspaper now.
2. 表示當(dāng)前一段時間內(nèi)的活動或現(xiàn)階段正在進(jìn)行的動作 (說話時動作不一定正在進(jìn)行)。
[例句] What are you doing these days?
3. 表示說話人現(xiàn)在對主語的行為表示贊嘆或厭惡等, 常與always, constantly, continually等副詞連用。
[例句] He is always thinking of others.
4. 表示在最近按計劃或安排要進(jìn)行的動作。常限于go, come, leave, start, arrive等表“移動”、“方向”的詞。
[例句] He is coming to see me next week.
二、過去進(jìn)行時
1. 表示過去某時正在進(jìn)行的動作。
[例句] He was sleeping when Mary came to see him.
2. 動詞go, come, leave, arrive, start等的過去進(jìn)行時常表過去將來時。
[例句] She said she was going to Beijing the day after tomorrow.
三、一般現(xiàn)在時
1. 表示現(xiàn)在習(xí)慣或經(jīng)常反復(fù)發(fā)生的動作或存在的狀態(tài), 常與usually, always, sometimes, often, every day / week / month / year等時間狀語連用。
[例句] He often does his homework in his study.
2. 表示主語現(xiàn)在的特征、性格和狀態(tài)。
[例句] The dictionary belongs to me.
3. 表示客觀規(guī)律或科學(xué)真理、格言, 以及其他不受時間限制的客觀存在。
[例句] The moon goes around the sun.
4. 在有連詞if, unless, before, as soon as, when, once, however等引導(dǎo)的時間、條件和讓步狀語從句中, 用一般現(xiàn)在時表將來。
[例句] If you work hard, you won’t fail in the exam.
四、一般將來時
1. 表示將來發(fā)生的動作或存在的狀態(tài), 常與表示將來的時間狀語連用。
[例句] I don’t know what will happen in the future.
2. 常用來表示將來時的結(jié)構(gòu)包括：
(1) shall / will + 動詞原形：(單純) 表將來, 一般不用于條件句。
(2) be going to + 動詞原形：(計劃)打算做……。
(3) be about to + 動詞原形：即將或正要去做某事,通常不與時間狀語連用,但可與when引導(dǎo)的從句連用。
(4) be to + 動詞原形：預(yù)定要做……。
(5) be doing 表示按計劃、安排即將發(fā)生的動作,常與go, start, set out, leave, reach, arrive, return, come, move等表位移的動詞連用。
五、一般過去時
1. 表示過去某一時間發(fā)生的動作或存在的狀態(tài)。
[例句] She went to the zoo yesterday.
2. 在時間、條件狀語從句中代替過去將來時。
[例句] He said when she came he would tell her.
六、現(xiàn)在完成時
1. 表示過去發(fā)生或已經(jīng)完成的某一動作對現(xiàn)在造成的影響或結(jié)果。
[例句] —Have you had your supper yet? —Yes, I have just had it.
2. 常與介詞for, during, in, within, over等引導(dǎo)的時間狀語連用, 表示過去的某一行為一直延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在。
[例句] I haven’t seen my English teacher for a long time.
3. 表示反復(fù)或習(xí)慣性的動作, 常與several times, once, twice, frequently等頻度副詞連用。
[例句] I have been to the USA several times.
4. 表示從過去到現(xiàn)在沒有發(fā)生過的動作。
[例句] I haven’t swept the floor for a week.
5. 用在時間、條件狀語從句中, 表示從句動作先于主句動作完成。
[例句] I’ll tell him after you have left.
6. 在“級+ 名詞”或在“這是第幾次…”之后跟定語從句，從句用現(xiàn)在完成時。
[例句] ①This is the third time I have been there.
②This is the best tea I have ever drunk.
七、過去完成時
1. 表示在過去某一時刻以前已經(jīng)開始并一直延續(xù)到這一時刻、或是在此刻前已經(jīng)完成的動作。
[例句] By the end of last term, we had learned 1,000 English words.
