高中英語語法歸納講解(二)

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    英語語法是針對英語語言進(jìn)行研究后,英語語法系統(tǒng)地總結(jié)歸納出來的一系列語言規(guī)則。英語語法的精髓在于掌握語言的使用。本文對高中英語語法進(jìn)行了一系列歸納總結(jié),助你學(xué)業(yè)更近一步~
    主謂一致
    主謂一致(Subject- Verb Agreement),指“人稱”和“數(shù)方面的一致關(guān)系。如: He is going abroad. They are playing football. 可分為:語法一致, 內(nèi)容一致, 就近一致。
    (一) 語法一致原則: 即主語為單數(shù),謂語用單數(shù),主語為復(fù)數(shù),謂語也用復(fù)數(shù)。
    以下為注意事項:  
    1. 單數(shù)主語即使后面帶有with , along with, together with, like(象), but (除了),except, besides, as well as, no less than, rather than(而不是), including, in addition to 引導(dǎo)的短語, 謂語動詞仍用單數(shù)。
    如: Air as well as water is matter. 空氣和水都是物質(zhì)。
    No one except two servants was late for the dinner. 除了兩個仆人外, 沒有一個人遲來用餐。
    2. 用and連接的并列主語,如果主語是同一個人,同一事,同一概念, 謂語動詞用單數(shù), 否則用復(fù)數(shù)。 如:
    The poet and writer has come. 那位詩人兼作家來了。(一個人)
    A hammer and a saw are useful tools. 錘子和鋸都是有用的工具。 (兩樣物)
    用and連接的成對名詞習(xí)慣上被看成是一個整體, 如:bread and butter(黃油抹面包), knife and fork(刀叉)等作主語時, 謂語動詞用單數(shù)。
    3. 不定式(短語), 動名詞(短語), 或從句作主語時, 謂語動詞用單數(shù)。 如:
    Serving the people is my great happiness.
    為人民服務(wù)是我的幸福。
    When we'll go out for an outing has been decided.
    我們什么時候出去郊游已決定了。
    4. 用連接的并列主語被each, every 或no修飾時, 謂語動詞用單數(shù)。
    Every boy and every girl likes to go swimming. 每個男孩和每個女孩都喜歡去游泳。
    No teacher and no student was absent from the meeting. 沒有老師也沒有學(xué)生開會缺席。
    Each man and (each) woman is asked to help. 每個男人和每個女人都被請去幫忙。
    5. each of + 復(fù)數(shù)代詞, 謂語動詞用單數(shù)。 復(fù)數(shù)代詞+each, 謂語動詞用單數(shù)。如:
    Each of us has something to say. 我們每個人都有話要說。
    6. 若主語中有more than one 或many a/an , 盡管從意義上看是復(fù)數(shù), 但它的謂語動詞仍用單數(shù)。 但more+復(fù)數(shù)名詞+than one做主語時, 謂語動詞仍用復(fù)數(shù)。 如:
    Many a boy likes playing basketball. 許多男生都喜歡打籃球。
    More than one student was late. 不只一個學(xué)生遲到
    More persons than one come to help us. 不止一個人來幫助我們。
    7. none 做主語時,謂語動詞可用單數(shù), 也可用復(fù)數(shù); 但在代表不可數(shù)的東西時總是看作單數(shù),因而謂語動詞要用單數(shù)。 如:
    None of us are (is) perfect. 人無完人。
    None of this worries me. 這事一點不使我著急。
    8. 名詞如: trousers, scissors, clothes, goods, glasses 等作主語時, 謂語動詞必須用復(fù)數(shù)。 如:
    His clothes are good. 但這些名詞前若出現(xiàn) a pair of , 謂語一般用單數(shù)。如:
    A pair of glasses is on the desk. 桌上有一副眼鏡。
    9. 形復(fù)意單名詞如:news ; 以ics 結(jié)尾的學(xué)科名稱如: physics, mathematics, economics; 國名如: the United States; 報紙名如: the New Times; 書名如: Arabian Night <天方夜談>; 以及The United Nations<聯(lián)合國> 等作主語時, 謂語動詞用單數(shù)。
    10. ”a +名詞+and a half “, ”one and a half + 名詞“, ”the number of + 名詞“ 等作主語時, 謂語動詞要用單數(shù)。 如:
    Only one and a half apples is left on the table.
