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[篇一]Plankton
浮游生物
Scattered through the seas of the world are billions of tons of small plants and animals called plankton. Most of these plants and animals are too small for the human eye to see. They drift about lazily with the currents, providing a basic food for many larger animals.
數(shù)十億噸的被稱為"浮游生物"的小動(dòng)物、植物散布在世界的海洋中。這些小的動(dòng)、植物大多太小而難以被人眼看到。它們隨波逐流，為許多較大的動(dòng)物提供了基本的食物。
Plankton has been described as the equivalent of the grasses that grow on the dry land continents, and the comparison is an appropriate one. In potential food value, however, plankton far outweighs that of the land grasses. One scientist has estimated that while grasses of the world produce about 49 billion tons of valuable carbohydrates each year, the sea’s plankton generates more than twice as much.
浮游生物曾被描述為生長(zhǎng)在大陸陸地上的各種草類的海洋對(duì)應(yīng)物。這種比喻是恰當(dāng)?shù)?。然而就潛在的食物價(jià)值而言，浮游生物遠(yuǎn)勝于草類。一位科學(xué)家曾經(jīng)估計(jì)，世界上的草類每年生產(chǎn)大約490億噸有用的碳水化合物，而海洋里的浮游生物每年生產(chǎn)的碳水化合物多于此數(shù)的兩倍。
Despite its enormous food potential, little effect was made until recently to farm plankton as we farm grasses on land. Now marine scientists have at last begun to study this possibility, especially as the sea’s resources loom even more important as a means of feeding an expanding world population.
盡管浮游生物具備巨大的食物潛能，但直到近人們還很少象種植草類那樣付出努力養(yǎng)殖浮游生物?，F(xiàn)在，海洋科學(xué)家們至少已開(kāi)始研究這種可能性。全球人口不斷擴(kuò)張，海洋資源作為食品的重要性日益突出。
No one yet has seriously suggested that “ plankton-burgers” may soon become popular around the world. As a possible farmed supplementary food source, however, plankton is gaining considerable interest among marine scientists.
現(xiàn)在還沒(méi)有人認(rèn)真說(shuō)過(guò)“浮游生物漢堡”會(huì)很快在世界上流行起來(lái)。然而，作為一種可能養(yǎng)殖的補(bǔ)充性食物資源，浮游生物正引起了海洋科學(xué)家們相當(dāng)大的興趣。
One type of plankton that seems to have great harvest possibilities is a tiny shrimp-like creature called krill. Growing to two or three inches long, krill provides the major food for the great blue whale, the largest animal to ever inhabit the Earth. Realizing that this whale may grow to 100 feet and weigh 150 tons at maturity, it is not surprising that each one devours more than one ton of krill daily.
然而，作為一種可能養(yǎng)殖的補(bǔ)充性食物資源，浮游生物正引起了海洋科學(xué)家們相當(dāng)大的興趣。一種似乎具有很大收獲可能性的微小的蝦狀浮游生物被稱為鱗蝦。鱗蝦長(zhǎng)至2-3英寸長(zhǎng)時(shí)即成為地球上曾居住過(guò)的大動(dòng)物——藍(lán)鯨的主要食物。成熟的藍(lán)鯨可以達(dá)到100英尺長(zhǎng)，150噸重，所以每頭鯨每天吞食1噸多的鱗蝦一點(diǎn)也不讓人吃驚。
【篇二】Raising Oysters
飼養(yǎng)牡蠣
In the past oysters were raised in much the same way as dirt farmers raised tomatoes- by transplantingthem. First, farmers selected the oyster bed, cleared the bottom of old shells and other debris, then scattered clean shells about. Next, they ”planted” fertilized oyster eggs, which within two or three weeks hatched into larvae. The larvae drifted until they attached themselves to the clean shells on the bottom. There they remained and in time grew into baby oysters called seed or spat. The spat grew larger by drawing in seawater from which they derived microscopic particles of food. Before long, farmers gathered the baby oysters, transplanted them into other waters to speed up their growth, then transplanted them once more into another body of water to fatten them up.