2. 有些動詞 (如： hope, think, expect, mean, intend, suppose, want等) 的過去完成時可表示過去未曾實現(xiàn)的希望、打算或意圖。
[例句] I had hoped to see more of Beijing.
【語法時態(tài)注意事項】
◆動詞時態(tài)應(yīng)注意的幾點
1. 瞬間性動詞的一般現(xiàn)在時和現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時常用來表示將來的動作。例句：
①The film begins in a minute.
②My uncle is leaving tomorrow morning.
2. 在時間、條件、讓步狀語從句中,常用一般現(xiàn)在時代替一般將來時。例句：
①Every time I listen to that song, I’ll think of my old friend.
②If you do that, I shall be very pleased.
③They’ll stand by you even if you don’t succeed.
3. 一般過去時和現(xiàn)在完成時的區(qū)別：一般過去時和現(xiàn)在完成時都表示過去所發(fā)生的動作，但現(xiàn)在完成時強調(diào)這一動作與現(xiàn)在的關(guān)系，如對現(xiàn)在產(chǎn)生的影響、結(jié)果等，所以它不能和表示過去的時間狀語連用;一般過去時只表示過去的事實，不表示和現(xiàn)在的關(guān)系,因而它可以和表示過去的時間狀語連用。如：
—Have you finished your work?
—Yes, I have.
—When did you finish it?
—I finished it last summer.
◆直接引語與間接引語轉(zhuǎn)換時應(yīng)注意的幾個問題：
1. 人稱的變化
2. 時態(tài)的變化
3. 時間狀語的變化
4. 地點狀語的變化
例句：
①Xiao Yi said, “I want to go to the park this afternoon.”
→Xiao Yi said (that) he wanted to go to the park that afternoon.
②Bob said, “We’ll have a meeting here tomorrow morning.”
→Bob said (that) they would have a meeting there the next morning.
◆定語從句中關(guān)系代詞只能用that和不能用that的幾種情況：
只能用that的情況
1. 先行詞是不定代詞。
例句：Please tell me everything that happened to you.
2. 先行詞被形容詞級、序數(shù)詞或only, last, same, very等修飾。
例句： ①This is the most interesting movie that I have ever seen.
②This is the only book that I read during the summer holiday.
3. 先行詞既包括人又包括物。例句：She talked about the writer and his works that interested her.
【不能用that的情況】
1. 非限制性定語從句中。
例句：He said he could speak three foreign languages, which is not true.
2. 先行詞本身是that。
例句：I have that which you gave me.
3. “介詞+ 關(guān)系代詞”結(jié)構(gòu)。
例句：The person to whom I talked just now is Tom.
◆現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時與現(xiàn)在完成時進(jìn)行的比較：
1. 強調(diào)動作還未結(jié)束時, 多用現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時;強調(diào)動作的結(jié)果時, 多用現(xiàn)在完成時。例句：
①I have been painting the paining. (強調(diào)“一直在畫”這個動作)
②I have painted the painting. (強調(diào)“畫完了”這個結(jié)果)
2. 有些動詞不能用在現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時中，但可用在現(xiàn)在完成時中。如：have, love, see等。例句：
①She has had a cold for a week.
②They have loved each other for three years.
③I have seen this movie.
