努力的苦讀，把你的實(shí)力全部發(fā)揮，所有關(guān)愛著你的人，都會為你祝福、祈禱，努力備考，相信你會考出滿意的成績，考入理想院校！以下是為大家整理的《2018年考博英語閱讀經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)人文章每日精析【三篇】》 供您查閱。
【第一篇：當(dāng)代藝術(shù)事業(yè)】
Contemporary art當(dāng)代藝術(shù)
Join the queue來一起排排隊
~Managing one African-American artist’s career經(jīng)營好非裔美國藝術(shù)家的事業(yè)
Sep 24th 2016 | From the print edition2016年9月24日|來自印刷版
The smile is real
NJIDEKA AKUNYILI CROSBY, a young artist based in Los Angeles, is currently the talk of the art world. Dozens of wealthy collectors want to buy her latest works, yet none is for sale—at least, not to private individuals.如今公司總部位于洛杉磯的年輕藝術(shù)家NJIDEKA AKUNYILI CROSBY成為了藝術(shù)界的話題女王。許多富有的收藏家都想買到她最近的作品，然而至今沒有一幅作品可供出售——至少沒有賣給私人收藏家。
the talk of ...... 非常流行的東西;熱門話題;風(fēng)靡; Ms Crosby’s first European solo show will open at the Victoria Miro Gallery in London on October 4th, the week that Frieze Art Fair starts. Now 33, she moved from Nigeria to America at the age of 16. Her “Afropolitan” identity has forged a highly distinctive visual style. She works mostly on paper, creating large-scale interiors that combine serene human figures with dense areas of collage and image-transfer that subversively evoke her Nigerian heritage. “Her paintings have a distinct vocabulary,” says Glenn Scott Wright, a director at Victoria Miro, which represents Ms Crosby. “You can go around an art fair with 10,000 works and you would know hers immediately.”10月4日，Crosby 女士的首個歐洲個展將會在倫敦維多利亞米羅畫廊開放。這一周也正值弗雷茲藝術(shù)博覽會開幕。她十六歲時從尼日利亞搬往美國，如今她已經(jīng)33歲了?！胺侵薮蠖紩钡倪@一層身份打造了她這種非常獨(dú)特的視覺風(fēng)格。她大多在紙上作畫，并創(chuàng)造出龐大的作品內(nèi)核——把平靜的人物形象和密集的圖畫拼接、圖像轉(zhuǎn)移結(jié)合在一起，這*了她的尼日利亞文化傳承?！八漠嬘幸环N獨(dú)特的韻味”，Crosby 女士的代表、維多利亞米羅的理事Glenn Scott Wright如是說?！澳隳茉趨⒂^藝術(shù)博覽會時，在10000幅畫作中一眼看出她的作品。”
Afropolitan非洲大都會;Forge 鍛造Serene 寧靜的、平靜的Subversively*地; In June, at the Art Basel fair in Switzerland, the gallery sold Ms Crosby’s “Super Blue Omo” (pictured), a painting from 2016. The buyer was the Norton Museum of Art in West Palm Beach, Florida. Having held the first major museum survey of the artist earlier this year as part of its “Recognition of Art by Women” series, it was at the head of a queue of more than a dozen public institutions waiting to buy Ms Crosby’s painstakingly crafted works. Victoria Miro has pitched the prices at below $100,000, enabling museums to buy with their own funds.在7月瑞士的巴爾塞爾藝術(shù)博覽會上，畫廊賣出了Crosby 女士2016年的畫作“Super Blue Omo”(如圖)。買家是位于佛羅倫薩的西棕櫚海灘的諾頓藝術(shù)博物館。今年早些時候，諾頓博物館就已經(jīng)開始首個主要的對藝術(shù)家的博物館研究，并將其作為“對女性繪畫藝術(shù)的認(rèn)可”這一系列的一部分。數(shù)不勝數(shù)的公共機(jī)構(gòu)等著買Ms Crosby女士花費(fèi)很大心血手繪的作品，而諾頓博物館就是這里的領(lǐng)頭羊。維多利亞米羅已經(jīng)開出了少于100000美元的價錢使得博物館們能用他們自己的?？钯I得畫作。
painstakingly費(fèi)利地;煞費(fèi)苦心地
In March at the Armory Show in New York, Victoria Miro offered a self-portrait diptych, showing Ms Crosby seated on a wooden chair, that was bought by the Whitney Museum of American Art. Displayed, at the artist’s request, unframed and suspended from metal clips, it can currently be seen in the museum’s “Human Interest: Portraits from the Whitney’s Collection” exhibition in New York. Other works have been acquired by Tate Modern in London, the Museum of Modern Art in New York, the Los Angeles County Museum of Art and the Yale University Art Gallery讀者試譯句。應(yīng)畫家要求，這幅畫并沒有鑲框，并用金屬夾懸掛在空中，現(xiàn)在你能在紐約“人情趣味：惠特尼自畫像藏品”展覽中見到它。倫敦泰特現(xiàn)代博物館、紐約現(xiàn)代藝術(shù)博物館、洛杉磯郡藝術(shù)博物館和耶魯大學(xué)美術(shù)館已經(jīng)得到其他的作品。
self-portrait 自畫像; “Super Blue Omo” will be one of ten works in Victoria Miro’s Crosby show, “Portals”. About half of these will be new paintings that will be for sale, but only to public museums (private museums also cannot buy her work). “We don’t want her art to become all about money and reselling,” says Mr Scott Wright, who estimates that it will take another two years before Victoria Miro begins to offer the artist’s work to private collectors.維多利亞米羅Crosby個展“Portals”將展出十幅作品，Super Blue Omo將會是其中之一。大概一半的作品將會是待售的新作，但是僅會出售給公共博物館(私有博物館也不能買她的畫作)?！拔覀儾幌胨漠嫵錆M了銅臭味，被一再的倒賣” Scott Wright說到。但他估計不到兩年維多利亞米羅將會開始把藝術(shù)家的畫賣給私人收藏家們。
