高中英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法歸納講解(二)

字號(hào):


    英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法是針對(duì)英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)言進(jìn)行研究后,英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法系統(tǒng)地總結(jié)歸納出來(lái)的一系列語(yǔ)言規(guī)則。英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法的精髓在于掌握語(yǔ)言的使用。本文對(duì)高中英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法進(jìn)行了一系列歸納總結(jié),助你學(xué)業(yè)更近一步~
    主謂一致
    主謂一致(Subject- Verb Agreement),指“人稱”和“數(shù)方面的一致關(guān)系。如: He is going abroad. They are playing football. 可分為:語(yǔ)法一致, 內(nèi)容一致, 就近一致。
    (一) 語(yǔ)法一致原則: 即主語(yǔ)為單數(shù),謂語(yǔ)用單數(shù),主語(yǔ)為復(fù)數(shù),謂語(yǔ)也用復(fù)數(shù)。
    以下為注意事項(xiàng):  
    1. 單數(shù)主語(yǔ)即使后面帶有with , along with, together with, like(象), but (除了),except, besides, as well as, no less than, rather than(而不是), including, in addition to 引導(dǎo)的短語(yǔ), 謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞仍用單數(shù)。
    如: Air as well as water is matter. 空氣和水都是物質(zhì)。
    No one except two servants was late for the dinner. 除了兩個(gè)仆人外, 沒(méi)有一個(gè)人遲來(lái)用餐。
    2. 用and連接的并列主語(yǔ),如果主語(yǔ)是同一個(gè)人,同一事,同一概念, 謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù), 否則用復(fù)數(shù)。 如:
    The poet and writer has come. 那位詩(shī)人兼作家來(lái)了。(一個(gè)人)
    A hammer and a saw are useful tools. 錘子和鋸都是有用的工具。 (兩樣物)
    用and連接的成對(duì)名詞習(xí)慣上被看成是一個(gè)整體, 如:bread and butter(黃油抹面包), knife and fork(刀叉)等作主語(yǔ)時(shí), 謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。
    3. 不定式(短語(yǔ)), 動(dòng)名詞(短語(yǔ)), 或從句作主語(yǔ)時(shí), 謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。 如:
    Serving the people is my great happiness.
    為人民服務(wù)是我的幸福。
    When we'll go out for an outing has been decided.
    我們什么時(shí)候出去郊游已決定了。
    4. 用連接的并列主語(yǔ)被each, every 或no修飾時(shí), 謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。
    Every boy and every girl likes to go swimming. 每個(gè)男孩和每個(gè)女孩都喜歡去游泳。
    No teacher and no student was absent from the meeting. 沒(méi)有老師也沒(méi)有學(xué)生開(kāi)會(huì)缺席。
    Each man and (each) woman is asked to help. 每個(gè)男人和每個(gè)女人都被請(qǐng)去幫忙。
    5. each of + 復(fù)數(shù)代詞, 謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。 復(fù)數(shù)代詞+each, 謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。如:
    Each of us has something to say. 我們每個(gè)人都有話要說(shuō)。
    6. 若主語(yǔ)中有more than one 或many a/an , 盡管從意義上看是復(fù)數(shù), 但它的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞仍用單數(shù)。 但more+復(fù)數(shù)名詞+than one做主語(yǔ)時(shí), 謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞仍用復(fù)數(shù)。 如:
    Many a boy likes playing basketball. 許多男生都喜歡打籃球。
    More than one student was late. 不只一個(gè)學(xué)生遲到
    More persons than one come to help us. 不止一個(gè)人來(lái)幫助我們。
    7. none 做主語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞可用單數(shù), 也可用復(fù)數(shù); 但在代表不可數(shù)的東西時(shí)總是看作單數(shù),因而謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要用單數(shù)。 如:
    None of us are (is) perfect. 人無(wú)完人。
    None of this worries me. 這事一點(diǎn)不使我著急。
    8. 名詞如: trousers, scissors, clothes, goods, glasses 等作主語(yǔ)時(shí), 謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞必須用復(fù)數(shù)。 如:
    His clothes are good. 但這些名詞前若出現(xiàn) a pair of , 謂語(yǔ)一般用單數(shù)。如:
    A pair of glasses is on the desk. 桌上有一副眼鏡。
    9. 形復(fù)意單名詞如:news ; 以ics 結(jié)尾的學(xué)科名稱如: physics, mathematics, economics; 國(guó)名如: the United States; 報(bào)紙名如: the New Times; 書(shū)名如: Arabian Night <天方夜談>; 以及The United Nations<聯(lián)合國(guó)> 等作主語(yǔ)時(shí), 謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。
    10. ”a +名詞+and a half “, ”one and a half + 名詞“, ”the number of + 名詞“ 等作主語(yǔ)時(shí), 謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要用單數(shù)。 如:
    Only one and a half apples is left on the table.
