努力的苦讀，把你的實(shí)力全部發(fā)揮，所有關(guān)愛(ài)著你的人，都會(huì)為你祝福、祈禱，努力備考，相信你會(huì)考出滿(mǎn)意的成績(jī)，榜上有名考入理想院校！以下是為大家整理的《2019考研英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法長(zhǎng)難句【六篇】》 供您查閱。
【篇一：分詞的用法】
1.作定語(yǔ)。作定語(yǔ)的分詞通常放在被修飾的名詞之前。如果被修飾的詞是something，anything，everything，nothing等，則分詞放在這些詞之后。分詞短語(yǔ)通常放在被修飾的名詞之后。
例如：
This is an interesting book。(=This is a book。It is interesting。)這是一本有趣的書(shū)。
There is something interesting in the news。(=There is something in the news。 It is interesting。)消息中有些有趣的事。
The man sitting by the window is our math teacher。(=The man who is sitting by the window is our math teacher。)靠窗戶(hù)坐著的那個(gè)人是我們的數(shù)學(xué)老師
The machine run by the old worker is made in Shanghai。(=The machine that is run by the old worker is made in Shanghai。)那位老工人開(kāi)的機(jī)器是上海造的。
Most of students singing were girls。(=Most of the students who were singing…)唱歌的學(xué)生多數(shù)是女生。
Many of the villagers questioned refused to answer。(=Many of the villagers who were questioned…)被問(wèn)的許多村里人都拒絕。
注意：(1)分詞作定語(yǔ)與動(dòng)名詞作定語(yǔ)的區(qū)別：
分詞和它所修飾的名詞有邏輯上的主、謂關(guān)系。動(dòng)名詞則沒(méi)有這種關(guān)系，而表示它所修飾的詞的用途或有關(guān)動(dòng)作。
現(xiàn)在分詞和它所修飾的名詞都要重讀，動(dòng)名詞所修飾的名詞則不必重讀。
(2)現(xiàn)在分詞作定語(yǔ)時(shí)，它表示動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行或與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生(或差不多同時(shí)發(fā)生)。
例如：
Who is the boy dancing over there?在那兒跳舞的少年是誰(shuí)呀?
The girls swimming in the sea were in danger。 在海里游泳的姑娘們有危險(xiǎn)。
如果兩個(gè)動(dòng)作在時(shí)間上有先后，一般不能用現(xiàn)在分詞作定語(yǔ)，而往往用主從復(fù)合句結(jié)構(gòu)。
例如：
The man who has gone to Shanghai will be back again。到上海去的那個(gè)人會(huì)回來(lái)的。
The teacher wants to talk to the students who smashed the windows。老師要找打破了窗子的那個(gè)學(xué)生談話。
(3)be的現(xiàn)在分詞being不能用作定語(yǔ)(可用作狀語(yǔ)或被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)中的助動(dòng)詞)。表示這種概念時(shí)，也用主從復(fù)合句結(jié)構(gòu)。
例如：
He has a brother who is a worker。他有一個(gè)當(dāng)工人的兄弟。
2、作狀語(yǔ)。分詞和分詞短語(yǔ)作狀語(yǔ)時(shí)，可以表示時(shí)間、原因、行為方式等意義。表示時(shí)間和原因的分詞短語(yǔ)相當(dāng)于對(duì)應(yīng)的狀語(yǔ)從句。
例如：
Seeing the teacher entering the room，the students stood up。(=When the students saw the teacher entering the room，They stood up。)學(xué)生們看見(jiàn)老師走進(jìn)房間，都站了起來(lái)。 (時(shí)間)
Heated，the Metal expands。 (=The metal expands if /when it is heated。)金屬受熱而膨脹。(條件、時(shí)間)
Being excited，I couldn’t go to sleep。(=As I was excited ，I couldn’t go to sleep。)我興奮得睡不著覺(jué)。(原因)
Being a student，he was interested in sports。(=As he was a student，he was interested in sports。)
他是個(gè)學(xué)生，所以對(duì)體育運(yùn)動(dòng)感興趣。(原因)
Inspired by Dr.Yang’s speech，Li Hua and his classmates decided to study physics harder。(=As they were inspired by Dr.Yang’s speech，Li Hua and his classmates decided to study physics harder。)李華和他的同學(xué)們受到楊博士講話的鼓舞，決定更加努力學(xué)習(xí)物理。 (原因)
The children went away laughing。=The children went away。They laughed as they went。孩子們笑著走開(kāi)了。(行為方式)
The professor stood there，surrounded by many students。(=The professor stood there。He was surrounded by many students。)教授站在那里，許多學(xué)生圍著他。(行為方式)
While reading the newspaper，father nodded from time to time。(=While he was reading the newspaper，father nodded from time to time。)看報(bào)時(shí)，父親不時(shí)地點(diǎn)頭。(時(shí)間)(分詞前，可加表示時(shí)間的連詞while或when。)
3、作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。
例如：
Can you get the machine going again?你能使機(jī)器再動(dòng)起來(lái)嗎?