Meanwhile, the waiting list of museums has risen to 18. For all Victoria Miro’s attempts to keep the stopper in, though, the resale market for Ms Crosby’s work may be about to be released from the bottle. On September 29th, at Sotheby’s, a private New York collector is selling “Untitled”, a painting from 2011, at an estimated price of $18,000-$25,000. With its pair of bare feet in front of a mirror, this might not be the most alluring of her compositions. But it is the first to appear at auction. Food for the impatient.與此同時，等著購買的博物館數(shù)量已經(jīng)上升到18個。Crosby的作品就像是一瓶酒，雖然維多利亞米羅嘗試把酒塞蓋上，但是酒香不怕巷子深，Crosby女士作品的倒賣市場依舊能從瓶子散發(fā)出來。在9月29日蘇富比拍賣行，一個紐約私人收藏家正在賣2011年的畫作“Untitled”，估價18000—25000美元。光滑的雙足站在鏡前，這可能不是她最魅惑的作品。但是這是它第一次現(xiàn)身競拍?？礃幼邮詹丶覀円呀?jīng)饑不可耐了。
【第二篇：讓字典不再老套】
Johnson
約翰遜
Lexicography unbound
釋放自由的字典編纂
Dictionaries have found their ideal format
字典找到了理想版式
Oct 29th 2016 | From the print edition
2016年10月29日|來自印刷版
THERE is something comforting in a dictionary: right angles, a pleasing heft, reassuringly rigid covers. A new one is tight, a bright sheaf of discoveries yet to be made; an old one is a musty but trusted cosy friend. A good dictionary is the classic school-leaving gift from ambitious parents to their children. A great dictionary might even be passed on through several generations.
在一部字典里，確實(shí)有些令人歡喜的地方：四四方方的角、合適的重量、高品質(zhì)的硬面書皮。一部新的字典裝訂牢固，充滿了許多令人驚喜的待挖掘之處;一部老字典帶著發(fā)霉的味道，卻成了我們值得信賴的親密朋友。望子成龍的父母會把一部好的字典作為孩子的畢業(yè)禮物。一部好的字典甚至可以傳承幾代人。
Lexicography ：字典編纂
heft ：重量
pass on： 傳遞 ，繼續(xù)
But maybe the most reassuring thing about a dictionary is its finite nature. A small dictionary contains all the words you need to know, and a really big one seems to contain all the words in existence. Having one nearby seems to say that the language has boundaries, and reasonable ones at that.
但是也許最令人激動的是一部字典自身的有限性。一本小型字典涵蓋了你需要知道的所有單詞，同時一本大的字典則似乎飽含了所有存在的的詞匯。身邊備著本字典似乎意味著：語言是有界限的，并且這些界限來得很合理。
at that： 而且
It might surprise dictionary-owners to know that most lexicographers do not think of their subject in this way at all. The decision to impose a page-count on a dictionary is in fact a painful one. Definitions can almost never cover the full complexity of a word, even in huge dictionaries. And even more painful is leaving words out simply for reasons of space.
然而對字典所有者來說，令人驚訝的是：大部分詞典編纂者絲毫不這么認(rèn)為。給字典設(shè)置頁數(shù)限制著實(shí)痛苦。因為即使是一本很厚的字典，單詞的定義也無法完全囊括該詞的復(fù)雜性。更讓人痛苦的是有一些詞不記入字典，僅僅是因為篇幅問題。
Many readers think that something is a “real word” if it’s “in the dictionary” (raising the question of which of the hundreds of English dictionaries they mean). But lexicographers don’t like to regard themselves as letting the trusty words in and keeping the bad guys out. Erin McKean, who left traditional lexicography to found an online dictionary, Wordnik, explained why she chose a format that could allow virtually limitless entries: “I don’t want to be a traffic cop!”
許多讀者認(rèn)為如果這個詞出現(xiàn)在字典中，它才真正算是一個真正的詞(人們的問題會在數(shù)以百計的字典中找到答案)。但是編纂者并不想成為一個只讓可靠的詞納入詞典，忽略不好詞匯的人。艾琳 麥基恩辭掉了傳統(tǒng)的字典編纂工作，創(chuàng)立了網(wǎng)上詞典——Wordnik。艾琳還解釋了她選擇這種形式，是因為它實(shí)際上對詞目，詞條無限制，說道：“我可不想做一個詞語交警!”
Lexicographers prefer to think they are a different kind of cop: the kind in the title of John Simpson’s “The Word Detective”, published in October, a memoir of his time as editor-in-chief of the Oxford English Dictionary (OED). Mr Simpson’s lexicography career began in the 1970s, scouring books for example usages and writing them down on notecards. (The original OED was published in alphabetically consecutive volumes between 1884 and 1928; Mr Simpson worked on the supplement of new words and meanings.) In 1982 a new boss shocked the then-editor with a plan to computerise the dictionary’s ways: both the lexicographic work itself, with digital research files, and its outcome, an OED on compact disc. But that wasn’t the final shape either: by the end of Mr Simpson’s tenure in 2013, the OED’s flagship product was a website with entries richly linked to one another and updated at regular intervals.
