為大家準(zhǔn)備了雅思閱讀練習(xí)題：Why music makes you happy。雅思模擬試題在雅思備考過(guò)程中所起的作用不可小覷，通過(guò)模擬練習(xí)題，我們可以很直接地了解到自己的備考狀況，從而可以更有針對(duì)性地進(jìn)行之后的復(fù)習(xí)。希望以下內(nèi)容能夠?qū)Υ蠹业难潘紓淇加兴鶐椭?更多雅思報(bào)名的最新消息，最專(zhuān)業(yè)的雅思備考資料，將第一時(shí)間為大家發(fā)布。
People love music for much the same reason they're drawn to sex, drugs,gambling and delicious food, according to new research. When you listen to tunes that move you, the study found, your brain releases dopamine, a chemical involved in both motivation and addiction.
根據(jù)新研究，人們喜愛(ài)音樂(lè)和他們沉溺性欲、毒品、賭博、美食等，原因大致相同。該研究表明，如果聽(tīng)到的曲調(diào)觸動(dòng)了你，大腦就會(huì)分泌多巴胺，一種與沖動(dòng)、上癮相關(guān)的化學(xué)物質(zhì)。
Even just anticipating(期待) the sounds of a composition like Vivaldi's "Four Seasons" or Phish's "You Enjoy Myself" can get the feel-good chemical flowing, found the study, which was the first to make a concrete(具體的) link between dopamine release and musical pleasure.
該研究還發(fā)現(xiàn)，即使僅僅是想一想維瓦爾第的“四季”樂(lè)章，或是費(fèi)西樂(lè)隊(duì)的“你好好愛(ài)我”，都會(huì)使這種讓人快樂(lè)的化學(xué)物質(zhì)流動(dòng)起來(lái)。該研究是第一次在多巴胺的分泌和音樂(lè)享受之間建立具體聯(lián)系。
The findings offer a biological explanation for why music has been such a major part of major emotional events in cultures around the world since the beginning of human history. Through music, the study also offers new insightsinto how the human pleasure system works.
自人類(lèi)歷史伊始，音樂(lè)便在全世界各文化的主要情感事件中舉足輕重，這一研究為其提供了生物學(xué)上的解釋。通過(guò)音樂(lè)，該研究還為人類(lèi)愉悅系統(tǒng)的工作機(jī)制提供了新的洞見(jiàn)。
"You're following these tunes and anticipating what's going to come next and whether it's going to confirm or surprise you, and all of these little cognitive(認(rèn)知上的) nuances(細(xì)微差別) are what's giving you this amazing pleasure," said Valorie Salimpoor, a neuroscientist(神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)科學(xué)家) at McGill University in Montreal. "The reinforcement or reward happens almost entirely because of dopamine."
“你聽(tīng)著這些曲調(diào)，期待接下來(lái)會(huì)聽(tīng)到什么，它證實(shí)你的期待，或者讓你驚訝，所有這些小小的認(rèn)知差異都能讓你產(chǎn)生這種驚喜的愉悅感?！盫alorie Salimpoor是蒙特利爾McGill大學(xué)的一位神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)科學(xué)家，她說(shuō)：“這種證實(shí)或者回報(bào)的感覺(jué)能夠產(chǎn)生，幾乎完全是因?yàn)槎喟桶返木壒??！?BR> "This basically explains why music has been around for so long," she added. " The intense pleasure we get from it is actually biologically reinforcing in the brain, and now here's proof for it."
她接著說(shuō)：“這從根本上解釋了為什么音樂(lè)的歷史如此悠久。從生理上講，我們從音樂(lè)中獲得的強(qiáng)烈愉悅感在大腦中不斷強(qiáng)化，現(xiàn)在我們有證據(jù)了?！?BR> In a previous study, Salimpoor and colleagues linked music-induced(引起;導(dǎo)致) pleasure with a surge in intense emotional arousal, including changes in heart rate, pulse, breathing rate and other measurements. Along with these physical changes, people often report feelings of shivers or chills. When that happens during a listening experience, Salimpoor's group and others have found evidence that blood flows to regions in the brain involved in dopamine release.