You should have your hair cut。你該理發(fā)了。
I saw him coming last night。我昨天晚上看見(jiàn)他來(lái)了。
4、作表語(yǔ)。
例如：
The film is very moving。這部影片很感人。
Your homework is well done。你的作業(yè)做得好。
The visitors looked surprised.參觀者看上去很驚訝。
The boys were seen walking on the grass。有人看見(jiàn)孩子們?cè)诓莸厣仙⒉健?BR> 5、作句子獨(dú)立成分(分詞有自己的邏輯主語(yǔ)時(shí)，稱(chēng)為獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)。)
例如：
Flags flying，the army men marched in the streets。旗幟飄揚(yáng)，軍隊(duì)在街上行進(jìn)。
All his ribs broken，he lay half dead。他的肋骨全部折斷，半死不活地躺著。
分詞(短語(yǔ))作狀語(yǔ)時(shí)，其邏輯主語(yǔ)必須與句子的主語(yǔ)一致。如果不一致，必須用獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)來(lái)表示，也就是在分詞前面加上它的邏輯主語(yǔ)。
My wife had a long talk with Sally, explaining why she didn’t want the children to play together我妻子與莎莉談了很長(zhǎng)時(shí)間，解釋她為什么不想讓孩子們?cè)谝黄鹜妗?現(xiàn)在分詞explaining是句子主語(yǔ)my wife做的動(dòng)作，它們之間是主動(dòng)關(guān)系)
Given more attention，the trees could have grown better。如果對(duì)這些樹(shù)多關(guān)心一些，它們本來(lái)會(huì)長(zhǎng)得更好。(過(guò)去分詞given表示的動(dòng)作是句子主語(yǔ)the trees承受的動(dòng)作，它們之間是被動(dòng)關(guān)系)
We explored the caves，Peter acting as guide。我們到那山洞探險(xiǎn)，彼得做向?qū)А?(獨(dú)立主格)
The train having gone，we had to wait another day。分詞短語(yǔ)做狀語(yǔ)時(shí)，前面可以加上連詞或介詞，但是分詞短語(yǔ)和句子之間不能用并列連詞(如but，and)，因?yàn)椴⒘羞B詞接的是兩個(gè)并列成分，而分詞短語(yǔ)只是全句的一個(gè)狀語(yǔ)部分。分詞和主句之間可用逗號(hào)。
例如：
誤：Having been told many times，but he still couldn’t understand it。
正：He was told many times, but he still couldn’t understand it。
注意：(1)分詞作狀語(yǔ)時(shí)，邏輯主語(yǔ)即句子的主語(yǔ);否則要用從句或獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)來(lái)表示。
例如：
Looking out of the window，I saw lots of people there。(=When I looked out of the window，I saw lots of people there。)
我往窗外一看，看見(jiàn)那兒有許多人。 (looking out of the window的邏輯主語(yǔ)，就是句子的主語(yǔ)I。)
(2)在see，hear，watch，notice等動(dòng)詞后，用動(dòng)詞不定式作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)語(yǔ)，通常表示(強(qiáng)調(diào))動(dòng)作從開(kāi)始到結(jié)束的全過(guò)程。如果用現(xiàn)在分詞作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)語(yǔ)，則通常表示動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行。
例如：
We sat two hours and watched the teacher make the experiment。我們坐了兩個(gè)小時(shí)，看老師做實(shí)驗(yàn)。(兩小時(shí)一直在看老師做實(shí)驗(yàn))
We passed by the classroom and saw the teacher making the experiment。我們走過(guò)教室，看見(jiàn)老師在做實(shí)驗(yàn)。(只是在走過(guò)教宰的一剎那間，看見(jiàn)老師正存做實(shí)驗(yàn))
I saw him enter the room, unlock a drawer, take out a document, photograph it and put it back。我看見(jiàn)他走進(jìn)房間，打開(kāi)抽屜，拿出一份文件，拍了照又放回去(表示一個(gè)接一個(gè)的一系列動(dòng)作的全過(guò)程時(shí)，用動(dòng)詞不定式。
I noticed them sitting in the corner and talking about something secret。我注意到他們坐在角落里在談?wù)撌裁疵孛苁聝骸?(表示幾個(gè)同時(shí)正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作，用現(xiàn)在分詞)
(3)在“have+賓語(yǔ)+分詞”的結(jié)構(gòu)中，用現(xiàn)在分詞或過(guò)去分詞表示的意義不同。在“have+賓語(yǔ)+現(xiàn)在分詞”的結(jié)構(gòu)中，現(xiàn)在分詞所表示的動(dòng)作往往是主體讓(叫、使、聽(tīng)任、允許)客體做的，或使客體保持或處于某種狀態(tài)。
例如：
He had the fire burning day and night。他讓火日夜燃燒著。
Father had me swimming the whole summer vacation。父親讓我整個(gè)署假天天游泳。
在“have(get)+賓語(yǔ)+過(guò)去分詞”的結(jié)構(gòu)中，過(guò)去分詞所表示的動(dòng)作往往是別人做的或與主體的意志無(wú)關(guān)。
例如：
Mary had her dress washed?，旣惤袆e人洗了她的衣服。(衣服是被洗)
had his legs broken。他的腿骨折斷了。(表示與主體意志無(wú)關(guān)的客觀遭遇)
I had my watch stolen yesterday。昨天我的表被人偷了。(表是被偷)
They had Jack beaten。他們叫人打了杰克。(Jack是被打)
(4)分詞作表語(yǔ)時(shí)，現(xiàn)在分詞有“主動(dòng)”、“進(jìn)行”、“使”等意義;過(guò)去分詞有“被動(dòng)”、“完成”“受”、“感到…”等意義。
例如：
The story is interesting。這個(gè)故事很有意思。(故事使人感興趣)
He is interested in dancing。他對(duì)舞蹈感興趣。
(5)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)和作表語(yǔ)的現(xiàn)在分詞形式相同;被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)動(dòng)詞謂語(yǔ)和作表語(yǔ)的過(guò)去分詞形式相同，但兩者的意思不一樣。
試比較:
They are moving their bed.他們正在搬床。 (are moving是謂語(yǔ)，表示主體的動(dòng)作)
The story is very moving.這個(gè)故事很感人。 (moving是表語(yǔ)，表示主體的特征)
Her homework was done by her sister.她的作業(yè)是她姐姐做的。 (was done是謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài))
Her homework is well done.她的作業(yè)做得很好。( done是表語(yǔ))
(6)generally speaking(一般地說(shuō))，roughly speaking(粗略地說(shuō))，strictly speaking(嚴(yán)格地說(shuō))等現(xiàn)在分詞結(jié)構(gòu)都是習(xí)慣用語(yǔ)，在句子中作插入語(yǔ)。
例如：
Generally speaking，a footballer of 20 is better than one of 40。
一般地說(shuō)，二十歲的足球隊(duì)員比四十歲的強(qiáng)。
(7)分詞短語(yǔ)的邏輯主語(yǔ)就是句子的主語(yǔ)，而獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)的邏輯主語(yǔ)和句子的主語(yǔ)是不同的。
例如:
The last bus having gone，we had to walk home.
末班公共汽車(chē)已開(kāi)走了，我們只好走路回家。
【篇二：分詞的時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài)】
過(guò)去分詞可以表示“被動(dòng)”和“完成”等意義，因此沒(méi)有時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài)方面的形式變化。下面談一下現(xiàn)在分詞的時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài)。
1.現(xiàn)在分詞的完成式(having+過(guò)去分詞)表示的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作之前或兩個(gè)動(dòng)作在時(shí)間上有一定的間隔。
例如:
Having written the letter，John went to the post office.
(=After he had written the letter，John went to the post office.
約翰寫(xiě)完信后，就去郵局了。
Having lived in Beijing for years，Lao Wang knows the city quite well.
(=As he has lived in Beijing for years，Lao Wang knows the city quite well.)
老王在北京住了多年，所以對(duì)這個(gè)城市很熟悉。
Having drunk two glasses of water, Xiao Ma felt a little better.
(=After he had drunk two glasses of water Xiao Ma felt a little better.)
小馬喝了兩杯水，感覺(jué)好一些了
一般式和完成式現(xiàn)在分詞都可以表示先后接連發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。在可能引起誤解的場(chǎng)合應(yīng)該用完成式現(xiàn)在分詞表示先發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。
例如:
Opening the drawer，he took out his wallet.
(=He opened the drawer and took out his wallet.)
他打開(kāi)抽屜，拿出錢(qián)包。
Coming into the room，he put down his bag.
(=he came into the room and put down his bag.)
他走進(jìn)房間，放下提包。
Having brushed his teeth，Mr. Brown came downstairs for breakfast.