字典編纂者傾向于認(rèn)為他們是一種特殊的警察，就是約翰 辛普森所說的“ 文字偵探”， 這本書于10月出版，記錄了他當(dāng)牛津英文詞典總編輯的歲月。約翰的詞典編纂生涯始于19世紀(jì)70年代，他過去常常從書中找出慣例用法，然后記錄到筆記卡上。(傳統(tǒng)上的牛津詞典在1884到1928年間出版了按字母順序的連續(xù)卷，約翰增補(bǔ)了一些新的單詞和新的意思。)1982年，新上任的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)準(zhǔn)備用計算機(jī)處理的方法來編纂詞典，這讓那時的編輯很是吃驚：編纂與數(shù)字研究文檔結(jié)合起來的結(jié)果就是把詞典做成便于攜帶的光盤，但這還不是最終的版本。2013年，辛普森任期結(jié)束的時候，《牛津詞典》的旗艦產(chǎn)品是一個詞條豐富，和其他網(wǎng)站鏈接，定期更新的網(wǎng)站。
cop： 警察
alphabetically ：按字母順序的
A dictionary is really a database; it has fields for headword, pronunciation, etymology, definition, and in the case of historical dictionaries like the OED, citations of past usages. Its natural home is one that allows the reader to consult it in any way that makes sense. Look up a single word. Or look up all the citations by a single author. Or those which share a root: only such a tool can tell you that the OED knows of 1,011 words ending in –ology, against 508 with –ography.
一部詞典真的就是一所語料庫;它包括詞目，發(fā)音，語源，定義以及在那種老字號的字典中會引用過去的用法，比如《牛津詞典》。能夠讓字典擁有者以任何角度查詢都能夠解釋得通，是字典的自然屬性。你可以查閱一個單詞，可以查閱某位作者的引用，或者看哪些詞共享一個詞根：例如《牛津詞典》可以告訴你1011個以-ology結(jié)尾的單詞，而以ography結(jié)尾的單詞僅有508個。
database ：資料庫
etymology ：語源
consult ：查詢
When a new word like “grok” appears or the word like “marriage” expands, as it has recently, readers need not wait for years for a new print dictionary. Once the new word or meaning seems here to stay, it can be added in an instant. The OED is conservative: a rule of thumb is to wait until a word has hung on for at least ten years. But the principle is to catch all of the language in use, and not merely to admit the good words, whatever those are.
當(dāng)一個新詞的出現(xiàn)，比如：“grok”神交這個詞，或者像“婚姻”這個詞的擴(kuò)展意，立刻就可以得到它的意思，讀者們不用等多年后，再次新出版的詞典中獲取。一旦一個新詞或者一個新意有人提出，它就會立即被加入詞條。牛津詞典比較保守：它堅守一條很重要法則就是這個詞至少使用10年以上才會被納入詞典。但是字典的原則是捕捉所有在用語言，而不僅僅是只吸收好的詞語。
Ten years is still a long time. Lexicographers, aware that people still look to them for guidance on what is a “real” word and what isn’t, whether or not they like this role, can still be conservative. Those who long for a conservative dictionary should seek one, but this is not the only way of doing things. “Green’s Dictionary of Slang” first appeared as a chunky three-volume work of historical lexicography in 2010, with over 100,000 entries. But Jonathon Green did not hang up his hat when the books hit the shelves; he went on to add an online edition that was to be continually updated.
10年依舊很漫長。因為人們依賴于編纂者們在詞語上的引導(dǎo)，即哪些可以納入詞典成為一個有名分的詞，無論字典編纂者們是否喜歡擔(dān)當(dāng)這樣的角色，編纂者依舊堅持保守的原則。那些偏好保守字典的人可以用保守型字典，但這不能要求所有人都用保守型字典?！陡窳仲嫡Z詞典》在2010年首次出版是被作為一本厚重的3卷歷史詞典，該字典收錄了超過100，000個詞目。但是，當(dāng)詞典上架后，喬納森 格林也沒有停止工作。他繼續(xù)在網(wǎng)站上增補(bǔ)，編輯，不斷更新。
hang one's up hat 停止工作
At the free-for-all end are the online and completely crowdsourced dictionaries from Wiktionary to Urban Dictionary. Whatever one may think of the latter—which includes terms of rank racist and misogynist abuse as well as a broad fare of drug- and sex-related terms—it is useful, allowing oldies to find out what their kids are talking about. That may be an inversion of the old dictionary, the graduation present—but discovery, in whatever format, is after all what dictionaries are for.
公開、免費(fèi)的另一面是流傳于網(wǎng)絡(luò)的、采取完全眾包形式的字典，例如《維基詞典》到《城市詞典》。期待您的翻譯。這很有可能顛倒了過去可當(dāng)作畢業(yè)禮物的字典形象，然而，無論以什么形式，這些新式字典所追求的依舊是所有字典所堅持的。
crowdscourced ：眾包
【第三篇：語言之間那點(diǎn)事兒】
Similarities in language語言中的相似之處
You say potato...隨你怎能說都行……
Distant languages sound more similar than you might expect相距甚遠(yuǎn)的語言單詞發(fā)音驚人地相似
Sep 17th 2016 | From the print edition2016年9月17日 | 摘自印刷版
IN ENGLISH, the object on your face that smells things is called a “nose”, and, if you are generously endowed, you might describe it as “big”. The prevailing belief among linguists had been that the sounds used to form those words were arbitrary. But new work by a team led by Damian Blasi, a language scientist at the University of Zurich, and published in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, suggests that may not be true—and that the same sounds may be used in words for the same concepts across many different languages.