過(guò)去人們飼養(yǎng)牡蠣的方式很大程度上類似于田地里的農(nóng)夫種植蕃茄——通過(guò)移植來(lái)飼養(yǎng)它們。首先，農(nóng)夫選好牡蠣苗床，清除底部的舊殼和其它雜物，然后四處撒播干凈的殼。接著，他們“栽種”已受精的牡蠣卵。這些卵在2-3周內(nèi)會(huì)孵化成幼貝。幼貝一直漂流直到粘在苗床底部干凈的殼上為止。它們會(huì)呆在那兒并逐漸長(zhǎng)成小牡蠣。我們稱之為種子或貝苗。貝苗吸進(jìn)海水中的微小生物作為食物從而越長(zhǎng)越大。不久之后，農(nóng)夫?qū)⑦@些小牡蠣收集起來(lái)，把它們移種進(jìn)其他的水域加快其生長(zhǎng)，然后再次將它們移種進(jìn)另外的水域以使其肥壯起來(lái)。
Until recently the supply of wild oysters and those crudely farmed were more than enough to satisfy people’s needs. But today the delectable seafood is no longer available in abundance. The problem has become so serious that some oyster beds have vanished entirely.
直到近，野生的以及人工飼養(yǎng)的牡蠣完全能夠滿足人們的需要。但是今天這種可口的海味已不再大量存在。這個(gè)問(wèn)題已經(jīng)變得如此嚴(yán)重以至于一些牡蠣苗床已完全消失。
Fortunately, as far back as the early 1900’s marine biologists realized that if new measures were not taken, oysters would become extinct or at best a luxury food. So they set up well-equipped hatcheries and went to work. But they did not have the proper equipment or the skill to handle the eggs. They did not know when, what, and how to feed the larvae. And they knew little about the predators that attack and eat baby oysters by the millions. They failed, but they doggedly kept at it. Finally, in the 1940’s a significant breakthrough was made.
幸運(yùn)的是，早在20世紀(jì)初期海洋生物學(xué)家們就意識(shí)到如果不采取新的措施，牡蠣將會(huì)滅絕或至少會(huì)變?yōu)橐环N奢侈的食品。因此他們建造了裝備良好的孵卵場(chǎng)所并開(kāi)始工作。但是他們尚沒(méi)有適當(dāng)?shù)难b置或技術(shù)來(lái)處理牡蠣卵。他們不知道何時(shí)、用什么以及如何喂養(yǎng)幼貝。他們對(duì)捕食數(shù)百萬(wàn)幼小牡蠣的動(dòng)物天敵也所知無(wú)幾。他們失敗了，但他們頑強(qiáng)地堅(jiān)持了下來(lái)。終于，在20世紀(jì)40年代，一個(gè)重要的突破性的進(jìn)展產(chǎn)生了。
The marine biologists discovered that by raising the temperature of the water, they could induce oysters to spawn not only in the summer but also in the fall, winter, and spring. Later they developed a technique for feeding the larvae and rearing them to spat. Going still further, they succeeded in breeding new strains that were resistant to diseases, grew faster and larger, and flourished in water of different salinities and temperatures. In addition, the cultivated oysters tasted better!
海洋生物學(xué)家發(fā)現(xiàn)，升高水溫能夠誘導(dǎo)牡蠣不僅在夏季也在秋季、冬季和春季里產(chǎn)卵。后來(lái)他們發(fā)展了一項(xiàng)技術(shù)來(lái)喂養(yǎng)幼貝至其長(zhǎng)成貝苗。他們進(jìn)一步成功地培養(yǎng)出了新的品種，可以抵抗疾病、長(zhǎng)得更快、更大并且在不同的鹽度和溫度的水中都能茁壯生長(zhǎng)。此外，這些培殖出的牡蠣口感更佳！
【篇三】Oil Refining
煉油
An important new industry, oil refining, grew after the Civil war. Crude oil, or petroleum – a dark, thick ooze from the earth – had been known for hundreds of years, but little use had ever been made of it.