布朗先生刷過(guò)牙，就下樓來(lái)吃早飯。
(此句如寫(xiě)成:Brushing his teeth, Mr. Brown came downstairs for breakfast.可能指“邊刷牙，邊下樓’。)
2.現(xiàn)在分詞的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)(being +過(guò)去分詞)通常表示“正在被…”的意思。如強(qiáng)調(diào)現(xiàn)在分詞表示的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作之前時(shí)，可用現(xiàn)在分詞被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的完成式(having + been +過(guò)去分詞)。
例如:
The bridge being built will be completed next month.正在修建的那座橋?qū)⒂谙略峦瓿伞?BR> Having been kept out of the room about half an hour for his returning late，Tom was let in.湯姆回來(lái)晚了，所以被關(guān)在門(mén)外半小時(shí)左右才讓他進(jìn)去。
【篇三：動(dòng)詞接不定式和動(dòng)名詞的差異】
動(dòng)詞可接不定式也可接動(dòng)名詞做賓語(yǔ)，但意義有差別。
(1)like, love, hate, prefer等表示喜愛(ài)，厭惡的動(dòng)詞后面，可用動(dòng)名詞也可用不定式作賓語(yǔ)，意義差別不大。但當(dāng)這些詞前面有should或would時(shí)，一定要用動(dòng)詞不定式作賓語(yǔ)。表示想要，愿意，打算。例如：
She likes dancing. But she wouldn’t like to dance with you. 她喜歡跳舞。(泛指)但他不喜歡和你跳。(特指)
He looked tired and I didn’t like to disturb him. 他看上去很累，我不想打擾他。
I don’t like reading, but I’d like to read a magazine in bed tonight. 我不喜歡看書(shū)，但是今天晚上倒想躺在床上看本雜志。
Little Jim should love to be taken to the theatre this evening. 小吉姆今晚喜歡被帶去看戲。
The reporter would /should like to see you again. 那位記者還想見(jiàn)見(jiàn)你。
We don’t like talking about people behind their backs.我們不喜歡背后議論人。
hate to do sth 表示“真不想做某事，(但不得不做)”。如：
I hate to disturb you now, but I have no choice. 我真不想現(xiàn)在打擾你，但沒(méi)有辦法。
(2) forget to do sth.忘記去做某事(未做)
forget doing sth.忘記做過(guò)某事(已做)
例如：
The light in the office is still on. She forgot to turn it off. 辦公室的燈還在亮著。她忘記關(guān)了。(關(guān)燈的動(dòng)作沒(méi)做)
The light in the office is off. She turned it off, but she forgot turning it off. 辦公室的燈沒(méi)亮著。是她關(guān)的，但她忘記關(guān)過(guò)燈。(已關(guān)過(guò)燈，她忘了)
她昨天又來(lái)還我二百元錢(qián)。她忘記上個(gè)月還我了?！鶶he came to pay back RMB 200 to me again yesterday. She forgot having paid it back to me last month.
(3)remember to do sth.記著去做某事
remember doing sth. 記得做過(guò)某事
例如：
Do you remember meeting me at a party last year? 你記得去年宴會(huì)上見(jiàn)過(guò)我嗎?(已見(jiàn)過(guò)面)
You must remember to leave tomorrow。 你一定要記著明天離開(kāi)。(還沒(méi)離開(kāi))
(4)stop to do sth. 停下來(lái)去做另一件事
stop doing sth. 停止做某事
例如：
She stopped to have a rest on a big rock by the side of the path. 她停下來(lái)，在路邊的一塊大石頭上休息。
As long as you live, your heart never stops beating, 只要你活著，你的心臟就永遠(yuǎn)不會(huì)停止跳動(dòng)。
(5) regret to do sth. 對(duì)尚未做的或正在做的事情表示遺憾;
regret doing sth. 對(duì)已做的事情表示后悔
例如：
I regret saying that. 我后悔說(shuō)了那話。
I regret to tell you the following truth. 我非常遺憾地告訴你下面這個(gè)事實(shí)。
(6)try to do sth努力去做某事
try doing sth.做某事試一試
例如：
You must try to do it again. 你必須想方設(shè)法再做。
Let’s try doing the work in some other way. 咱們用另一種方法做這工作試試。
(7) mean to do sth. 打算、意欲做某事
mean doing sth.意味著做某事
例如：
If it means delaying more than a week, I’ll not wait. 如果這意味著拖延一個(gè)多星期，我就不等了。
I mean to help you, and nothing else. 我想幫助你們，沒(méi)別的。
我不是想傷害你，對(duì)不起?！鶬 didn’t mean to hurt you. I’m sorry.
宣布臺(tái) 獨(dú)就是對(duì)中國(guó)宣戰(zhàn)。→Declaring Taiwan independent means declaring war on China.
(8) go on to do sth.做了一件事又去做另一件
go on doing sth繼續(xù)做原來(lái)的事情
例如：
After he finished his maths, he went on to do his physics. 他作完數(shù)學(xué)后，接著又做物理。
I hope it won’t go on raining all day long. 我希望這雨別一天下個(gè)沒(méi)完。
【篇四：現(xiàn)在分詞和過(guò)去分詞的區(qū)別】
(1)在語(yǔ)態(tài)上現(xiàn)在分詞表示主動(dòng)的意思，表示它所修飾的人或物的行為;及物動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞表示被動(dòng)的意思，表示它所修飾的人或物是動(dòng)作的承受者。換言之，現(xiàn)在分詞是它修飾的成分所作出的動(dòng)作，過(guò)去分詞是它修飾的成分所承受的動(dòng)作。
例如：
convincing facts 有說(shuō)服力的事實(shí) / convinced audience 被說(shuō)服了的聽(tīng)眾
the exploiting class 剝削階級(jí) / the exploited class被剝削階級(jí)
a frightening dog一條讓人害怕的狗 / a frightened dog一條被嚇壞了的狗
driving gears主動(dòng)齒輪 / driven gears從動(dòng)齒輪
(2)在時(shí)間上，現(xiàn)在分詞往往表示動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行，過(guò)去分詞表示動(dòng)作已完成。
例如：
the rising sun (正在升起的太陽(yáng)) / the risen sun(升起的太陽(yáng))
the falling rain(正在下的雨)/ the fallen leaves(落下的樹(shù)葉)
stolen money(被盜的錢(qián)/偷來(lái)的錢(qián))/ill-gotten wealth(不義之財(cái))
a high-flying kite(高飛的風(fēng)箏)
再看一些例子：
boiling water 沸騰的水/boiled water 開(kāi)水/developing countries 發(fā)展中國(guó)家/developed countries 發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家/an exciting story 令人激動(dòng)的故事/ excited people 激動(dòng)的人們
(2)在時(shí)間上，現(xiàn)在分詞往往表示動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行，過(guò)去分詞表示動(dòng)作已完成。
再看一些例子：
surprising news令人驚訝的消息/a surprised man受驚嚇的人/an inspiring leader具有號(hào)召力的領(lǐng)袖/the inspired soldiers受到鼓舞的士兵/a delighted speech令人高興的演說(shuō)/the delighted audience(感到)高興的聽(tīng)眾/a moving film動(dòng)人的電影/the moved children受到感到的孩子們/a box containing tea裝茶葉的盒子/the tea contained in a box裝在盒里的茶葉/ falling snow正在下的雪/fallen snow box落在地上的雪
(3)做表語(yǔ)時(shí)的不同?，F(xiàn)在分詞做表語(yǔ)表示主語(yǔ)所具有的特征，意思是“令人如何”。過(guò)去分詞多表示主語(yǔ)所處的狀態(tài)，意思是“感到如何”。
例如：
His lecture is disappointing。I’m disappointed。他的演講令人失望。我感到失望。
We are surprised to hear the news。The news is surprising。我們聽(tīng)到那消息吃了一驚。那消息令人吃驚。