在英語中，臉上用來聞氣味的部位被稱為“nose”，并且假如老天待你不薄的話，那么你的“nose”就可以用“big”來形容。大多語言學(xué)家都認(rèn)為，組成詞匯的發(fā)音具有隨意性。然而以蘇黎世大學(xué)的語言科學(xué)家DamianBlasi為首的一個團(tuán)隊有了新的發(fā)現(xiàn)，并且將其發(fā)表在了美國國家科學(xué)院學(xué)報上。文章指出，上述所述也許是有誤的，并指出相同發(fā)音也可以用來表示不同語言中的，表示同一概念的詞匯。
linguists：語言學(xué)家arbitrary：隨意的
Dr Blasi was struck by the fact that, although the idea that sounds were arbitrary was firmly entrenched, there was strikingly little evidence for it. So along with his team, which combined skills in anthropology, linguistics, cognitive science, history and statistics, he decided to examine as many languages as possible to see if it was true. They analysed word lists derived from 4,298 of the world’s 6,000-odd languages, which accounted for about 85% of its historical linguistic diversity.盡管“發(fā)音具有隨意性”這一觀點(diǎn)在語言學(xué)家的腦海中根深蒂固?？墒悄茏C明這一觀點(diǎn)的證據(jù)卻少得可憐。這一點(diǎn)讓 Blasi 博士感到震驚又困惑。所以他決定和他的團(tuán)隊——匯聚了人類學(xué)、語言學(xué)、認(rèn)知科學(xué)、歷史學(xué)和統(tǒng)計學(xué)人才德隊伍，一起研究盡可能多的語言來驗證上述觀點(diǎn)是否正確。他們分析研究了全球6000余種語言中的4298種語言的單詞表，涵蓋了有史以來85%的語言。
entrenched：根深蒂固的
They focused on words for 100 basic concepts, including the names of body parts, such as “bone” and “ear”, and natural phenomena, like “l(fā)eaf” and “star”. Verbs, including “bite”, the pronouns “I”, “you” and “we”, and descriptive properties, such as “red”, were also studied. The words were transcribed using a sort of universal alphabet that reduced all sounds to 34 distinct consonants and 7 vowels. Then they ran the numbers.他們主要研究了100個基本概念單詞，包括身體各部位的名稱，例如“bone”和“ear”;以及自然概念，例如“l(fā)eaf”和“star”。包括“bite”在內(nèi)的動詞，名詞“I”、“you”、“we”，以及例如“red”的這一類描述性屬性詞語。這些單詞均是由一種通用的字母系統(tǒng)——包括34個不同的輔音和7個元音，所構(gòu)成的。接下來他們逐一做了研究。
Dr Blasi knew that some words, such as “l(fā)anguage”, “l(fā)angue” and “l(fā)ingua”, would be similar because they have a common history. Others, including “sugar”, “tea” and “coffee”, have similar-sounding names in different languages because they are traded goods. The people exchanging them were thus exposed to each other and had strong incentives to make themselves understood. But even when keeping all of that in mind and trying to control for it, the team found a lot more consistency across languages than they had expected.Blasi博士知道像“l(fā)anguage”,"langue"和"lingua"這樣的單詞發(fā)音很相似，是因為它們起源相同。而其他單詞，比如"sugar","tea"和"coffee"，它們在不同的語言中的發(fā)音相似的原因是因為它們是交易商品。交換雙方是見面的并且都有強(qiáng)烈地想讓對方理解自己。然而即使他們把上述這些都記在了心里并試圖去控制，他們還是發(fā)現(xiàn)跨語言間的一致性現(xiàn)象，遠(yuǎn)比自己預(yù)想的要多。
The words for “nose”, for instance, often involve either an “n” sound or an “oo” sound, no matter the language in question. The concept of “round” was noticeably likely to be conveyed using a word containing the “r” sound. Employing an “s” sound in the word for “sand” is similarly common. In fact, the researchers found that almost a third of their 100 concepts had more similarities in the sounds used by languages to express them than expected. That suggests there must be some deeper reason for the commonalities.比如單詞"nose",無論是哪種語言，都會有"n"音或者"oo"音。很明顯跨語言間，round"這一概念是用一個包含"r"音的單詞來表達(dá)的。類似的還有，"sand"中的"s"音的使用。事實(shí)上，研究員發(fā)現(xiàn)，跨語言的100個概念詞中有大概三分之一的詞匯的發(fā)音上都比他們想象中的更相似。這表明這些共性的背后還有隱藏著某些更深層次的原因。
There are several theories. One is that some objects have names whose sounds bring them to mind, a sort of “sound symbolism”. Employing a nasal “n” sound to name a nose would be one example. Another is that sensory associations play a role. Studies have found that people routinely associate darker colours with lower sounds and lighter colours with higher ones, for instance. Such shared synaesthesia might account for some of the similarities. Or the commonalities might be leftovers from some ancient, now-forgotten proto-language.(讀者試譯)對此有許多觀點(diǎn)。一種觀點(diǎn)認(rèn)為是有些單詞的發(fā)音可以使人們聯(lián)想到這個單詞。這是一種“語音象征”。例如，使用鼻音“n”指代鼻子。另一種觀點(diǎn)則是感官聯(lián)系發(fā)揮作用。舉例來講，研究表明人們通常用用低音來表示深色，用高音來表示淺色。這樣共用的聯(lián)覺可能是導(dǎo)致相似性的原因之一。(讀者試譯。)