    注意: one or two + 復(fù)數(shù)名詞作主語, 謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式, 如:
    One or two places have been visited. 參觀了一兩個地點。
    (二) 內(nèi)容一致原則:
    1.主語中有all, half, most, the rest等, 以及”分?jǐn)?shù)或百分?jǐn)?shù)+名詞“做主語時,謂語動詞單復(fù)數(shù)取決于連用的名詞。如:
    The rest of the bikes are on sale today. 剩下的自行車, 今天出售。
    60%of the apple was eaten by little boy. 這個蘋果的60%都被這個小男孩吃了。
    Most of the apples were rotten. 大部分的蘋果都是爛的。
    Most of the apple was eaten by a rat. 這個蘋果的大部分被老鼠吃了。
    2. 不定數(shù)量的詞組, 如:part of , a lot of , lots of , one of , a number of , plenty of等作主語時, 謂語動詞的單復(fù)數(shù)取決于量詞后面名詞的數(shù)。如:
    A part of the textbooks have arrived. 一小部分教科書已運(yùn)到。
    A part of the apple has been eaten up by the pig. 這個蘋果的一部分被豬吃光了。
    3. 加減乘除用單數(shù)。如:
    Fifteen minus five is ten . 15減去5等于10。
    4. 表示時間, 金錢, 距離, 度量等的名詞做主語時, 盡管是復(fù)數(shù)形式, 它們做為一個單一的概念時, 其謂語動詞用單數(shù)。如:
    Ten miles is a good distance. 十英里是一個相當(dāng)?shù)木嚯x。
    5. (1) 通常作復(fù)數(shù)的集體名詞。 包括police , people, cattle 等, 這些集體名詞通常用作復(fù)數(shù)。如:
    The British police have only very limited powers.
    (2) 通常作不可數(shù)名詞的集體名詞。 包括equipment, furniture, clothing, luggage 等。
    (3) 可作單數(shù)也可作復(fù)數(shù)的集體名詞。 包括 audience, committee, government, family, enemy, group, party, team, public 等。如:
    The committee has/have decided to dismiss him. 委員會決定解雇他。
    6. the +形容詞/過去分詞形式”表示一類人或事物, 作主語時, 謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)。如:
    The injured were saved after the fire.
    (三) 就近原則
    1. 由here, there, where 等引導(dǎo)的倒裝句中, (有時主語不止一個時)謂語動詞與靠近它的主語在數(shù)上一致。如:
    Here comes the bus 公共汽車來了。
    Here is a pen and some pieces of paper for you. 給你一支鋼筆和幾張紙。
    Where is your wife and children to stay while you are away?
    你不在這兒的時候, 你愛人和孩子在哪兒呆呢?
    2. 用連詞or, either… or, neither…nor, not only…but also 等連接的并列主語, 謂語動詞與靠近它的主語在數(shù)上一致。 如:
    Neither the students nor the teacher knows anything about it 學(xué)生和老師都不知道這事。
    He or you have taken my pen. 他或你拿了我的鋼筆。
    注意: one of +復(fù)數(shù)名詞+who/that/which 引導(dǎo)的定語從句中, 定語從句的動詞為復(fù)數(shù)。如:
    Mary is one of those people who keep pets. 瑪麗是飼養(yǎng)寵物者之一。
    The only one of +復(fù)數(shù)名詞+ who/that./which 引導(dǎo)的定語從句中,定語從句的動詞應(yīng)為單數(shù)。
    Mary is the only one of those people who keeps pets. 瑪麗是一個飼養(yǎng)寵物的人。
    動名詞與不定式
    1) 動名詞與不定式的區(qū)別:
    動名詞表達(dá)的是: 狀態(tài),性質(zhì),心境,抽象,經(jīng)常性,已發(fā)生的
    不定式表達(dá)的是: 目的,結(jié)果,原因,具體,一次性,將發(fā)生的
    2) 接不定式或動名詞,意義相同。
    3) 動名詞與不定式語義不同的有11 組:
    stop to do stop doing
    forget to do forget doing
    remember to do remember doing
    cease to do cease doing
    try to do try doing
    go on to do go on doing
    afraid to do afraid doing
    interested to do interested doing
    mean to do mean doing
    regret to do regret doing
    begin/start to do begin/start doing
    特殊詞精講
    stop doing/to do
    stop to do 停止,中斷做某事后去做另一件事。
    stop doing 停止做某事。
    They stop to smoke a cigarette. 他們停下來,抽了根煙。
    I must stop smoking. 我必須戒煙了。
    典型例題
    She reached the top of the hill and stopped ___ on a big rock by the side of the path.