The situation is encouraging。 We’re encouraged。形式使人鼓舞。我們感到鼓舞。
常用的還有：amusing/amused，astonishing/astonished，disappointing/disappointed，exciting/excited，frightening/frightened，interesting interested，moving/moved， relaxing/relaxed，satisfying/satisfied，shocking/shocked，surprising/surprised，terrifying/terrified，tiring/tired，worrying/worried等等。
(4)做狀語(yǔ)的區(qū)別，分詞短語(yǔ)在句中可做時(shí)間、原因、方式、伴隨狀語(yǔ)?，F(xiàn)在分詞的動(dòng)作和謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作同時(shí)或幾乎同時(shí)發(fā)生、意思是主動(dòng)的。而過(guò)去分詞的動(dòng)作在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作之前發(fā)生、意思是被動(dòng)的。
例如：
Seeing nobody at home，she decided to leave them a note?？吹?jīng)]人在家，她決定給他們留個(gè)條。(主動(dòng)意義，幾乎同時(shí))
The secretary worked late into the night，preparing a speech for the president。秘書(shū)工作到晚上很晚，給總統(tǒng)準(zhǔn)備一篇演說(shuō)。(主動(dòng)意義，同時(shí))
Tired of the noise，he closed the window。對(duì)噪音感到厭煩，所以他把窗戶(hù)關(guān)上。(被動(dòng)意義，在謂語(yǔ)之前)
Deeply moved，she thanked me again and again。她深深地受了感動(dòng)，再三謝我。(被動(dòng)意義，在謂語(yǔ)之前)
Persuade by my mother，she gladly went there alone。在我母親勸說(shuō)下，她才高興地獨(dú)自去那里。(被動(dòng)意義，在謂語(yǔ)之前)
如果現(xiàn)在分詞的動(dòng)作在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作之前發(fā)生，現(xiàn)在分詞要用完成形式，但意思仍然是主動(dòng)的。
例如：
Having watered the vegetables，they began to pick up the Apples。=After they had watered the vegetables，they began to pick up the apples。他們澆完了蔬菜之后就開(kāi)始摘蘋(píng)果。
Having finished the work，he packed his tools and left。完工后，他收拾起工具走了。
分詞做狀語(yǔ)時(shí)，前面可用連詞或介詞。
例如：
After eating my dinner quickly，I went to see Jim off。我趕快吃過(guò)晚飯就去給吉姆送行。
Though built before the Second World War，the engine is still in good condition。盡管是在二戰(zhàn)以前建的，這引擎仍然處于良好狀態(tài)。
Unless paying by credit card，please pay in cash。如果不用信用卡付款，請(qǐng)用現(xiàn)金付。
Tom will never do this unless compelled。湯姆永遠(yuǎn)也不會(huì)干這種事，除非被逼無(wú)奈。
She’s been quite different since coming back from America。從美國(guó)回來(lái)后，她大變了。
【篇五：分詞】
分詞有現(xiàn)在分詞和過(guò)去分詞兩種。
作為謂語(yǔ)，現(xiàn)在分詞和be 一起構(gòu)成進(jìn)行時(shí);過(guò)去分詞和be一起構(gòu)成被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，和have一起構(gòu)成完成時(shí)。
例如：
I am reading a novel by Maupassant. 我正在看一本莫泊桑寫(xiě)的小說(shuō)。(現(xiàn)在分詞和be 一起表示主語(yǔ)正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。)
Mr. Robinson has drunk five glasses of wine already. 魯賓遜先生已經(jīng)喝了五杯酒了。(過(guò)去分詞和have 一起表示主語(yǔ)已經(jīng)完成的動(dòng)作。)
The gold fish bowl was broken by Xiao Tao just now. 金魚(yú)缸剛才被小陶打破了。(過(guò)去分詞和be 一起表示主語(yǔ)是動(dòng)作的承受者。)
作為非謂語(yǔ)形式，分詞可用作形容詞和副詞，在句子中充當(dāng)定語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、補(bǔ)語(yǔ)和狀語(yǔ)。但它仍保持動(dòng)詞的一般特征，可以有自己的賓語(yǔ)和狀語(yǔ)。分詞和自己的賓語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)構(gòu)成分詞短語(yǔ)。
現(xiàn)在分詞有一般式和完成式。它的一般式表示和謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生的行為或存在的狀態(tài);它的完成式(having + 過(guò)去分詞)表示在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作之前發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)。
現(xiàn)在分詞有主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)和被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)(being + 過(guò)去分詞)。
過(guò)去分詞只有一般式，表示在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作之前發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。過(guò)去分詞(及物動(dòng)詞)本身可以表示被動(dòng)的含義，因而沒(méi)有別的被動(dòng)形式。
例如：
Having failed three times, he didn’t want to try again. (=As he had failed three times, he didn’t want to try again.) 他失敗了三次，不想再干了。(having failed 表示發(fā)生在前的動(dòng)作)
Walking along the sands, Crusoe saw in the sand the mark of a man’s foot. (=While he was walking along the sands, Crusoe…) 克魯索沿著沙灘走的時(shí)候，看見(jiàn)沙上有人的腳印。(walking 表示同時(shí)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作)
The question being discussed seems important. (=The question is being discussed. It seems important.) 正在討論的問(wèn)題似乎很重要。
The old days are gone. 舊時(shí)代一去不復(fù)返了。(gone 表示完成的狀態(tài))
I had my hair cut yesterday. 我昨天理發(fā)了。(cut 是及物動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞，表示“被人理發(fā)”。)
分詞的否定形式是在分詞短語(yǔ)前面加上not, never等否定詞構(gòu)成。
例如：
Not fearing the fire, the child touched and got a finger burnt. 小孩兒不知道怕火，用手去摸，把手指燙了。
Not knowing how to find the subway, I asked a policeman for help. 我不知道怎樣找到地鐵，就去找警察幫忙。
【篇六：動(dòng)名詞的完成式和被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)】
(1)完成式表示動(dòng)名詞的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作之前。例如：
I apologize for having broken my promise. 我沒(méi)有遵守諾言，我道歉。
I don’t remember having talked with him before. 我不記得以前曾和他談過(guò)話。
恨不相逢未嫁時(shí)。 → I regret not having met you before my marriage/before I got married.
(2)當(dāng)動(dòng)名詞的邏輯主語(yǔ)是動(dòng)名詞動(dòng)作的對(duì)象或承受者時(shí)，動(dòng)名詞要用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。例如：
I could no longer stand being treated like that. 我再也不能忍受被那樣對(duì)待。
She was proud of having been trained in the U.K. 在英國(guó)受過(guò)訓(xùn)，她感到自豪。
他不喜歡嘲笑別人。 →He doesn’t like laughing at others.
他不喜歡被人嘲笑?！鶫e doesn’t like being laughed at.