synaesthesia：共同感覺proto-language：母語，祖語，原語言 Dr Blasi and his colleagues are reluctant, at this stage, to endorse one theory over another. But there is a more prosaic possibility—expediency. “Huh” is a word that has been found to be remarkably similar across languages. “It’s cheap, short and understandable,” says Dr Blasi—convenient for something you might say hundreds of times a day. Ditto for a pronoun like “I”. Perhaps parsimony is what ultimately unites the world.在現(xiàn)階段Blasi博士和他的同事還不愿意去支持某種理論而否定另一種。然而還有一種更令人乏味的可能性——方便。研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，"huh"(. 哼!;哈!表示輕蔑、疑問或驚異等)這一單詞在不同語言中都驚人地相似。Blasi博士說：“這很簡單，短小又易懂——對于一個一天能說幾百遍的單詞來說這很方便”。代詞"I"也是同上。或許就是這種簡約性把世界聯(lián)系到了一起。
【第一篇：當(dāng)代藝術(shù)事業(yè)】
Contemporary art當(dāng)代藝術(shù)
Join the queue來一起排排隊
~Managing one African-American artist’s career經(jīng)營好非裔美國藝術(shù)家的事業(yè)
Sep 24th 2016 | From the print edition2016年9月24日|來自印刷版
The smile is real
NJIDEKA AKUNYILI CROSBY, a young artist based in Los Angeles, is currently the talk of the art world. Dozens of wealthy collectors want to buy her latest works, yet none is for sale—at least, not to private individuals.如今公司總部位于洛杉磯的年輕藝術(shù)家NJIDEKA AKUNYILI CROSBY成為了藝術(shù)界的話題女王。許多富有的收藏家都想買到她最近的作品，然而至今沒有一幅作品可供出售——至少沒有賣給私人收藏家。
the talk of ...... 非常流行的東西;熱門話題;風(fēng)靡; Ms Crosby’s first European solo show will open at the Victoria Miro Gallery in London on October 4th, the week that Frieze Art Fair starts. Now 33, she moved from Nigeria to America at the age of 16. Her “Afropolitan” identity has forged a highly distinctive visual style. She works mostly on paper, creating large-scale interiors that combine serene human figures with dense areas of collage and image-transfer that subversively evoke her Nigerian heritage. “Her paintings have a distinct vocabulary,” says Glenn Scott Wright, a director at Victoria Miro, which represents Ms Crosby. “You can go around an art fair with 10,000 works and you would know hers immediately.”10月4日，Crosby 女士的首個歐洲個展將會在倫敦維多利亞米羅畫廊開放。這一周也正值弗雷茲藝術(shù)博覽會開幕。她十六歲時從尼日利亞搬往美國，如今她已經(jīng)33歲了?！胺侵薮蠖紩钡倪@一層身份打造了她這種非常獨(dú)特的視覺風(fēng)格。她大多在紙上作畫，并創(chuàng)造出龐大的作品內(nèi)核——把平靜的人物形象和密集的圖畫拼接、圖像轉(zhuǎn)移結(jié)合在一起，這*了她的尼日利亞文化傳承?！八漠嬘幸环N獨(dú)特的韻味”，Crosby 女士的代表、維多利亞米羅的理事Glenn Scott Wright如是說?！澳隳茉趨⒂^藝術(shù)博覽會時，在10000幅畫作中一眼看出她的作品。”
Afropolitan非洲大都會;Forge 鍛造Serene 寧靜的、平靜的Subversively*地; In June, at the Art Basel fair in Switzerland, the gallery sold Ms Crosby’s “Super Blue Omo” (pictured), a painting from 2016. The buyer was the Norton Museum of Art in West Palm Beach, Florida. Having held the first major museum survey of the artist earlier this year as part of its “Recognition of Art by Women” series, it was at the head of a queue of more than a dozen public institutions waiting to buy Ms Crosby’s painstakingly crafted works. Victoria Miro has pitched the prices at below $100,000, enabling museums to buy with their own funds.在7月瑞士的巴爾塞爾藝術(shù)博覽會上，畫廊賣出了Crosby 女士2016年的畫作“Super Blue Omo”(如圖)。買家是位于佛羅倫薩的西棕櫚海灘的諾頓藝術(shù)博物館。今年早些時候，諾頓博物館就已經(jīng)開始首個主要的對藝術(shù)家的博物館研究，并將其作為“對女性繪畫藝術(shù)的認(rèn)可”這一系列的一部分。數(shù)不勝數(shù)的公共機(jī)構(gòu)等著買Ms Crosby女士花費(fèi)很大心血手繪的作品，而諾頓博物館就是這里的領(lǐng)頭羊。維多利亞米羅已經(jīng)開出了少于100000美元的價錢使得博物館們能用他們自己的?？钯I得畫作。
painstakingly費(fèi)利地;煞費(fèi)苦心地
In March at the Armory Show in New York, Victoria Miro offered a self-portrait diptych, showing Ms Crosby seated on a wooden chair, that was bought by the Whitney Museum of American Art. Displayed, at the artist’s request, unframed and suspended from metal clips, it can currently be seen in the museum’s “Human Interest: Portraits from the Whitney’s Collection” exhibition in New York. Other works have been acquired by Tate Modern in London, the Museum of Modern Art in New York, the Los Angeles County Museum of Art and the Yale University Art Gallery讀者試譯句。應(yīng)畫家要求，這幅畫并沒有鑲框，并用金屬夾懸掛在空中，現(xiàn)在你能在紐約“人情趣味：惠特尼自畫像藏品”展覽中見到它。倫敦泰特現(xiàn)代博物館、紐約現(xiàn)代藝術(shù)博物館、洛杉磯郡藝術(shù)博物館和耶魯大學(xué)美術(shù)館已經(jīng)得到其他的作品。
self-portrait 自畫像; “Super Blue Omo” will be one of ten works in Victoria Miro’s Crosby show, “Portals”. About half of these will be new paintings that will be for sale, but only to public museums (private museums also cannot buy her work). “We don’t want her art to become all about money and reselling,” says Mr Scott Wright, who estimates that it will take another two years before Victoria Miro begins to offer the artist’s work to private collectors.維多利亞米羅Crosby個展“Portals”將展出十幅作品，Super Blue Omo將會是其中之一。大概一半的作品將會是待售的新作，但是僅會出售給公共博物館(私有博物館也不能買她的畫作)?！拔覀儾幌胨漠嫵錆M了銅臭味，被一再的倒賣” Scott Wright說到。但他估計不到兩年維多利亞米羅將會開始把藝術(shù)家的畫賣給私人收藏家們。