-ing形式：
1. having done
having done是非謂語動詞中-ing形式的完成式,而doing則是其一般式,它們都與句中主語構(gòu)成邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系,只是doing與句中謂語動詞同時發(fā)生或基本上同時發(fā)生;having done則表示動作或狀態(tài)發(fā)生在句中謂語動詞之前。
[例句]
①Hearing the news, they got excited. (hear 和get excited這兩個動作幾乎同時發(fā)生)
②Having arrived at the top of mountain, they took a rest. (arrive 發(fā)生在take a rest之前)
2. 動詞后接動詞的-ing形式和不定式有些動詞后既可接動詞的-ing形式也可接to do形式作賓語，但意義有所不同。
[例如]
① forget / remember / regret doing sth. 表示動作已經(jīng)發(fā)生;
forget / remember / regret to do sth. 則表示該動作未發(fā)生。
② mean to do sth. 表示“打算做某事”;
mean doing sth. 表示“意味著做某事”。
③ try to do sth. 表示“設(shè)法盡力做某事”;
try doing sth. 表示“試著做某事”。
④ stop to do sth. 表示“停下來接著做另一件事”;
stop doing sth. 表示“停止做某事”。
⑤ go on to do sth. 表示“(做完某事)接著做另一件事”;
go on doing sth. 表示“繼續(xù)做同一件事”(= go on with sth.)。
⑥ can’t help to do sth. 表示“不能幫助做某事”;
can’t help doing sth. 表示“情不自禁地做某事”。
3. have/has been doing
have / has been doing是現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時的構(gòu)成，強調(diào)動作的延續(xù)過程，動作可能還在進(jìn)行。而have / has done是現(xiàn)在完成時的構(gòu)成，強調(diào)動作的結(jié)果，該動作通常已經(jīng)結(jié)束。
[例句]
①I have written a book. (動作結(jié)束)
②I have been writing a book. (可能未寫完，側(cè)重最近一直忙于寫書)
【語法時態(tài)講解 】
一、現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時
1. 表示現(xiàn)在 (說話瞬間) 正在進(jìn)行或發(fā)生的動作。
[例句] He is reading a newspaper now.
2. 表示當(dāng)前一段時間內(nèi)的活動或現(xiàn)階段正在進(jìn)行的動作 (說話時動作不一定正在進(jìn)行)。
[例句] What are you doing these days?
3. 表示說話人現(xiàn)在對主語的行為表示贊嘆或厭惡等, 常與always, constantly, continually等副詞連用。
[例句] He is always thinking of others.
4. 表示在最近按計劃或安排要進(jìn)行的動作。常限于go, come, leave, start, arrive等表“移動”、“方向”的詞。
[例句] He is coming to see me next week.
二、過去進(jìn)行時
1. 表示過去某時正在進(jìn)行的動作。
[例句] He was sleeping when Mary came to see him.
2. 動詞go, come, leave, arrive, start等的過去進(jìn)行時常表過去將來時。
[例句] She said she was going to Beijing the day after tomorrow.
三、一般現(xiàn)在時
1. 表示現(xiàn)在習(xí)慣或經(jīng)常反復(fù)發(fā)生的動作或存在的狀態(tài), 常與usually, always, sometimes, often, every day / week / month / year等時間狀語連用。
[例句] He often does his homework in his study.
2. 表示主語現(xiàn)在的特征、性格和狀態(tài)。
[例句] The dictionary belongs to me.
3. 表示客觀規(guī)律或科學(xué)真理、格言, 以及其他不受時間限制的客觀存在。
[例句] The moon goes around the sun.
4. 在有連詞if, unless, before, as soon as, when, once, however等引導(dǎo)的時間、條件和讓步狀語從句中, 用一般現(xiàn)在時表將來。
[例句] If you work hard, you won’t fail in the exam.
四、一般將來時
1. 表示將來發(fā)生的動作或存在的狀態(tài), 常與表示將來的時間狀語連用。
[例句] I don’t know what will happen in the future.
2. 常用來表示將來時的結(jié)構(gòu)包括：
(1) shall / will + 動詞原形：(單純) 表將來, 一般不用于條件句。
(2) be going to + 動詞原形：(計劃)打算做……。
(3) be about to + 動詞原形：即將或正要去做某事,通常不與時間狀語連用,但可與when引導(dǎo)的從句連用。
(4) be to + 動詞原形：預(yù)定要做……。
(5) be doing 表示按計劃、安排即將發(fā)生的動作,常與go, start, set out, leave, reach, arrive, return, come, move等表位移的動詞連用。
五、一般過去時
1. 表示過去某一時間發(fā)生的動作或存在的狀態(tài)。
[例句] She went to the zoo yesterday.