【篇一：分詞的用法】
1.作定語(yǔ)。作定語(yǔ)的分詞通常放在被修飾的名詞之前。如果被修飾的詞是something，anything，everything，nothing等，則分詞放在這些詞之后。分詞短語(yǔ)通常放在被修飾的名詞之后。
例如：
This is an interesting book。(=This is a book。It is interesting。)這是一本有趣的書(shū)。
There is something interesting in the news。(=There is something in the news。 It is interesting。)消息中有些有趣的事。
The man sitting by the window is our math teacher。(=The man who is sitting by the window is our math teacher。)靠窗戶(hù)坐著的那個(gè)人是我們的數(shù)學(xué)老師
The machine run by the old worker is made in Shanghai。(=The machine that is run by the old worker is made in Shanghai。)那位老工人開(kāi)的機(jī)器是上海造的。
Most of students singing were girls。(=Most of the students who were singing…)唱歌的學(xué)生多數(shù)是女生。
Many of the villagers questioned refused to answer。(=Many of the villagers who were questioned…)被問(wèn)的許多村里人都拒絕。
注意：(1)分詞作定語(yǔ)與動(dòng)名詞作定語(yǔ)的區(qū)別：
| 現(xiàn)在分詞 | 動(dòng)名詞 | |
| A sleeping child(a child who is sleeping)正在睡覺(jué)的孩子 | A sleeping car(a car for sleeping)臥車(chē) | |
| A flying bird(a bird that is flying)飛鳥(niǎo) | A flying course(a course for flying)飛行課程 | |
| A swimming girl(a girl who is swimming)游泳的女孩 | A swimming pool(a pool for swimming)游泳池 | |
| The running water(the water that is running)流水 | The running track(the track for running)跑道 | |
分詞和它所修飾的名詞有邏輯上的主、謂關(guān)系。動(dòng)名詞則沒(méi)有這種關(guān)系，而表示它所修飾的詞的用途或有關(guān)動(dòng)作。
現(xiàn)在分詞和它所修飾的名詞都要重讀，動(dòng)名詞所修飾的名詞則不必重讀。
(2)現(xiàn)在分詞作定語(yǔ)時(shí)，它表示動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行或與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生(或差不多同時(shí)發(fā)生)。
例如：
Who is the boy dancing over there?在那兒跳舞的少年是誰(shuí)呀?
The girls swimming in the sea were in danger。 在海里游泳的姑娘們有危險(xiǎn)。
如果兩個(gè)動(dòng)作在時(shí)間上有先后，一般不能用現(xiàn)在分詞作定語(yǔ)，而往往用主從復(fù)合句結(jié)構(gòu)。
例如：
The man who has gone to Shanghai will be back again。到上海去的那個(gè)人會(huì)回來(lái)的。
The teacher wants to talk to the students who smashed the windows。老師要找打破了窗子的那個(gè)學(xué)生談話。
(3)be的現(xiàn)在分詞being不能用作定語(yǔ)(可用作狀語(yǔ)或被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)中的助動(dòng)詞)。表示這種概念時(shí)，也用主從復(fù)合句結(jié)構(gòu)。
例如：
He has a brother who is a worker。他有一個(gè)當(dāng)工人的兄弟。
2、作狀語(yǔ)。分詞和分詞短語(yǔ)作狀語(yǔ)時(shí)，可以表示時(shí)間、原因、行為方式等意義。表示時(shí)間和原因的分詞短語(yǔ)相當(dāng)于對(duì)應(yīng)的狀語(yǔ)從句。
例如：
Seeing the teacher entering the room，the students stood up。(=When the students saw the teacher entering the room，They stood up。)學(xué)生們看見(jiàn)老師走進(jìn)房間，都站了起來(lái)。 (時(shí)間)
Heated，the Metal expands。 (=The metal expands if /when it is heated。)金屬受熱而膨脹。(條件、時(shí)間)
Being excited，I couldn’t go to sleep。(=As I was excited ，I couldn’t go to sleep。)我興奮得睡不著覺(jué)。(原因)
Being a student，he was interested in sports。(=As he was a student，he was interested in sports。)
他是個(gè)學(xué)生，所以對(duì)體育運(yùn)動(dòng)感興趣。(原因)
Inspired by Dr.Yang’s speech，Li Hua and his classmates decided to study physics harder。(=As they were inspired by Dr.Yang’s speech，Li Hua and his classmates decided to study physics harder。)李華和他的同學(xué)們受到楊博士講話的鼓舞，決定更加努力學(xué)習(xí)物理。 (原因)
The children went away laughing。=The children went away。They laughed as they went。孩子們笑著走開(kāi)了。(行為方式)
The professor stood there，surrounded by many students。(=The professor stood there。He was surrounded by many students。)教授站在那里，許多學(xué)生圍著他。(行為方式)
While reading the newspaper，father nodded from time to time。(=While he was reading the newspaper，father nodded from time to time。)看報(bào)時(shí)，父親不時(shí)地點(diǎn)頭。(時(shí)間)(分詞前，可加表示時(shí)間的連詞while或when。)
3、作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。
例如：
Can you get the machine going again?你能使機(jī)器再動(dòng)起來(lái)嗎?