Meanwhile, the waiting list of museums has risen to 18. For all Victoria Miro’s attempts to keep the stopper in, though, the resale market for Ms Crosby’s work may be about to be released from the bottle. On September 29th, at Sotheby’s, a private New York collector is selling “Untitled”, a painting from 2011, at an estimated price of $18,000-$25,000. With its pair of bare feet in front of a mirror, this might not be the most alluring of her compositions. But it is the first to appear at auction. Food for the impatient.與此同時，等著購買的博物館數(shù)量已經(jīng)上升到18個。Crosby的作品就像是一瓶酒，雖然維多利亞米羅嘗試把酒塞蓋上，但是酒香不怕巷子深，Crosby女士作品的倒賣市場依舊能從瓶子散發(fā)出來。在9月29日蘇富比拍賣行，一個紐約私人收藏家正在賣2011年的畫作“Untitled”，估價18000—25000美元。光滑的雙足站在鏡前，這可能不是她最魅惑的作品。但是這是它第一次現(xiàn)身競拍?？礃幼邮詹丶覀円呀?jīng)饑不可耐了。
【第二篇：讓字典不再老套】
Johnson
約翰遜
Lexicography unbound
釋放自由的字典編纂
Dictionaries have found their ideal format
字典找到了理想版式
Oct 29th 2016 | From the print edition
2016年10月29日|來自印刷版
THERE is something comforting in a dictionary: right angles, a pleasing heft, reassuringly rigid covers. A new one is tight, a bright sheaf of discoveries yet to be made; an old one is a musty but trusted cosy friend. A good dictionary is the classic school-leaving gift from ambitious parents to their children. A great dictionary might even be passed on through several generations.
在一部字典里，確實(shí)有些令人歡喜的地方：四四方方的角、合適的重量、高品質(zhì)的硬面書皮。一部新的字典裝訂牢固，充滿了許多令人驚喜的待挖掘之處;一部老字典帶著發(fā)霉的味道，卻成了我們值得信賴的親密朋友。望子成龍的父母會把一部好的字典作為孩子的畢業(yè)禮物。一部好的字典甚至可以傳承幾代人。
Lexicography ：字典編纂
heft ：重量
pass on： 傳遞 ，繼續(xù)
But maybe the most reassuring thing about a dictionary is its finite nature. A small dictionary contains all the words you need to know, and a really big one seems to contain all the words in existence. Having one nearby seems to say that the language has boundaries, and reasonable ones at that.
但是也許最令人激動的是一部字典自身的有限性。一本小型字典涵蓋了你需要知道的所有單詞，同時一本大的字典則似乎飽含了所有存在的的詞匯。身邊備著本字典似乎意味著：語言是有界限的，并且這些界限來得很合理。
at that： 而且
It might surprise dictionary-owners to know that most lexicographers do not think of their subject in this way at all. The decision to impose a page-count on a dictionary is in fact a painful one. Definitions can almost never cover the full complexity of a word, even in huge dictionaries. And even more painful is leaving words out simply for reasons of space.
然而對字典所有者來說，令人驚訝的是：大部分詞典編纂者絲毫不這么認(rèn)為。給字典設(shè)置頁數(shù)限制著實(shí)痛苦。因為即使是一本很厚的字典，單詞的定義也無法完全囊括該詞的復(fù)雜性。更讓人痛苦的是有一些詞不記入字典，僅僅是因為篇幅問題。
Many readers think that something is a “real word” if it’s “in the dictionary” (raising the question of which of the hundreds of English dictionaries they mean). But lexicographers don’t like to regard themselves as letting the trusty words in and keeping the bad guys out. Erin McKean, who left traditional lexicography to found an online dictionary, Wordnik, explained why she chose a format that could allow virtually limitless entries: “I don’t want to be a traffic cop!”
許多讀者認(rèn)為如果這個詞出現(xiàn)在字典中，它才真正算是一個真正的詞(人們的問題會在數(shù)以百計的字典中找到答案)。但是編纂者并不想成為一個只讓可靠的詞納入詞典，忽略不好詞匯的人。艾琳 麥基恩辭掉了傳統(tǒng)的字典編纂工作，創(chuàng)立了網(wǎng)上詞典——Wordnik。艾琳還解釋了她選擇這種形式，是因為它實(shí)際上對詞目，詞條無限制，說道：“我可不想做一個詞語交警!”
Lexicographers prefer to think they are a different kind of cop: the kind in the title of John Simpson’s “The Word Detective”, published in October, a memoir of his time as editor-in-chief of the Oxford English Dictionary (OED). Mr Simpson’s lexicography career began in the 1970s, scouring books for example usages and writing them down on notecards. (The original OED was published in alphabetically consecutive volumes between 1884 and 1928; Mr Simpson worked on the supplement of new words and meanings.) In 1982 a new boss shocked the then-editor with a plan to computerise the dictionary’s ways: both the lexicographic work itself, with digital research files, and its outcome, an OED on compact disc. But that wasn’t the final shape either: by the end of Mr Simpson’s tenure in 2013, the OED’s flagship product was a website with entries richly linked to one another and updated at regular intervals.