2. 在時間、條件狀語從句中代替過去將來時。
[例句] He said when she came he would tell her.
六、現(xiàn)在完成時
1. 表示過去發(fā)生或已經(jīng)完成的某一動作對現(xiàn)在造成的影響或結(jié)果。
[例句] —Have you had your supper yet? —Yes, I have just had it.
2. 常與介詞for, during, in, within, over等引導(dǎo)的時間狀語連用, 表示過去的某一行為一直延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在。
[例句] I haven’t seen my English teacher for a long time.
3. 表示反復(fù)或習(xí)慣性的動作, 常與several times, once, twice, frequently等頻度副詞連用。
[例句] I have been to the USA several times.
4. 表示從過去到現(xiàn)在沒有發(fā)生過的動作。
[例句] I haven’t swept the floor for a week.
5. 用在時間、條件狀語從句中, 表示從句動作先于主句動作完成。
[例句] I’ll tell him after you have left.
6. 在“級+ 名詞”或在“這是第幾次…”之后跟定語從句，從句用現(xiàn)在完成時。
[例句] ①This is the third time I have been there.
②This is the best tea I have ever drunk.
七、過去完成時
1. 表示在過去某一時刻以前已經(jīng)開始并一直延續(xù)到這一時刻、或是在此刻前已經(jīng)完成的動作。
[例句] By the end of last term, we had learned 1,000 English words.
2. 有些動詞 (如： hope, think, expect, mean, intend, suppose, want等) 的過去完成時可表示過去未曾實現(xiàn)的希望、打算或意圖。
[例句] I had hoped to see more of Beijing.
◆動詞時態(tài)應(yīng)注意的幾點
1. 瞬間性動詞的一般現(xiàn)在時和現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時常用來表示將來的動作。例句：
①The film begins in a minute.
②My uncle is leaving tomorrow morning.
2. 在時間、條件、讓步狀語從句中,常用一般現(xiàn)在時代替一般將來時。例句：
①Every time I listen to that song, I’ll think of my old friend.
②If you do that, I shall be very pleased.
③They’ll stand by you even if you don’t succeed.
3. 一般過去時和現(xiàn)在完成時的區(qū)別：一般過去時和現(xiàn)在完成時都表示過去所發(fā)生的動作，但現(xiàn)在完成時強調(diào)這一動作與現(xiàn)在的關(guān)系，如對現(xiàn)在產(chǎn)生的影響、結(jié)果等，所以它不能和表示過去的時間狀語連用;一般過去時只表示過去的事實，不表示和現(xiàn)在的關(guān)系,因而它可以和表示過去的時間狀語連用。如：
—Have you finished your work?
—Yes, I have.
—When did you finish it?
—I finished it last summer.
◆直接引語與間接引語轉(zhuǎn)換時應(yīng)注意的幾個問題：
1. 人稱的變化
2. 時態(tài)的變化
3. 時間狀語的變化
4. 地點狀語的變化
例句：
①Xiao Yi said, “I want to go to the park this afternoon.”
→Xiao Yi said (that) he wanted to go to the park that afternoon.
②Bob said, “We’ll have a meeting here tomorrow morning.”
→Bob said (that) they would have a meeting there the next morning.
◆定語從句中關(guān)系代詞只能用that和不能用that的幾種情況：
只能用that的情況
1. 先行詞是不定代詞。
例句：Please tell me everything that happened to you.
2. 先行詞被形容詞級、序數(shù)詞或only, last, same, very等修飾。
例句： ①This is the most interesting movie that I have ever seen.
②This is the only book that I read during the summer holiday.
3. 先行詞既包括人又包括物。例句：She talked about the writer and his works that interested her.
不能用that的情況
1. 非限制性定語從句中。
例句：He said he could speak three foreign languages, which is not true.
2. 先行詞本身是that。
例句：I have that which you gave me.
3. “介詞+ 關(guān)系代詞”結(jié)構(gòu)。
例句：The person to whom I talked just now is Tom.