在之前的一項(xiàng)研究中，Salimpoor和同事們將音樂(lè)引起的愉悅感與強(qiáng)情感沖動(dòng)上升相聯(lián)系，包括心率、脈搏、呼吸率等的變化。伴隨著這些生理變化，人們還經(jīng)常說(shuō)有冷顫的感覺(jué)。Salimpoor團(tuán)隊(duì)及其他人已經(jīng)找到證據(jù)，聽(tīng)音樂(lè)的過(guò)程中，如果這些現(xiàn)象發(fā)生，血液就會(huì)流向涉及多巴胺分泌的大腦區(qū)域。
To solidify the dopamine link, the researchersrecruited(招募) eight music-lovers, who brought to the lab samples of music that gavethem chills of pleasure. Most picks were classical, with some jazz, rock andpopular music mixed in, including Led Zeppelin and Dave Matthews Band. The mostpopular selection was Barbar's Adagio for Strings.
為證實(shí)多巴胺聯(lián)系理論，研究人員招募了八位音樂(lè)愛(ài)好者，他們帶來(lái)了使他們極度愉悅的音樂(lè)。大多數(shù)選擇了古典音樂(lè)，兼有爵士、搖滾和流行音樂(lè)，包括齊柏林飛艇(Led Zeppelin)和大衛(wèi)馬修樂(lè)隊(duì)(Dave Matthews Band)。選得最多的是巴伯(Samuel Barbar)的弦樂(lè)柔板(Adagio for Strings)。
After 15 minutes of listening, scientists injected participants with a radioactivesubstance(放射性物質(zhì)) that binds todopamine receptors. With a machine called a PET scanner, the scientists werethen able to see if that substance simply circulated through listeners' blood,which would indicate that they had already released a lot of dopamine, and thatthe dopamine was tying up all available receptors.
聽(tīng)完15分鐘后，科學(xué)家為參加者注射能依附多巴胺感受器的放射性物質(zhì)。通過(guò)PET掃描儀，科學(xué)家得以觀察這些物質(zhì)是否僅在聽(tīng)者的血液中循環(huán)。如果是肯定的話，這意味著他們已經(jīng)大量分泌巴多胺，并且已經(jīng)依附可找到的感受器。
If most of their dopamine receptors were free, on the other hand, the radioactive substance would bind to them.
從另一方面來(lái)說(shuō)，如果大多數(shù)的巴多胺感受器處于空閑，那么放射性物質(zhì)將會(huì)依附其上。
The technique showed, definitively for the first time, that people's brains released large amounts of dopamine when they listened to music that gave them chills, the researchers reported in the journal Nature Neuroscience. Whenthe same people listened to less moving music the next day, their dopamine receptors remained wide open.
研究人員《自然神經(jīng)科學(xué)》中發(fā)文稱(chēng)，這項(xiàng)技術(shù)首次表明，當(dāng)人們聽(tīng)到那些帶給他們快感的音樂(lè)時(shí)，大腦會(huì)分泌大量的多巴胺。當(dāng)?shù)诙焱瑯拥娜寺?tīng)沒(méi)那么觸動(dòng)的音樂(lè)，他們的多巴胺感受器就會(huì)保持較大的開(kāi)放幅度。
Once the researchers knew for sure that dopamine was behind the pleasure of music,they put participants in an fMRI machine and played the moving music for them again. In this part of the experiment.the scanners showed that the brain pumped out(大量涌出)dopamine both during the phase of musical anticipation and at the moment when chills hit in full force. The two surges happened in differentareas of the brain.