You should have your hair cut。你該理發(fā)了。
I saw him coming last night。我昨天晚上看見(jiàn)他來(lái)了。
4、作表語(yǔ)。
例如：
The film is very moving。這部影片很感人。
Your homework is well done。你的作業(yè)做得好。
The visitors looked surprised.參觀者看上去很驚訝。
The boys were seen walking on the grass。有人看見(jiàn)孩子們?cè)诓莸厣仙⒉健?BR> 5、作句子獨(dú)立成分(分詞有自己的邏輯主語(yǔ)時(shí)，稱(chēng)為獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)。)
例如：
Flags flying，the army men marched in the streets。旗幟飄揚(yáng)，軍隊(duì)在街上行進(jìn)。
All his ribs broken，he lay half dead。他的肋骨全部折斷，半死不活地躺著。
分詞(短語(yǔ))作狀語(yǔ)時(shí)，其邏輯主語(yǔ)必須與句子的主語(yǔ)一致。如果不一致，必須用獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)來(lái)表示，也就是在分詞前面加上它的邏輯主語(yǔ)。
My wife had a long talk with Sally, explaining why she didn’t want the children to play together我妻子與莎莉談了很長(zhǎng)時(shí)間，解釋她為什么不想讓孩子們?cè)谝黄鹜妗?現(xiàn)在分詞explaining是句子主語(yǔ)my wife做的動(dòng)作，它們之間是主動(dòng)關(guān)系)
Given more attention，the trees could have grown better。如果對(duì)這些樹(shù)多關(guān)心一些，它們本來(lái)會(huì)長(zhǎng)得更好。(過(guò)去分詞given表示的動(dòng)作是句子主語(yǔ)the trees承受的動(dòng)作，它們之間是被動(dòng)關(guān)系)
We explored the caves，Peter acting as guide。我們到那山洞探險(xiǎn)，彼得做向?qū)А?(獨(dú)立主格)
The train having gone，we had to wait another day。分詞短語(yǔ)做狀語(yǔ)時(shí)，前面可以加上連詞或介詞，但是分詞短語(yǔ)和句子之間不能用并列連詞(如but，and)，因?yàn)椴⒘羞B詞接的是兩個(gè)并列成分，而分詞短語(yǔ)只是全句的一個(gè)狀語(yǔ)部分。分詞和主句之間可用逗號(hào)。
例如：
誤：Having been told many times，but he still couldn’t understand it。
正：He was told many times, but he still couldn’t understand it。
注意：(1)分詞作狀語(yǔ)時(shí)，邏輯主語(yǔ)即句子的主語(yǔ);否則要用從句或獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)來(lái)表示。
例如：
Looking out of the window，I saw lots of people there。(=When I looked out of the window，I saw lots of people there。)
我往窗外一看，看見(jiàn)那兒有許多人。 (looking out of the window的邏輯主語(yǔ)，就是句子的主語(yǔ)I。)
(2)在see，hear，watch，notice等動(dòng)詞后，用動(dòng)詞不定式作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)語(yǔ)，通常表示(強(qiáng)調(diào))動(dòng)作從開(kāi)始到結(jié)束的全過(guò)程。如果用現(xiàn)在分詞作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)語(yǔ)，則通常表示動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行。
例如：
We sat two hours and watched the teacher make the experiment。我們坐了兩個(gè)小時(shí)，看老師做實(shí)驗(yàn)。(兩小時(shí)一直在看老師做實(shí)驗(yàn))
We passed by the classroom and saw the teacher making the experiment。我們走過(guò)教室，看見(jiàn)老師在做實(shí)驗(yàn)。(只是在走過(guò)教宰的一剎那間，看見(jiàn)老師正存做實(shí)驗(yàn))
I saw him enter the room, unlock a drawer, take out a document, photograph it and put it back。我看見(jiàn)他走進(jìn)房間，打開(kāi)抽屜，拿出一份文件，拍了照又放回去(表示一個(gè)接一個(gè)的一系列動(dòng)作的全過(guò)程時(shí)，用動(dòng)詞不定式。
I noticed them sitting in the corner and talking about something secret。我注意到他們坐在角落里在談?wù)撌裁疵孛苁聝骸?(表示幾個(gè)同時(shí)正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作，用現(xiàn)在分詞)
(3)在“have+賓語(yǔ)+分詞”的結(jié)構(gòu)中，用現(xiàn)在分詞或過(guò)去分詞表示的意義不同。在“have+賓語(yǔ)+現(xiàn)在分詞”的結(jié)構(gòu)中，現(xiàn)在分詞所表示的動(dòng)作往往是主體讓(叫、使、聽(tīng)任、允許)客體做的，或使客體保持或處于某種狀態(tài)。
例如：
He had the fire burning day and night。他讓火日夜燃燒著。
Father had me swimming the whole summer vacation。父親讓我整個(gè)署假天天游泳。
在“have(get)+賓語(yǔ)+過(guò)去分詞”的結(jié)構(gòu)中，過(guò)去分詞所表示的動(dòng)作往往是別人做的或與主體的意志無(wú)關(guān)。
例如：
Mary had her dress washed?，旣惤袆e人洗了她的衣服。(衣服是被洗)
had his legs broken。他的腿骨折斷了。(表示與主體意志無(wú)關(guān)的客觀遭遇)
I had my watch stolen yesterday。昨天我的表被人偷了。(表是被偷)
They had Jack beaten。他們叫人打了杰克。(Jack是被打)
(4)分詞作表語(yǔ)時(shí)，現(xiàn)在分詞有“主動(dòng)”、“進(jìn)行”、“使”等意義;過(guò)去分詞有“被動(dòng)”、“完成”“受”、“感到…”等意義。
例如：
The story is interesting。這個(gè)故事很有意思。(故事使人感興趣)
He is interested in dancing。他對(duì)舞蹈感興趣。
(5)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)和作表語(yǔ)的現(xiàn)在分詞形式相同;被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)動(dòng)詞謂語(yǔ)和作表語(yǔ)的過(guò)去分詞形式相同，但兩者的意思不一樣。
試比較:
They are moving their bed.他們正在搬床。 (are moving是謂語(yǔ)，表示主體的動(dòng)作)
The story is very moving.這個(gè)故事很感人。 (moving是表語(yǔ)，表示主體的特征)
Her homework was done by her sister.她的作業(yè)是她姐姐做的。 (was done是謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài))
Her homework is well done.她的作業(yè)做得很好。( done是表語(yǔ))
(6)generally speaking(一般地說(shuō))，roughly speaking(粗略地說(shuō))，strictly speaking(嚴(yán)格地說(shuō))等現(xiàn)在分詞結(jié)構(gòu)都是習(xí)慣用語(yǔ)，在句子中作插入語(yǔ)。
例如：
Generally speaking，a footballer of 20 is better than one of 40。
一般地說(shuō)，二十歲的足球隊(duì)員比四十歲的強(qiáng)。
(7)分詞短語(yǔ)的邏輯主語(yǔ)就是句子的主語(yǔ)，而獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)的邏輯主語(yǔ)和句子的主語(yǔ)是不同的。
例如:
The last bus having gone，we had to walk home.
末班公共汽車(chē)已開(kāi)走了，我們只好走路回家。
【篇二：分詞的時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài)】
過(guò)去分詞可以表示“被動(dòng)”和“完成”等意義，因此沒(méi)有時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài)方面的形式變化。下面談一下現(xiàn)在分詞的時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài)。
1.現(xiàn)在分詞的完成式(having+過(guò)去分詞)表示的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作之前或兩個(gè)動(dòng)作在時(shí)間上有一定的間隔。
例如:
Having written the letter，John went to the post office.
(=After he had written the letter，John went to the post office.
約翰寫(xiě)完信后，就去郵局了。
Having lived in Beijing for years，Lao Wang knows the city quite well.
(=As he has lived in Beijing for years，Lao Wang knows the city quite well.)
老王在北京住了多年，所以對(duì)這個(gè)城市很熟悉。
Having drunk two glasses of water, Xiao Ma felt a little better.
(=After he had drunk two glasses of water Xiao Ma felt a little better.)
小馬喝了兩杯水，感覺(jué)好一些了
一般式和完成式現(xiàn)在分詞都可以表示先后接連發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。在可能引起誤解的場(chǎng)合應(yīng)該用完成式現(xiàn)在分詞表示先發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。
例如:
Opening the drawer，he took out his wallet.
(=He opened the drawer and took out his wallet.)
他打開(kāi)抽屜，拿出錢(qián)包。
Coming into the room，he put down his bag.
(=he came into the room and put down his bag.)
他走進(jìn)房間，放下提包。
Having brushed his teeth，Mr. Brown came downstairs for breakfast.