    注意: one or two + 復(fù)數(shù)名詞作主語(yǔ), 謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式, 如:
    One or two places have been visited. 參觀了一兩個(gè)地點(diǎn)。
    (二) 內(nèi)容一致原則:
    1.主語(yǔ)中有all, half, most, the rest等, 以及”分?jǐn)?shù)或百分?jǐn)?shù)+名詞“做主語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞單復(fù)數(shù)取決于連用的名詞。如:
    The rest of the bikes are on sale today. 剩下的自行車, 今天出售。
    60%of the apple was eaten by little boy. 這個(gè)蘋(píng)果的60%都被這個(gè)小男孩吃了。
    Most of the apples were rotten. 大部分的蘋(píng)果都是爛的。
    Most of the apple was eaten by a rat. 這個(gè)蘋(píng)果的大部分被老鼠吃了。
    2. 不定數(shù)量的詞組, 如:part of , a lot of , lots of , one of , a number of , plenty of等作主語(yǔ)時(shí), 謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的單復(fù)數(shù)取決于量詞后面名詞的數(shù)。如:
    A part of the textbooks have arrived. 一小部分教科書(shū)已運(yùn)到。
    A part of the apple has been eaten up by the pig. 這個(gè)蘋(píng)果的一部分被豬吃光了。
    3. 加減乘除用單數(shù)。如:
    Fifteen minus five is ten . 15減去5等于10。
    4. 表示時(shí)間, 金錢(qián), 距離, 度量等的名詞做主語(yǔ)時(shí), 盡管是復(fù)數(shù)形式, 它們做為一個(gè)單一的概念時(shí), 其謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。如:
    Ten miles is a good distance. 十英里是一個(gè)相當(dāng)?shù)木嚯x。
    5. (1) 通常作復(fù)數(shù)的集體名詞。 包括police , people, cattle 等, 這些集體名詞通常用作復(fù)數(shù)。如:
    The British police have only very limited powers.
    (2) 通常作不可數(shù)名詞的集體名詞。 包括equipment, furniture, clothing, luggage 等。
    (3) 可作單數(shù)也可作復(fù)數(shù)的集體名詞。 包括 audience, committee, government, family, enemy, group, party, team, public 等。如:
    The committee has/have decided to dismiss him. 委員會(huì)決定解雇他。
    6. the +形容詞/過(guò)去分詞形式”表示一類人或事物, 作主語(yǔ)時(shí), 謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)。如:
    The injured were saved after the fire.
    (三) 就近原則
    1. 由here, there, where 等引導(dǎo)的倒裝句中, (有時(shí)主語(yǔ)不止一個(gè)時(shí))謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞與靠近它的主語(yǔ)在數(shù)上一致。如:
    Here comes the bus 公共汽車來(lái)了。
    Here is a pen and some pieces of paper for you. 給你一支鋼筆和幾張紙。
    Where is your wife and children to stay while you are away?
    你不在這兒的時(shí)候, 你愛(ài)人和孩子在哪兒呆呢?
