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1.hand down 把...傳下去
例句：Many old legends were handed down from generation by mouth.
許多古老的傳說都是一代一代口傳下來了。
2.read of，讀到，和read about是相同的意思。
談到：speak of，talk of
了解到：know of
聽到：hear of
3.the first people，原始人
people+s 表示民族
4.if they had any: 即便是有，表假設(shè)
例句：His relatives, if he had any, never went to visit him when he was hospitalized.
他的親戚，即便他還有的話，在他住院時(shí)也從來不去看他。
5.when even the bones of the men who made them have disappeared without trace，這個(gè)以when引導(dǎo)的狀語從句表示讓步的意思，而when可以譯成“雖然”，“盡管”。