    A. to have rested B. resting  C. to rest D. rest
    答案:C。由題意可知,她到了山頂,停下來在一個路邊的大石頭上休息。因此,應(yīng)選擇“stop to do sth. 停下來去做另一件事”。而不僅僅是爬山動作的終止,所以stop doing sth.不正確。
    stop doing/to do
    forget doing/to do
    forget to do 忘記要去做某事?!。ㄎ醋觯?BR>    forget doing 忘記做過某事?! 。ㄒ炎觯?BR>    The light in the office is stil on. He forgot to turn it off. 辦公室的燈還在亮著,它忘記關(guān)了。(沒有做關(guān)燈的動作)
    He forgot turning the light off. 他忘記他已經(jīng)關(guān)了燈了。( 已做過關(guān)燈的動作)
    Don't forget to come tomorrow. 別忘了明天來。(to come動作未做)
    典型例題
    ---- The light in the office is still on.
    ---- Oh, I forgot___.
    A. turning it off  B. turn it off  C. to turn it off  D. having turned it off
    答案:C。由the light is still on 可知燈亮著,即關(guān)燈的動作沒有發(fā)生,因此用forget to do sth.
    而forget doing sth表示燈已經(jīng)關(guān)上了,而自己忘記了這一事實。此處不符合題意。
    remember doing/to do
    remember to do 記得去做某事     (未做)
    remember doing 記得做過某事    (已做)
    Remember to go to the post office after school. 記著放學(xué)后去趟郵局。
    Don't you remember seeing the man before? 你不記得以前見過那個人嗎?
    regret doing/to do
    regret to do  對要做的事遺憾?!。ㄎ醋觯?BR>    regret doing  對做過的事遺憾、后悔?!。ㄒ炎觯?BR>    I regret to have to do this, but I have no choice. 我很遺憾必須這樣去做,我實在沒有辦法。
    I don't regret telling her what I thought. 我不為告訴她我的想法而后悔。
    典型例題
    ---You were brave enough to raise objections at the meeting.
    ---Well, now I regret ___ that.