    2. 用連詞or, either… or, neither…nor, not only…but also 等連接的并列主語(yǔ), 謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞與靠近它的主語(yǔ)在數(shù)上一致。 如:
    Neither the students nor the teacher knows anything about it 學(xué)生和老師都不知道這事。
    He or you have taken my pen. 他或你拿了我的鋼筆。
    注意: one of +復(fù)數(shù)名詞+who/that/which 引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句中, 定語(yǔ)從句的動(dòng)詞為復(fù)數(shù)。如:
    Mary is one of those people who keep pets. 瑪麗是飼養(yǎng)寵物者之一。
    The only one of +復(fù)數(shù)名詞+ who/that./which 引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句中,定語(yǔ)從句的動(dòng)詞應(yīng)為單數(shù)。
    Mary is the only one of those people who keeps pets. 瑪麗是一個(gè)飼養(yǎng)寵物的人。
    動(dòng)名詞與不定式
    1) 動(dòng)名詞與不定式的區(qū)別:
    動(dòng)名詞表達(dá)的是: 狀態(tài),性質(zhì),心境,抽象,經(jīng)常性,已發(fā)生的
    不定式表達(dá)的是: 目的,結(jié)果,原因,具體,一次性,將發(fā)生的
    2) 接不定式或動(dòng)名詞,意義相同。
    3) 動(dòng)名詞與不定式語(yǔ)義不同的有11 組:
    stop to do stop doing
    forget to do forget doing
    remember to do remember doing
    cease to do cease doing
    try to do try doing
    go on to do go on doing
    afraid to do afraid doing
    interested to do interested doing
    mean to do mean doing
    regret to do regret doing
    begin/start to do begin/start doing
    特殊詞精講
    stop doing/to do
    stop to do 停止,中斷做某事后去做另一件事。
    stop doing 停止做某事。
    They stop to smoke a cigarette. 他們停下來(lái),抽了根煙。
    I must stop smoking. 我必須戒煙了。
    典型例題
    She reached the top of the hill and stopped ___ on a big rock by the side of the path.
    A. to have rested B. resting  C. to rest D. rest
    答案:C。由題意可知,她到了山頂,停下來(lái)在一個(gè)路邊的大石頭上休息。因此,應(yīng)選擇“stop to do sth. 停下來(lái)去做另一件事”。而不僅僅是爬山動(dòng)作的終止,所以stop doing sth.不正確。
    stop doing/to do
    forget doing/to do
    forget to do 忘記要去做某事?!。ㄎ醋觯?BR>    forget doing 忘記做過(guò)某事?! 。ㄒ炎觯?BR>    The light in the office is stil on. He forgot to turn it off. 辦公室的燈還在亮著,它忘記關(guān)了。(沒(méi)有做關(guān)燈的動(dòng)作)
    He forgot turning the light off. 他忘記他已經(jīng)關(guān)了燈了。( 已做過(guò)關(guān)燈的動(dòng)作)
    Don't forget to come tomorrow. 別忘了明天來(lái)。(to come動(dòng)作未做)
    典型例題
    ---- The light in the office is still on.
    ---- Oh, I forgot___.
    A. turning it off  B. turn it off  C. to turn it off  D. having turned it off
    答案:C。由the light is still on 可知燈亮著,即關(guān)燈的動(dòng)作沒(méi)有發(fā)生,因此用forget to do sth.
    而forget doing sth表示燈已經(jīng)關(guān)上了,而自己忘記了這一事實(shí)。此處不符合題意。
    remember doing/to do
    remember to do 記得去做某事     (未做)
    remember doing 記得做過(guò)某事    (已做)
    Remember to go to the post office after school. 記著放學(xué)后去趟郵局。
    Don't you remember seeing the man before? 你不記得以前見(jiàn)過(guò)那個(gè)人嗎?
    regret doing/to do
    regret to do  對(duì)要做的事遺憾。?。ㄎ醋觯?BR>    regret doing  對(duì)做過(guò)的事遺憾、后悔?!。ㄒ炎觯?BR>    I regret to have to do this, but I have no choice. 我很遺憾必須這樣去做,我實(shí)在沒(méi)有辦法。
    I don't regret telling her what I thought. 我不為告訴她我的想法而后悔。
    典型例題
    ---You were brave enough to raise objections at the meeting.
    ---Well, now I regret ___ that.