一種重要的新興工業(yè)——煉油業(yè)在國(guó)內(nèi)戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)后成長(zhǎng)起來(lái)。未加工的石油，或原油——一種深色的地下的稠漿——數(shù)百年來(lái)一直為大眾所知，但是人們卻很少使用過(guò)它。
In the 1850's Samuel M. Kier, a manufacturer in western Pennsylvania, began collecting the oil from local seepages and refining it into kerosene. Refining, like smelting, is a process of removing impurities from a raw material.Kerosene was used to light lamps. It was a cheap substitute for whale oil, which was becoming harder to get. Soon there was a large demand for kerosene. People began to search for new supplies of petroleum.
在十九世紀(jì)五十年代，薩繆爾·M·科爾，賓西法尼亞西部的一位制造商，開(kāi)始從當(dāng)?shù)氐囊绯鑫镏惺占筒⑺鼰挸擅河汀Ｅc冶煉礦石一樣，石油提煉是一個(gè)從未加工的原料中除去雜質(zhì)的過(guò)程。煤油被用來(lái)點(diǎn)燈。它是鯨油的一種便宜的替代品，而鯨油正變得越來(lái)越難以獲得。不久就產(chǎn)生了對(duì)煤油的大量需求。人們開(kāi)始尋找新的石油供應(yīng)。
The first oil well was drilled by E.L. Drake, a retired railroad conductor. In 1859 he began drilling in Titusville, Pennsylvania. The whole venture seemed so impractical and foolish that onlookers called it "Drake's Folly". But when he had drilled down about 70 feet (21 meters), Drake struck oil. His well began to yield 20 barrels of crude oil a day.News of Drake's success brought oil prospectors to the scene.By the early 1860’s these wildcatters were drilling for "black gold" all over western Pennsylvania. The boom rivaled the California gold rush of 1848 in its excitement and Wild West atmosphere. And it brought far more wealth to the prospectors than any gold rush.
第一口油井為E·L·瑞克，一個(gè)退休的火車檢票員所鉆得。1859年他開(kāi)始在賓西法尼亞的泰特斯維爾鉆井。整個(gè)的這項(xiàng)冒險(xiǎn)事業(yè)看起來(lái)是如此不現(xiàn)實(shí)和愚蠢以致旁觀者稱之為“鴨子的蠢行”。（譯者注：Drake's Folly，drake在這里意含雙關(guān)，即指瑞克的名字，又指該詞的本義即鴨子。）但當(dāng)瑞克往下鉆至70英尺（21米）的時(shí)候，他發(fā)現(xiàn)了石油。他的油井從此每天生產(chǎn)20桶原油。瑞克成功的消息將石油勘探者們吸引到現(xiàn)場(chǎng)。截止到19世紀(jì)60年代早期，這些冒險(xiǎn)者為尋找“黑色的金子”鉆探遍了整個(gè)賓西法尼亞西部。這項(xiàng)繁榮的事業(yè)在刺激性和粗獷的西部氣氛上可與1848年的加州淘金熱相媲美，而且它為勘探者帶來(lái)了遠(yuǎn)超過(guò)淘金潮的財(cái)富。
Crude oil could be refined into many products. For some years kerosene continued to be the principal one. It was sold in grocery stores and door-to-door. In the 1880's refiners learned how to make other petroleum products such as waxes and lubricating oils. Petroleum was not then used to make gasoline or heating oil.
原油能被提煉成許多產(chǎn)品。多年以來(lái)煤油一直是主要的一種產(chǎn)品。它在雜貨店中出售由人挨戶推銷。十九世紀(jì)八十年代煉油者們懂得了生產(chǎn)其它石油產(chǎn)品，如蠟和潤(rùn)滑油。那時(shí)石油還沒(méi)有被用來(lái)制造汽油或采暖裝置用油。