    A. to do  B. to be doing  C. to have done  D. having done
    答案:D。regret having done sth. 對已發(fā)生的事感到遺憾。regret to do sth. 對將要做的事感到遺憾。本題為對已說的話感到后悔,因此選D。
    cease doing/to do
    cease to do  長時間,甚至永遠(yuǎn)停做某事。
    cease doing  短時停止做某事,以后還會接著做。
    That department has ceased to exist forever. 那個部門已不復(fù)存在。
    The girls ceased chatting for a moment when their teacher passed by. 姑娘們在老師走過時,停了會聊天。   
    try doing/to do
    try to do  努力,企圖做某事。
    try doing  試驗,試著做某事。
    You must try to be more careful. 你可要多加小心。
    I tried gardening but didn't succeed. 我試著種果木花卉,但未成功。
    go on doing/to do
    go on to do 做了一件事后,接著做另一件事。
    go on doing  繼續(xù)做原來做的事。
    After he had finished his maths,he went on to do his physics. 做完數(shù)學(xué)后,他接著去做物理。
    Go on doing the other exercise after you have finished this one. 作完這個練習(xí)后,接著做其他的練習(xí)
    be afraid doing/to do
    be afraid to do 不敢,膽怯去做某事,是主觀上的原因不去做,意為“怕”;
    be afraid of doing 擔(dān)心出現(xiàn)doing的狀況、結(jié)果。 doing 是客觀上造成的,意為“生怕,恐怕”。
    She was afraid to step further in grass because she was afraid of being bitten by a snake. 她生怕被蛇咬著,而不敢在草叢中再走一步。
    She was afraid to wake her husband. 她不敢去叫醒她丈夫。
    She was afraid of waking her husband. 她生怕吵醒她丈夫。   
    be interested doing/to do
    interested to do   對做某事感興趣,想了解某事。
    interested in doing  對某種想法感興趣,doing 通常為想法。
    I shall be interested to know what happens. 我很想知道發(fā)生了什么事。 (想了解)
    I'm interested in working in Switzerland. Do you have any idea about that? 我對在瑞士工作感興趣。你想過這事嗎?  (一種想法)   
    mean to doing/to do
    mean to do  打算、想
    mean doing 意味著
    I mean to go, but my father would not allow me to. 我想去,但是我父親不肯讓我去。
    To raise wage means increasing purchasing power. 贈加工資意味著增加購買力。
    begin(start) doing/to do
    begin / start to do sth
    begin / start doing sth.
    1) 談及一項長期活動或開始一種習(xí)慣時,使用doing.
    How old were you when you first started playing the piano? 你幾歲時開始彈鋼琴?
    2) begin, start用進(jìn)行時時,后面動詞用不定式to do
    I was beginning to get angry. 我開始生起氣來。
    3) 在attempt, intend, begin, start 后接know, understand, realize這類動詞時,常用不定式to do。
    I begin to understand the truth. 我開始明白真相。
    4) 物作主語時
    It began to melt.
    感官動詞 + doing/to do
    感官動詞 see, watch, observe, notice, look at, hear, listen to, smell, taste, feel + do  表示動作的完整性,真實性;+doing 表示動作的連續(xù)性,進(jìn)行性
    I saw him work in the garden yesterday. 昨天我看見他在花園里干活了。(強(qiáng)調(diào)“我看見了”這個事實)
    I saw him working in the garden yesterday. (強(qiáng)調(diào)“我見他正干活”這個動作)昨天我見他正在花園里干活。
    典型例題
    1) They knew her very well. They had seen her ___ up from childhood.
    A. grow  B. grew  C. was growing  D. to grow
    答案:A. 因題意為,他們看著她長大,因此強(qiáng)調(diào)的是成長的過程,而非正在長的動作,因此用see sb do sth 的句型。
    2) The missing boy was last seen ___ near the river.
    A. playing  B. to be playing  C. play  D. to play
    答案:A. 本題強(qiáng)調(diào)其動作,正在河邊玩,應(yīng)此用see sb. doing sth句型。
    倒裝句
    一 全部倒裝
    全部倒裝是指將句子中的謂語動詞全部置于主語之前。此結(jié)構(gòu)通常只用與一般現(xiàn)在時和一般過去時。常見的結(jié)構(gòu)有:
    1. here, there, now, then, thus等副詞置于句首, 謂語動詞常用be, come, go, lie, run。例如:
    1) There goes the bell. 鈴聲漸漸消失了。
    2) Then came the chairman. 然后主席就來了
    3) Here is your letter. 這是你的信。
    2. 表示運(yùn)動方向的副詞或地點狀語置于句首,謂語表示運(yùn)動的動詞。例如:
    1) Out rushed a missile from under the bomber. 轟炸機(jī)下面發(fā)出了一顆導(dǎo)彈。
    2) Ahead sat an old woman.