布朗先生刷過(guò)牙，就下樓來(lái)吃早飯。
(此句如寫(xiě)成:Brushing his teeth, Mr. Brown came downstairs for breakfast.可能指“邊刷牙，邊下樓’。)
2.現(xiàn)在分詞的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)(being +過(guò)去分詞)通常表示“正在被…”的意思。如強(qiáng)調(diào)現(xiàn)在分詞表示的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作之前時(shí)，可用現(xiàn)在分詞被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的完成式(having + been +過(guò)去分詞)。
例如:
The bridge being built will be completed next month.正在修建的那座橋?qū)⒂谙略峦瓿伞?BR> Having been kept out of the room about half an hour for his returning late，Tom was let in.湯姆回來(lái)晚了，所以被關(guān)在門(mén)外半小時(shí)左右才讓他進(jìn)去。
【篇三：動(dòng)詞接不定式和動(dòng)名詞的差異】
動(dòng)詞可接不定式也可接動(dòng)名詞做賓語(yǔ)，但意義有差別。
(1)like, love, hate, prefer等表示喜愛(ài)，厭惡的動(dòng)詞后面，可用動(dòng)名詞也可用不定式作賓語(yǔ)，意義差別不大。但當(dāng)這些詞前面有should或would時(shí)，一定要用動(dòng)詞不定式作賓語(yǔ)。表示想要，愿意，打算。例如：
She likes dancing. But she wouldn’t like to dance with you. 她喜歡跳舞。(泛指)但他不喜歡和你跳。(特指)
He looked tired and I didn’t like to disturb him. 他看上去很累，我不想打擾他。
I don’t like reading, but I’d like to read a magazine in bed tonight. 我不喜歡看書(shū)，但是今天晚上倒想躺在床上看本雜志。
Little Jim should love to be taken to the theatre this evening. 小吉姆今晚喜歡被帶去看戲。
The reporter would /should like to see you again. 那位記者還想見(jiàn)見(jiàn)你。
We don’t like talking about people behind their backs.我們不喜歡背后議論人。
hate to do sth 表示“真不想做某事，(但不得不做)”。如：
I hate to disturb you now, but I have no choice. 我真不想現(xiàn)在打擾你，但沒(méi)有辦法。
(2) forget to do sth.忘記去做某事(未做)
forget doing sth.忘記做過(guò)某事(已做)
例如：
The light in the office is still on. She forgot to turn it off. 辦公室的燈還在亮著。她忘記關(guān)了。(關(guān)燈的動(dòng)作沒(méi)做)
The light in the office is off. She turned it off, but she forgot turning it off. 辦公室的燈沒(méi)亮著。是她關(guān)的，但她忘記關(guān)過(guò)燈。(已關(guān)過(guò)燈，她忘了)
她昨天又來(lái)還我二百元錢(qián)。她忘記上個(gè)月還我了?！鶶he came to pay back RMB 200 to me again yesterday. She forgot having paid it back to me last month.
(3)remember to do sth.記著去做某事
remember doing sth. 記得做過(guò)某事
例如：
Do you remember meeting me at a party last year? 你記得去年宴會(huì)上見(jiàn)過(guò)我嗎?(已見(jiàn)過(guò)面)
You must remember to leave tomorrow。 你一定要記著明天離開(kāi)。(還沒(méi)離開(kāi))
(4)stop to do sth. 停下來(lái)去做另一件事
stop doing sth. 停止做某事
例如：
She stopped to have a rest on a big rock by the side of the path. 她停下來(lái)，在路邊的一塊大石頭上休息。
As long as you live, your heart never stops beating, 只要你活著，你的心臟就永遠(yuǎn)不會(huì)停止跳動(dòng)。
(5) regret to do sth. 對(duì)尚未做的或正在做的事情表示遺憾;
regret doing sth. 對(duì)已做的事情表示后悔
例如：
I regret saying that. 我后悔說(shuō)了那話。
I regret to tell you the following truth. 我非常遺憾地告訴你下面這個(gè)事實(shí)。
(6)try to do sth努力去做某事
try doing sth.做某事試一試
例如：
You must try to do it again. 你必須想方設(shè)法再做。
Let’s try doing the work in some other way. 咱們用另一種方法做這工作試試。
(7) mean to do sth. 打算、意欲做某事
mean doing sth.意味著做某事
例如：
If it means delaying more than a week, I’ll not wait. 如果這意味著拖延一個(gè)多星期，我就不等了。
I mean to help you, and nothing else. 我想幫助你們，沒(méi)別的。
我不是想傷害你，對(duì)不起?！鶬 didn’t mean to hurt you. I’m sorry.
宣布臺(tái) 獨(dú)就是對(duì)中國(guó)宣戰(zhàn)。→Declaring Taiwan independent means declaring war on China.
(8) go on to do sth.做了一件事又去做另一件
go on doing sth繼續(xù)做原來(lái)的事情
例如：
After he finished his maths, he went on to do his physics. 他作完數(shù)學(xué)后，接著又做物理。
I hope it won’t go on raining all day long. 我希望這雨別一天下個(gè)沒(méi)完。
【篇四：現(xiàn)在分詞和過(guò)去分詞的區(qū)別】
(1)在語(yǔ)態(tài)上現(xiàn)在分詞表示主動(dòng)的意思，表示它所修飾的人或物的行為;及物動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞表示被動(dòng)的意思，表示它所修飾的人或物是動(dòng)作的承受者。換言之，現(xiàn)在分詞是它修飾的成分所作出的動(dòng)作，過(guò)去分詞是它修飾的成分所承受的動(dòng)作。
例如：
convincing facts 有說(shuō)服力的事實(shí) / convinced audience 被說(shuō)服了的聽(tīng)眾
the exploiting class 剝削階級(jí) / the exploited class被剝削階級(jí)
a frightening dog一條讓人害怕的狗 / a frightened dog一條被嚇壞了的狗
driving gears主動(dòng)齒輪 / driven gears從動(dòng)齒輪
(2)在時(shí)間上，現(xiàn)在分詞往往表示動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行，過(guò)去分詞表示動(dòng)作已完成。
例如：
the rising sun (正在升起的太陽(yáng)) / the risen sun(升起的太陽(yáng))
the falling rain(正在下的雨)/ the fallen leaves(落下的樹(shù)葉)
stolen money(被盜的錢(qián)/偷來(lái)的錢(qián))/ill-gotten wealth(不義之財(cái))
a high-flying kite(高飛的風(fēng)箏)
再看一些例子：
boiling water 沸騰的水/boiled water 開(kāi)水/developing countries 發(fā)展中國(guó)家/developed countries 發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家/an exciting story 令人激動(dòng)的故事/ excited people 激動(dòng)的人們
(2)在時(shí)間上，現(xiàn)在分詞往往表示動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行，過(guò)去分詞表示動(dòng)作已完成。
再看一些例子：
surprising news令人驚訝的消息/a surprised man受驚嚇的人/an inspiring leader具有號(hào)召力的領(lǐng)袖/the inspired soldiers受到鼓舞的士兵/a delighted speech令人高興的演說(shuō)/the delighted audience(感到)高興的聽(tīng)眾/a moving film動(dòng)人的電影/the moved children受到感到的孩子們/a box containing tea裝茶葉的盒子/the tea contained in a box裝在盒里的茶葉/ falling snow正在下的雪/fallen snow box落在地上的雪
(3)做表語(yǔ)時(shí)的不同?，F(xiàn)在分詞做表語(yǔ)表示主語(yǔ)所具有的特征，意思是“令人如何”。過(guò)去分詞多表示主語(yǔ)所處的狀態(tài)，意思是“感到如何”。
例如：
His lecture is disappointing。I’m disappointed。他的演講令人失望。我感到失望。
We are surprised to hear the news。The news is surprising。我們聽(tīng)到那消息吃了一驚。那消息令人吃驚。