字典編纂者傾向于認(rèn)為他們是一種特殊的警察，就是約翰 辛普森所說的“ 文字偵探”， 這本書于10月出版，記錄了他當(dāng)牛津英文詞典總編輯的歲月。約翰的詞典編纂生涯始于19世紀(jì)70年代，他過去常常從書中找出慣例用法，然后記錄到筆記卡上。(傳統(tǒng)上的牛津詞典在1884到1928年間出版了按字母順序的連續(xù)卷，約翰增補(bǔ)了一些新的單詞和新的意思。)1982年，新上任的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)準(zhǔn)備用計算機(jī)處理的方法來編纂詞典，這讓那時的編輯很是吃驚：編纂與數(shù)字研究文檔結(jié)合起來的結(jié)果就是把詞典做成便于攜帶的光盤，但這還不是最終的版本。2013年，辛普森任期結(jié)束的時候，《牛津詞典》的旗艦產(chǎn)品是一個詞條豐富，和其他網(wǎng)站鏈接，定期更新的網(wǎng)站。
cop： 警察
alphabetically ：按字母順序的
A dictionary is really a database; it has fields for headword, pronunciation, etymology, definition, and in the case of historical dictionaries like the OED, citations of past usages. Its natural home is one that allows the reader to consult it in any way that makes sense. Look up a single word. Or look up all the citations by a single author. Or those which share a root: only such a tool can tell you that the OED knows of 1,011 words ending in –ology, against 508 with –ography.
一部詞典真的就是一所語料庫;它包括詞目，發(fā)音，語源，定義以及在那種老字號的字典中會引用過去的用法，比如《牛津詞典》。能夠讓字典擁有者以任何角度查詢都能夠解釋得通，是字典的自然屬性。你可以查閱一個單詞，可以查閱某位作者的引用，或者看哪些詞共享一個詞根：例如《牛津詞典》可以告訴你1011個以-ology結(jié)尾的單詞，而以ography結(jié)尾的單詞僅有508個。
database ：資料庫
etymology ：語源
consult ：查詢
When a new word like “grok” appears or the word like “marriage” expands, as it has recently, readers need not wait for years for a new print dictionary. Once the new word or meaning seems here to stay, it can be added in an instant. The OED is conservative: a rule of thumb is to wait until a word has hung on for at least ten years. But the principle is to catch all of the language in use, and not merely to admit the good words, whatever those are.
當(dāng)一個新詞的出現(xiàn)，比如：“grok”神交這個詞，或者像“婚姻”這個詞的擴(kuò)展意，立刻就可以得到它的意思，讀者們不用等多年后，再次新出版的詞典中獲取。一旦一個新詞或者一個新意有人提出，它就會立即被加入詞條。牛津詞典比較保守：它堅守一條很重要法則就是這個詞至少使用10年以上才會被納入詞典。但是字典的原則是捕捉所有在用語言，而不僅僅是只吸收好的詞語。
Ten years is still a long time. Lexicographers, aware that people still look to them for guidance on what is a “real” word and what isn’t, whether or not they like this role, can still be conservative. Those who long for a conservative dictionary should seek one, but this is not the only way of doing things. “Green’s Dictionary of Slang” first appeared as a chunky three-volume work of historical lexicography in 2010, with over 100,000 entries. But Jonathon Green did not hang up his hat when the books hit the shelves; he went on to add an online edition that was to be continually updated.
10年依舊很漫長。因為人們依賴于編纂者們在詞語上的引導(dǎo)，即哪些可以納入詞典成為一個有名分的詞，無論字典編纂者們是否喜歡擔(dān)當(dāng)這樣的角色，編纂者依舊堅持保守的原則。那些偏好保守字典的人可以用保守型字典，但這不能要求所有人都用保守型字典?！陡窳仲嫡Z詞典》在2010年首次出版是被作為一本厚重的3卷歷史詞典，該字典收錄了超過100，000個詞目。但是，當(dāng)詞典上架后，喬納森 格林也沒有停止工作。他繼續(xù)在網(wǎng)站上增補(bǔ)，編輯，不斷更新。
hang one's up hat 停止工作
At the free-for-all end are the online and completely crowdsourced dictionaries from Wiktionary to Urban Dictionary. Whatever one may think of the latter—which includes terms of rank racist and misogynist abuse as well as a broad fare of drug- and sex-related terms—it is useful, allowing oldies to find out what their kids are talking about. That may be an inversion of the old dictionary, the graduation present—but discovery, in whatever format, is after all what dictionaries are for.
公開、免費(fèi)的另一面是流傳于網(wǎng)絡(luò)的、采取完全眾包形式的字典，例如《維基詞典》到《城市詞典》。期待您的翻譯。這很有可能顛倒了過去可當(dāng)作畢業(yè)禮物的字典形象，然而，無論以什么形式，這些新式字典所追求的依舊是所有字典所堅持的。
crowdscourced ：眾包
【第三篇：語言之間那點(diǎn)事兒】
Similarities in language語言中的相似之處
You say potato...隨你怎能說都行……
Distant languages sound more similar than you might expect相距甚遠(yuǎn)的語言單詞發(fā)音驚人地相似
Sep 17th 2016 | From the print edition2016年9月17日 | 摘自印刷版
IN ENGLISH, the object on your face that smells things is called a “nose”, and, if you are generously endowed, you might describe it as “big”. The prevailing belief among linguists had been that the sounds used to form those words were arbitrary. But new work by a team led by Damian Blasi, a language scientist at the University of Zurich, and published in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, suggests that may not be true—and that the same sounds may be used in words for the same concepts across many different languages.