    注意:上述全部倒裝的句型結(jié)構(gòu)的主語必須是名詞,如果主語是人稱代詞則不能完全倒裝。例如:
    1) Here he comes. 他來了。
    2) Away they went. 他們走了
    二 部分倒裝
    部分倒裝是指將謂語的一部分如助動詞或情態(tài)倒裝至主語之前。如果句中的謂語沒有助動詞或情態(tài)動詞,則需添加助動詞do, does或did,并將其置于主語之前。
    1. 句首為否定或半否定的詞語,如no, not, never, seldom, little, hardly, at no time, in no way, not until… 等。例如:
    1) Never have I seen such a performance. 我從來沒看過這樣的表演。
    2) Nowhere will you find the answer to this question. 你在哪兒都不會找到這個問題的答案。
    3) Not until the child fell asleep did the mother leave the room. 媽媽直到孩子睡著才離開房間。 注意:當(dāng)Not until引出主從復(fù)合句,主句倒裝,從句不倒裝。
    注意: 如否定詞不在句首不倒裝。例如:
    1) I have never seen such a performance.我從來沒看過這樣的表演。
    2) The mother didn't leave the room until the child fell asleep.媽媽直到孩子睡著才離開房間。
    2. 帶有否定意義的詞放在句首,語序需要部分倒裝。常見的詞語有: not , never , seldom , scarcely , barely , little , at no time , not only , not once , under on condition , hardly … when , no sooner …than …等。例如:
    1) Not only did he refuse the gift, he also severely criticized the sender. 他不僅拒收了禮品,還狠狠批評了送禮的人。
    2) Hardly had she gone out when a student came to visit her. 她剛要出門時有個學(xué)生來找她。
    3) No sooner had she gone out than a student came to visit her. 她剛要走時一個學(xué)生來看她。
    注意:只有當(dāng)Not only… but also連接兩個分句時,才在第一個分句用倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)。如果置于句首的Not only… but also僅連接兩個并列詞語,不可用倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)。例如:
    Not only you but also I am fond of music. 我和你都喜歡音樂。
    3. 表示“也”、“也不” 的so, neither, nor放在句首時,句子作部分倒裝。例如:
    1) Tom can speak French. So can Jack. Tom能說法語,我也能。
    2) If you won't go, neither will I. 如果你不去,我也不去。
    注意: 當(dāng)so引出的句子用以對上文內(nèi)容加以證實或肯定時,不可用倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)。意為“的確如此”。例如:
    1) Tom asked me to go to play football and so I did. Tom讓我去踢足球,我去了。
    2) ---It's raining hard.   ---So it is. ---雨下得很大?!?--的確很大。
    4. only放在句首,強(qiáng)調(diào)狀語(副詞,介詞短語或狀語從句等),全句語序要部分倒裝。例如:
    Only in this way, can you learn English well.你只有用這種方法才能學(xué)好英語。
    Only after being asked three times did he come to the meeting. 他被請了三次才來開會。
    注意:如果句子為主從復(fù)合句,則主句倒裝,從句不倒裝
    Only when he is seriously ill, does he ever stay in bed. 他只有病得非常嚴(yán)重時才會臥床休息。
    三 as, though 引導(dǎo)的倒裝句
    as / though引導(dǎo)的讓步從句必須將表語或狀語提前 (形容詞, 副詞, 分詞, 實義動詞提前)。此時應(yīng)注意:1) 句首名詞不能帶任何冠詞;2) 句首是實義動詞, 其他助動詞放在主語后。如果實義動詞有賓語和狀語,隨實義動詞一起放在主語之前。例如:
    Try hard as he will, he never seems able to do the work satisfactorily. 盡管他愿意努力工作,但是他好像從來都不能令他的工作満意。
    注意: 讓步狀語從句中,有though,although時,后面的主句不能有but,但是 though 和yet可連用。
    四 其他部分倒裝
    1. so… that 句型中的so 位于句首時,需倒裝。例如:
    So frightened was he that he did not dare to move an inch. 他害怕得動都不敢動。
    2. 在某些表示祝愿的句型中,例如:
    May you all be happy. 望大家開心愉快。
    3. 在虛擬語氣條件句中從句謂語動詞有were, had, should等詞,可將if 省略,把 were, had, should 移到主語之前,采取部分倒裝。例如:
    Were I you, I would try it again. 如果我是你,我就再試一次。