The situation is encouraging。 We’re encouraged。形式使人鼓舞。我們感到鼓舞。
常用的還有：amusing/amused，astonishing/astonished，disappointing/disappointed，exciting/excited，frightening/frightened，interesting interested，moving/moved， relaxing/relaxed，satisfying/satisfied，shocking/shocked，surprising/surprised，terrifying/terrified，tiring/tired，worrying/worried等等。
(4)做狀語(yǔ)的區(qū)別，分詞短語(yǔ)在句中可做時(shí)間、原因、方式、伴隨狀語(yǔ)?，F(xiàn)在分詞的動(dòng)作和謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作同時(shí)或幾乎同時(shí)發(fā)生、意思是主動(dòng)的。而過(guò)去分詞的動(dòng)作在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作之前發(fā)生、意思是被動(dòng)的。
例如：
Seeing nobody at home，she decided to leave them a note?？吹?jīng)]人在家，她決定給他們留個(gè)條。(主動(dòng)意義，幾乎同時(shí))
The secretary worked late into the night，preparing a speech for the president。秘書(shū)工作到晚上很晚，給總統(tǒng)準(zhǔn)備一篇演說(shuō)。(主動(dòng)意義，同時(shí))
Tired of the noise，he closed the window。對(duì)噪音感到厭煩，所以他把窗戶(hù)關(guān)上。(被動(dòng)意義，在謂語(yǔ)之前)
Deeply moved，she thanked me again and again。她深深地受了感動(dòng)，再三謝我。(被動(dòng)意義，在謂語(yǔ)之前)
Persuade by my mother，she gladly went there alone。在我母親勸說(shuō)下，她才高興地獨(dú)自去那里。(被動(dòng)意義，在謂語(yǔ)之前)
如果現(xiàn)在分詞的動(dòng)作在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作之前發(fā)生，現(xiàn)在分詞要用完成形式，但意思仍然是主動(dòng)的。
例如：
Having watered the vegetables，they began to pick up the Apples。=After they had watered the vegetables，they began to pick up the apples。他們澆完了蔬菜之后就開(kāi)始摘蘋(píng)果。
Having finished the work，he packed his tools and left。完工后，他收拾起工具走了。
分詞做狀語(yǔ)時(shí)，前面可用連詞或介詞。
例如：
After eating my dinner quickly，I went to see Jim off。我趕快吃過(guò)晚飯就去給吉姆送行。
Though built before the Second World War，the engine is still in good condition。盡管是在二戰(zhàn)以前建的，這引擎仍然處于良好狀態(tài)。
Unless paying by credit card，please pay in cash。如果不用信用卡付款，請(qǐng)用現(xiàn)金付。
Tom will never do this unless compelled。湯姆永遠(yuǎn)也不會(huì)干這種事，除非被逼無(wú)奈。
She’s been quite different since coming back from America。從美國(guó)回來(lái)后，她大變了。
【篇五：分詞】
分詞有現(xiàn)在分詞和過(guò)去分詞兩種。
作為謂語(yǔ)，現(xiàn)在分詞和be 一起構(gòu)成進(jìn)行時(shí);過(guò)去分詞和be一起構(gòu)成被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，和have一起構(gòu)成完成時(shí)。
例如：
I am reading a novel by Maupassant. 我正在看一本莫泊桑寫(xiě)的小說(shuō)。(現(xiàn)在分詞和be 一起表示主語(yǔ)正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。)
Mr. Robinson has drunk five glasses of wine already. 魯賓遜先生已經(jīng)喝了五杯酒了。(過(guò)去分詞和have 一起表示主語(yǔ)已經(jīng)完成的動(dòng)作。)
The gold fish bowl was broken by Xiao Tao just now. 金魚(yú)缸剛才被小陶打破了。(過(guò)去分詞和be 一起表示主語(yǔ)是動(dòng)作的承受者。)
作為非謂語(yǔ)形式，分詞可用作形容詞和副詞，在句子中充當(dāng)定語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、補(bǔ)語(yǔ)和狀語(yǔ)。但它仍保持動(dòng)詞的一般特征，可以有自己的賓語(yǔ)和狀語(yǔ)。分詞和自己的賓語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)構(gòu)成分詞短語(yǔ)。
現(xiàn)在分詞有一般式和完成式。它的一般式表示和謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生的行為或存在的狀態(tài);它的完成式(having + 過(guò)去分詞)表示在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作之前發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)。
現(xiàn)在分詞有主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)和被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)(being + 過(guò)去分詞)。
過(guò)去分詞只有一般式，表示在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作之前發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。過(guò)去分詞(及物動(dòng)詞)本身可以表示被動(dòng)的含義，因而沒(méi)有別的被動(dòng)形式。
例如：
Having failed three times, he didn’t want to try again. (=As he had failed three times, he didn’t want to try again.) 他失敗了三次，不想再干了。(having failed 表示發(fā)生在前的動(dòng)作)
Walking along the sands, Crusoe saw in the sand the mark of a man’s foot. (=While he was walking along the sands, Crusoe…) 克魯索沿著沙灘走的時(shí)候，看見(jiàn)沙上有人的腳印。(walking 表示同時(shí)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作)
The question being discussed seems important. (=The question is being discussed. It seems important.) 正在討論的問(wèn)題似乎很重要。
The old days are gone. 舊時(shí)代一去不復(fù)返了。(gone 表示完成的狀態(tài))
I had my hair cut yesterday. 我昨天理發(fā)了。(cut 是及物動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞，表示“被人理發(fā)”。)
分詞的否定形式是在分詞短語(yǔ)前面加上not, never等否定詞構(gòu)成。
例如：
Not fearing the fire, the child touched and got a finger burnt. 小孩兒不知道怕火，用手去摸，把手指燙了。
Not knowing how to find the subway, I asked a policeman for help. 我不知道怎樣找到地鐵，就去找警察幫忙。
【篇六：動(dòng)名詞的完成式和被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)】
(1)完成式表示動(dòng)名詞的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作之前。例如：
I apologize for having broken my promise. 我沒(méi)有遵守諾言，我道歉。
I don’t remember having talked with him before. 我不記得以前曾和他談過(guò)話。
恨不相逢未嫁時(shí)。 → I regret not having met you before my marriage/before I got married.
(2)當(dāng)動(dòng)名詞的邏輯主語(yǔ)是動(dòng)名詞動(dòng)作的對(duì)象或承受者時(shí)，動(dòng)名詞要用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。例如：
I could no longer stand being treated like that. 我再也不能忍受被那樣對(duì)待。
She was proud of having been trained in the U.K. 在英國(guó)受過(guò)訓(xùn)，她感到自豪。
他不喜歡嘲笑別人。 →He doesn’t like laughing at others.
他不喜歡被人嘲笑?！鶫e doesn’t like being laughed at.