在英語中，臉上用來聞氣味的部位被稱為“nose”，并且假如老天待你不薄的話，那么你的“nose”就可以用“big”來形容。大多語言學(xué)家都認(rèn)為，組成詞匯的發(fā)音具有隨意性。然而以蘇黎世大學(xué)的語言科學(xué)家DamianBlasi為首的一個團(tuán)隊有了新的發(fā)現(xiàn)，并且將其發(fā)表在了美國國家科學(xué)院學(xué)報上。文章指出，上述所述也許是有誤的，并指出相同發(fā)音也可以用來表示不同語言中的，表示同一概念的詞匯。
linguists：語言學(xué)家arbitrary：隨意的
Dr Blasi was struck by the fact that, although the idea that sounds were arbitrary was firmly entrenched, there was strikingly little evidence for it. So along with his team, which combined skills in anthropology, linguistics, cognitive science, history and statistics, he decided to examine as many languages as possible to see if it was true. They analysed word lists derived from 4,298 of the world’s 6,000-odd languages, which accounted for about 85% of its historical linguistic diversity.盡管“發(fā)音具有隨意性”這一觀點(diǎn)在語言學(xué)家的腦海中根深蒂固?？墒悄茏C明這一觀點(diǎn)的證據(jù)卻少得可憐。這一點(diǎn)讓 Blasi 博士感到震驚又困惑。所以他決定和他的團(tuán)隊——匯聚了人類學(xué)、語言學(xué)、認(rèn)知科學(xué)、歷史學(xué)和統(tǒng)計學(xué)人才德隊伍，一起研究盡可能多的語言來驗證上述觀點(diǎn)是否正確。他們分析研究了全球6000余種語言中的4298種語言的單詞表，涵蓋了有史以來85%的語言。
entrenched：根深蒂固的
They focused on words for 100 basic concepts, including the names of body parts, such as “bone” and “ear”, and natural phenomena, like “l(fā)eaf” and “star”. Verbs, including “bite”, the pronouns “I”, “you” and “we”, and descriptive properties, such as “red”, were also studied. The words were transcribed using a sort of universal alphabet that reduced all sounds to 34 distinct consonants and 7 vowels. Then they ran the numbers.他們主要研究了100個基本概念單詞，包括身體各部位的名稱，例如“bone”和“ear”;以及自然概念，例如“l(fā)eaf”和“star”。包括“bite”在內(nèi)的動詞，名詞“I”、“you”、“we”，以及例如“red”的這一類描述性屬性詞語。這些單詞均是由一種通用的字母系統(tǒng)——包括34個不同的輔音和7個元音，所構(gòu)成的。接下來他們逐一做了研究。
Dr Blasi knew that some words, such as “l(fā)anguage”, “l(fā)angue” and “l(fā)ingua”, would be similar because they have a common history. Others, including “sugar”, “tea” and “coffee”, have similar-sounding names in different languages because they are traded goods. The people exchanging them were thus exposed to each other and had strong incentives to make themselves understood. But even when keeping all of that in mind and trying to control for it, the team found a lot more consistency across languages than they had expected.Blasi博士知道像“l(fā)anguage”,"langue"和"lingua"這樣的單詞發(fā)音很相似，是因為它們起源相同。而其他單詞，比如"sugar","tea"和"coffee"，它們在不同的語言中的發(fā)音相似的原因是因為它們是交易商品。交換雙方是見面的并且都有強(qiáng)烈地想讓對方理解自己。然而即使他們把上述這些都記在了心里并試圖去控制，他們還是發(fā)現(xiàn)跨語言間的一致性現(xiàn)象，遠(yuǎn)比自己預(yù)想的要多。
The words for “nose”, for instance, often involve either an “n” sound or an “oo” sound, no matter the language in question. The concept of “round” was noticeably likely to be conveyed using a word containing the “r” sound. Employing an “s” sound in the word for “sand” is similarly common. In fact, the researchers found that almost a third of their 100 concepts had more similarities in the sounds used by languages to express them than expected. That suggests there must be some deeper reason for the commonalities.比如單詞"nose",無論是哪種語言，都會有"n"音或者"oo"音。很明顯跨語言間，round"這一概念是用一個包含"r"音的單詞來表達(dá)的。類似的還有，"sand"中的"s"音的使用。事實(shí)上，研究員發(fā)現(xiàn)，跨語言的100個概念詞中有大概三分之一的詞匯的發(fā)音上都比他們想象中的更相似。這表明這些共性的背后還有隱藏著某些更深層次的原因。
There are several theories. One is that some objects have names whose sounds bring them to mind, a sort of “sound symbolism”. Employing a nasal “n” sound to name a nose would be one example. Another is that sensory associations play a role. Studies have found that people routinely associate darker colours with lower sounds and lighter colours with higher ones, for instance. Such shared synaesthesia might account for some of the similarities. Or the commonalities might be leftovers from some ancient, now-forgotten proto-language.(讀者試譯)對此有許多觀點(diǎn)。一種觀點(diǎn)認(rèn)為是有些單詞的發(fā)音可以使人們聯(lián)想到這個單詞。這是一種“語音象征”。例如，使用鼻音“n”指代鼻子。另一種觀點(diǎn)則是感官聯(lián)系發(fā)揮作用。舉例來講，研究表明人們通常用用低音來表示深色，用高音來表示淺色。這樣共用的聯(lián)覺可能是導(dǎo)致相似性的原因之一。(讀者試譯。)
synaesthesia：共同感覺proto-language：母語，祖語，原語言 Dr Blasi and his colleagues are reluctant, at this stage, to endorse one theory over another. But there is a more prosaic possibility—expediency. “Huh” is a word that has been found to be remarkably similar across languages. “It’s cheap, short and understandable,” says Dr Blasi—convenient for something you might say hundreds of times a day. Ditto for a pronoun like “I”. Perhaps parsimony is what ultimately unites the world.在現(xiàn)階段Blasi博士和他的同事還不愿意去支持某種理論而否定另一種。然而還有一種更令人乏味的可能性——方便。研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，"huh"(. 哼!;哈!表示輕蔑、疑問或驚異等)這一單詞在不同語言中都驚人地相似。Blasi博士說：“這很簡單，短小又易懂——對于一個一天能說幾百遍的單詞來說這很方便”。代詞"I"也是同上。或許就是這種簡約性把世界聯(lián)系到了一起。