◆現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時與現(xiàn)在完成時進(jìn)行的比較：
1. 強調(diào)動作還未結(jié)束時, 多用現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時;強調(diào)動作的結(jié)果時, 多用現(xiàn)在完成時。例句：
①I have been painting the paining. (強調(diào)“一直在畫”這個動作)
②I have painted the painting. (強調(diào)“畫完了”這個結(jié)果)
2. 有些動詞不能用在現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時中，但可用在現(xiàn)在完成時中。如：have, love, see等。例句：
①She has had a cold for a week.
②They have loved each other for three years.
③I have seen this movie.
-ing形式：
1. having done
having done是非謂語動詞中-ing形式的完成式,而doing則是其一般式,它們都與句中主語構(gòu)成邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系,只是doing與句中謂語動詞同時發(fā)生或基本上同時發(fā)生;having done則表示動作或狀態(tài)發(fā)生在句中謂語動詞之前。
[例句]
①Hearing the news, they got excited. (hear 和get excited這兩個動作幾乎同時發(fā)生)
②Having arrived at the top of mountain, they took a rest. (arrive 發(fā)生在take a rest之前)
2. 動詞后接動詞的-ing形式和不定式有些動詞后既可接動詞的-ing形式也可接to do形式作賓語，但意義有所不同。
[例如]
① forget / remember / regret doing sth. 表示動作已經(jīng)發(fā)生;
forget / remember / regret to do sth. 則表示該動作未發(fā)生。
② mean to do sth. 表示“打算做某事”;
mean doing sth. 表示“意味著做某事”。
③ try to do sth. 表示“設(shè)法盡力做某事”;
try doing sth. 表示“試著做某事”。
④ stop to do sth. 表示“停下來接著做另一件事”;
stop doing sth. 表示“停止做某事”。
⑤ go on to do sth. 表示“(做完某事)接著做另一件事”;
go on doing sth. 表示“繼續(xù)做同一件事”(= go on with sth.)。
⑥ can’t help to do sth. 表示“不能幫助做某事”;
can’t help doing sth. 表示“情不自禁地做某事”。
3. have/has been doing
have / has been doing是現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時的構(gòu)成，強調(diào)動作的延續(xù)過程，動作可能還在進(jìn)行。而have / has done是現(xiàn)在完成時的構(gòu)成，強調(diào)動作的結(jié)果，該動作通常已經(jīng)結(jié)束。
[例句]
①I have written a book. (動作結(jié)束)
②I have been writing a book. (可能未寫完，側(cè)重最近一直忙于寫書)
一、現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時
1. 表示現(xiàn)在 (說話瞬間) 正在進(jìn)行或發(fā)生的動作。
[例句] He is reading a newspaper now.
2. 表示當(dāng)前一段時間內(nèi)的活動或現(xiàn)階段正在進(jìn)行的動作 (說話時動作不一定正在進(jìn)行)。
[例句] What are you doing these days?
3. 表示說話人現(xiàn)在對主語的行為表示贊嘆或厭惡等, 常與always, constantly, continually等副詞連用。
[例句] He is always thinking of others.
4. 表示在最近按計劃或安排要進(jìn)行的動作。常限于go, come, leave, start, arrive等表“移動”、“方向”的詞。
[例句] He is coming to see me next week.
二、過去進(jìn)行時
1. 表示過去某時正在進(jìn)行的動作。
[例句] He was sleeping when Mary came to see him.
2. 動詞go, come, leave, arrive, start等的過去進(jìn)行時常表過去將來時。
[例句] She said she was going to Beijing the day after tomorrow.
三、一般現(xiàn)在時
1. 表示現(xiàn)在習(xí)慣或經(jīng)常反復(fù)發(fā)生的動作或存在的狀態(tài), 常與usually, always, sometimes, often, every day / week / month / year等時間狀語連用。
[例句] He often does his homework in his study.