    A. to do  B. to be doing  C. to have done  D. having done
    答案:D。regret having done sth. 對(duì)已發(fā)生的事感到遺憾。regret to do sth. 對(duì)將要做的事感到遺憾。本題為對(duì)已說(shuō)的話感到后悔,因此選D。
    cease doing/to do
    cease to do  長(zhǎng)時(shí)間,甚至永遠(yuǎn)停做某事。
    cease doing  短時(shí)停止做某事,以后還會(huì)接著做。
    That department has ceased to exist forever. 那個(gè)部門(mén)已不復(fù)存在。
    The girls ceased chatting for a moment when their teacher passed by. 姑娘們?cè)诶蠋熥哌^(guò)時(shí),停了會(huì)聊天。   
    try doing/to do
    try to do  努力,企圖做某事。
    try doing  試驗(yàn),試著做某事。
    You must try to be more careful. 你可要多加小心。
    I tried gardening but didn't succeed. 我試著種果木花卉,但未成功。
    go on doing/to do
    go on to do 做了一件事后,接著做另一件事。
    go on doing  繼續(xù)做原來(lái)做的事。
    After he had finished his maths,he went on to do his physics. 做完數(shù)學(xué)后,他接著去做物理。
    Go on doing the other exercise after you have finished this one. 作完這個(gè)練習(xí)后,接著做其他的練習(xí)
    be afraid doing/to do
    be afraid to do 不敢,膽怯去做某事,是主觀上的原因不去做,意為“怕”;
    be afraid of doing 擔(dān)心出現(xiàn)doing的狀況、結(jié)果。 doing 是客觀上造成的,意為“生怕,恐怕”。
    She was afraid to step further in grass because she was afraid of being bitten by a snake. 她生怕被蛇咬著,而不敢在草叢中再走一步。
    She was afraid to wake her husband. 她不敢去叫醒她丈夫。
    She was afraid of waking her husband. 她生怕吵醒她丈夫。   
    be interested doing/to do
    interested to do   對(duì)做某事感興趣,想了解某事。
    interested in doing  對(duì)某種想法感興趣,doing 通常為想法。
    I shall be interested to know what happens. 我很想知道發(fā)生了什么事。 (想了解)
    I'm interested in working in Switzerland. Do you have any idea about that? 我對(duì)在瑞士工作感興趣。你想過(guò)這事嗎?  (一種想法)   
    mean to doing/to do
    mean to do  打算、想
    mean doing 意味著
    I mean to go, but my father would not allow me to. 我想去,但是我父親不肯讓我去。
    To raise wage means increasing purchasing power. 贈(zèng)加工資意味著增加購(gòu)買力。
    begin(start) doing/to do
    begin / start to do sth
    begin / start doing sth.
    1) 談及一項(xiàng)長(zhǎng)期活動(dòng)或開(kāi)始一種習(xí)慣時(shí),使用doing.
    How old were you when you first started playing the piano? 你幾歲時(shí)開(kāi)始彈鋼琴?
    2) begin, start用進(jìn)行時(shí)時(shí),后面動(dòng)詞用不定式to do
    I was beginning to get angry. 我開(kāi)始生起氣來(lái)。
    3) 在attempt, intend, begin, start 后接know, understand, realize這類動(dòng)詞時(shí),常用不定式to do。
    I begin to understand the truth. 我開(kāi)始明白真相。
    4) 物作主語(yǔ)時(shí)
    It began to melt.
    感官動(dòng)詞 + doing/to do
    感官動(dòng)詞 see, watch, observe, notice, look at, hear, listen to, smell, taste, feel + do  表示動(dòng)作的完整性,真實(shí)性;+doing 表示動(dòng)作的連續(xù)性,進(jìn)行性
    I saw him work in the garden yesterday. 昨天我看見(jiàn)他在花園里干活了。(強(qiáng)調(diào)“我看見(jiàn)了”這個(gè)事實(shí))
    I saw him working in the garden yesterday. (強(qiáng)調(diào)“我見(jiàn)他正干活”這個(gè)動(dòng)作)昨天我見(jiàn)他正在花園里干活。
    典型例題
    1) They knew her very well. They had seen her ___ up from childhood.
    A. grow  B. grew  C. was growing  D. to grow
    答案:A. 因題意為,他們看著她長(zhǎng)大,因此強(qiáng)調(diào)的是成長(zhǎng)的過(guò)程,而非正在長(zhǎng)的動(dòng)作,因此用see sb do sth 的句型。
    2) The missing boy was last seen ___ near the river.