當(dāng)研究人員確認(rèn)多巴胺與音樂(lè)快感的關(guān)聯(lián)后，他們將參加者放入fMRI機(jī)器，并再次播放那些感動(dòng)過(guò)他們的音樂(lè)。這個(gè)實(shí)驗(yàn)中，掃描儀顯示，在音樂(lè)期待階段以及振顫感覺(jué)烈的瞬間，大腦大量分泌巴多胺。這兩次分泌急升發(fā)生在大腦的不同區(qū)域。
"It is amazing that we can release dopamine in anticipation of something abstract, complex and not concrete," Salimpoor said. "Thisis the first study to show that dopamine can be released in response to an aesthetic(審美的;藝術(shù)的) stimulus."
“太神奇了，我們?cè)谄诖恍┏橄蟆?fù)雜的事物時(shí)會(huì)分泌多巴胺，” Salimpoor說(shuō)?！氨砻髟谑艿綄徝赖拇碳r(shí)，大腦會(huì)分泌多巴胺，這還是首項(xiàng)研究。”
The findings suggest that, like sex and drugs, music may be mildly addictive(使人上癮的), said David Huron, a music cognition researcher at Ohio State University, Columbus.
哥倫布市的俄亥俄州立大學(xué)音樂(lè)認(rèn)知研究人員David Huron說(shuō)，研究結(jié)果顯示，與性和毒品一樣，音樂(lè)也會(huì)讓人有一點(diǎn)點(diǎn)上癮。
Dopamine is an adaptive reward-inducing molecule that makes animal swant to look for food before they're hungry. It's what makes it impossible forsome people to pass by the neighborhood bakery without going in to buy a tart.And it provides a rush(服用毒品后的強(qiáng)烈快感) for hero in addicts when they see blood enter the needle -- before the drug even gets into their veins.
多巴胺是一種具有誘導(dǎo)力的適應(yīng)型分子，它使得動(dòng)物在饑餓前會(huì)去覓食。它也使一些人在路過(guò)附近面包店時(shí)，總?cè)滩蛔∠脒M(jìn)去買(mǎi)個(gè)蛋撻。同時(shí)，它還使得癮君子在看到血液流進(jìn)針管時(shí)產(chǎn)生強(qiáng)烈快感——而那時(shí)毒品甚至都還沒(méi)進(jìn)入他們的靜脈。)
In its groundbreaking(開(kāi)創(chuàng)性的) combination of techniques,Huron said, the study also offers a new way to study the relationship between dopamine and feelings of motivation, reward and pleasure. Brain scanners are notoriously(臭名昭著地)expensive for scientists and claustrophobic(幽閉恐懼癥) for participants, with no room for people to do things like eat in them.
對(duì)于所采用的開(kāi)創(chuàng)性技術(shù)組合，Huron認(rèn)為，這項(xiàng)研究還為探討多巴胺與沖動(dòng)、獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)、愉悅的關(guān)系提供了新的方法。眾所周知，腦部掃描儀對(duì)科學(xué)家們來(lái)說(shuō)過(guò)于昂貴，會(huì)給實(shí)驗(yàn)者帶來(lái)幽閉恐懼，同時(shí)沒(méi)有空間讓人做任何事情，比如吃飯。
Music, on the other hand, can be pumped right in(暢通無(wú)阻地涌入) to the machine, and scientists can then look at pleasure responses on a note-by-note basis.
另一方面，音樂(lè)卻可以暢通無(wú)阻地涌入儀器，然后科學(xué)家便能輕松地觀察每個(gè)音符產(chǎn)生的愉悅反應(yīng)。
"Music is going to be a useful tool in trying to explain all sorts of aspects of pleasure, addiction and maladaptive behaviors," Huron said."It's a technical tour de force what they've done. I just think it's areally wonderful piece of work."
“音樂(lè)將成為一個(gè)有用的工具來(lái)解釋愉悅、上癮及適應(yīng)不良行為的各個(gè)方面，”Huron說(shuō)道?！斑@是一個(gè)技術(shù)杰作。我認(rèn)為它真的很棒?！?BR>