2. 表示主語現(xiàn)在的特征、性格和狀態(tài)。
[例句] The dictionary belongs to me.
3. 表示客觀規(guī)律或科學(xué)真理、格言, 以及其他不受時間限制的客觀存在。
[例句] The moon goes around the sun.
4. 在有連詞if, unless, before, as soon as, when, once, however等引導(dǎo)的時間、條件和讓步狀語從句中, 用一般現(xiàn)在時表將來。
[例句] If you work hard, you won’t fail in the exam.
四、一般將來時
1. 表示將來發(fā)生的動作或存在的狀態(tài), 常與表示將來的時間狀語連用。
[例句] I don’t know what will happen in the future.
2. 常用來表示將來時的結(jié)構(gòu)包括：
(1) shall / will + 動詞原形：(單純) 表將來, 一般不用于條件句。
(2) be going to + 動詞原形：(計劃)打算做……。
(3) be about to + 動詞原形：即將或正要去做某事,通常不與時間狀語連用,但可與when引導(dǎo)的從句連用。
(4) be to + 動詞原形：預(yù)定要做……。
(5) be doing 表示按計劃、安排即將發(fā)生的動作,常與go, start, set out, leave, reach, arrive, return, come, move等表位移的動詞連用。
五、一般過去時
1. 表示過去某一時間發(fā)生的動作或存在的狀態(tài)。
[例句] She went to the zoo yesterday.
2. 在時間、條件狀語從句中代替過去將來時。
[例句] He said when she came he would tell her.
六、現(xiàn)在完成時
1. 表示過去發(fā)生或已經(jīng)完成的某一動作對現(xiàn)在造成的影響或結(jié)果。
[例句] —Have you had your supper yet? —Yes, I have just had it.
2. 常與介詞for, during, in, within, over等引導(dǎo)的時間狀語連用, 表示過去的某一行為一直延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在。
[例句] I haven’t seen my English teacher for a long time.
3. 表示反復(fù)或習(xí)慣性的動作, 常與several times, once, twice, frequently等頻度副詞連用。
[例句] I have been to the USA several times.
4. 表示從過去到現(xiàn)在沒有發(fā)生過的動作。
[例句] I haven’t swept the floor for a week.
5. 用在時間、條件狀語從句中, 表示從句動作先于主句動作完成。
[例句] I’ll tell him after you have left.
6. 在“級+ 名詞”或在“這是第幾次…”之后跟定語從句，從句用現(xiàn)在完成時。
[例句] ①This is the third time I have been there.
②This is the best tea I have ever drunk.
七、過去完成時
1. 表示在過去某一時刻以前已經(jīng)開始并一直延續(xù)到這一時刻、或是在此刻前已經(jīng)完成的動作。
[例句] By the end of last term, we had learned 1,000 English words.
2. 有些動詞 (如： hope, think, expect, mean, intend, suppose, want等) 的過去完成時可表示過去未曾實現(xiàn)的希望、打算或意圖。
[例句] I had hoped to see more of Beijing.
【語法時態(tài)注意事項】
◆動詞時態(tài)應(yīng)注意的幾點
1. 瞬間性動詞的一般現(xiàn)在時和現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時常用來表示將來的動作。例句：
①The film begins in a minute.
②My uncle is leaving tomorrow morning.
2. 在時間、條件、讓步狀語從句中,常用一般現(xiàn)在時代替一般將來時。例句：
①Every time I listen to that song, I’ll think of my old friend.
②If you do that, I shall be very pleased.
③They’ll stand by you even if you don’t succeed.
3. 一般過去時和現(xiàn)在完成時的區(qū)別：一般過去時和現(xiàn)在完成時都表示過去所發(fā)生的動作，但現(xiàn)在完成時強調(diào)這一動作與現(xiàn)在的關(guān)系，如對現(xiàn)在產(chǎn)生的影響、結(jié)果等，所以它不能和表示過去的時間狀語連用;一般過去時只表示過去的事實，不表示和現(xiàn)在的關(guān)系,因而它可以和表示過去的時間狀語連用。如：
—Have you finished your work?
—Yes, I have.
—When did you finish it?
—I finished it last summer.
◆直接引語與間接引語轉(zhuǎn)換時應(yīng)注意的幾個問題：
1. 人稱的變化
2. 時態(tài)的變化
3. 時間狀語的變化
4. 地點狀語的變化
例句：
①Xiao Yi said, “I want to go to the park this afternoon.”
→Xiao Yi said (that) he wanted to go to the park that afternoon.
②Bob said, “We’ll have a meeting here tomorrow morning.”
→Bob said (that) they would have a meeting there the next morning.
◆定語從句中關(guān)系代詞只能用that和不能用that的幾種情況：
只能用that的情況
1. 先行詞是不定代詞。
例句：Please tell me everything that happened to you.
2. 先行詞被形容詞級、序數(shù)詞或only, last, same, very等修飾。
例句： ①This is the most interesting movie that I have ever seen.
②This is the only book that I read during the summer holiday.
3. 先行詞既包括人又包括物。例句：She talked about the writer and his works that interested her.
【不能用that的情況】
1. 非限制性定語從句中。
例句：He said he could speak three foreign languages, which is not true.
2. 先行詞本身是that。
例句：I have that which you gave me.
3. “介詞+ 關(guān)系代詞”結(jié)構(gòu)。
例句：The person to whom I talked just now is Tom.
◆現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時與現(xiàn)在完成時進(jìn)行的比較：
1. 強調(diào)動作還未結(jié)束時, 多用現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時;強調(diào)動作的結(jié)果時, 多用現(xiàn)在完成時。例句：
①I have been painting the paining. (強調(diào)“一直在畫”這個動作)
②I have painted the painting. (強調(diào)“畫完了”這個結(jié)果)
2. 有些動詞不能用在現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時中，但可用在現(xiàn)在完成時中。如：have, love, see等。例句：
①She has had a cold for a week.
②They have loved each other for three years.
③I have seen this movie.
-ing形式：
1. having done
having done是非謂語動詞中-ing形式的完成式,而doing則是其一般式,它們都與句中主語構(gòu)成邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系,只是doing與句中謂語動詞同時發(fā)生或基本上同時發(fā)生;having done則表示動作或狀態(tài)發(fā)生在句中謂語動詞之前。
[例句]
①Hearing the news, they got excited. (hear 和get excited這兩個動作幾乎同時發(fā)生)
②Having arrived at the top of mountain, they took a rest. (arrive 發(fā)生在take a rest之前)
2. 動詞后接動詞的-ing形式和不定式有些動詞后既可接動詞的-ing形式也可接to do形式作賓語，但意義有所不同。
[例如]
① forget / remember / regret doing sth. 表示動作已經(jīng)發(fā)生;
forget / remember / regret to do sth. 則表示該動作未發(fā)生。
② mean to do sth. 表示“打算做某事”;
mean doing sth. 表示“意味著做某事”。
③ try to do sth. 表示“設(shè)法盡力做某事”;
try doing sth. 表示“試著做某事”。
④ stop to do sth. 表示“停下來接著做另一件事”;
stop doing sth. 表示“停止做某事”。
⑤ go on to do sth. 表示“(做完某事)接著做另一件事”;
go on doing sth. 表示“繼續(xù)做同一件事”(= go on with sth.)。
⑥ can’t help to do sth. 表示“不能幫助做某事”;
can’t help doing sth. 表示“情不自禁地做某事”。
3. have/has been doing
have / has been doing是現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時的構(gòu)成，強調(diào)動作的延續(xù)過程，動作可能還在進(jìn)行。而have / has done是現(xiàn)在完成時的構(gòu)成，強調(diào)動作的結(jié)果，該動作通常已經(jīng)結(jié)束。
[例句]
①I have written a book. (動作結(jié)束)
②I have been writing a book. (可能未寫完，側(cè)重最近一直忙于寫書)