    A. playing  B. to be playing  C. play  D. to play
    答案:A. 本題強(qiáng)調(diào)其動(dòng)作,正在河邊玩,應(yīng)此用see sb. doing sth句型。
    倒裝句
    一 全部倒裝
    全部倒裝是指將句子中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞全部置于主語(yǔ)之前。此結(jié)構(gòu)通常只用與一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)和一般過(guò)去時(shí)。常見(jiàn)的結(jié)構(gòu)有:
    1. here, there, now, then, thus等副詞置于句首, 謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞常用be, come, go, lie, run。例如:
    1) There goes the bell. 鈴聲漸漸消失了。
    2) Then came the chairman. 然后主席就來(lái)了
    3) Here is your letter. 這是你的信。
    2. 表示運(yùn)動(dòng)方向的副詞或地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)置于句首,謂語(yǔ)表示運(yùn)動(dòng)的動(dòng)詞。例如:
    1) Out rushed a missile from under the bomber. 轟炸機(jī)下面發(fā)出了一顆導(dǎo)彈。
    2) Ahead sat an old woman.
    注意:上述全部倒裝的句型結(jié)構(gòu)的主語(yǔ)必須是名詞,如果主語(yǔ)是人稱代詞則不能完全倒裝。例如:
    1) Here he comes. 他來(lái)了。
    2) Away they went. 他們走了
    二 部分倒裝
    部分倒裝是指將謂語(yǔ)的一部分如助動(dòng)詞或情態(tài)倒裝至主語(yǔ)之前。如果句中的謂語(yǔ)沒(méi)有助動(dòng)詞或情態(tài)動(dòng)詞,則需添加助動(dòng)詞do, does或did,并將其置于主語(yǔ)之前。
    1. 句首為否定或半否定的詞語(yǔ),如no, not, never, seldom, little, hardly, at no time, in no way, not until… 等。例如:
    1) Never have I seen such a performance. 我從來(lái)沒(méi)看過(guò)這樣的表演。
    2) Nowhere will you find the answer to this question. 你在哪兒都不會(huì)找到這個(gè)問(wèn)題的答案。
    3) Not until the child fell asleep did the mother leave the room. 媽媽直到孩子睡著才離開(kāi)房間。 注意:當(dāng)Not until引出主從復(fù)合句,主句倒裝,從句不倒裝。
    注意: 如否定詞不在句首不倒裝。例如:
    1) I have never seen such a performance.我從來(lái)沒(méi)看過(guò)這樣的表演。
    2) The mother didn't leave the room until the child fell asleep.媽媽直到孩子睡著才離開(kāi)房間。
    2. 帶有否定意義的詞放在句首,語(yǔ)序需要部分倒裝。常見(jiàn)的詞語(yǔ)有: not , never , seldom , scarcely , barely , little , at no time , not only , not once , under on condition , hardly … when , no sooner …than …等。例如:
    1) Not only did he refuse the gift, he also severely criticized the sender. 他不僅拒收了禮品,還狠狠批評(píng)了送禮的人。
    2) Hardly had she gone out when a student came to visit her. 她剛要出門(mén)時(shí)有個(gè)學(xué)生來(lái)找她。
    3) No sooner had she gone out than a student came to visit her. 她剛要走時(shí)一個(gè)學(xué)生來(lái)看她。
    注意:只有當(dāng)Not only… but also連接兩個(gè)分句時(shí),才在第一個(gè)分句用倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)。如果置于句首的Not only… but also僅連接兩個(gè)并列詞語(yǔ),不可用倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)。例如:
    Not only you but also I am fond of music. 我和你都喜歡音樂(lè)。
    3. 表示“也”、“也不” 的so, neither, nor放在句首時(shí),句子作部分倒裝。例如:
    1) Tom can speak French. So can Jack. Tom能說(shuō)法語(yǔ),我也能。
    2) If you won't go, neither will I. 如果你不去,我也不去。
    注意: 當(dāng)so引出的句子用以對(duì)上文內(nèi)容加以證實(shí)或肯定時(shí),不可用倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)。意為“的確如此”。例如:
    1) Tom asked me to go to play football and so I did. Tom讓我去踢足球,我去了。
    2) ---It's raining hard.   ---So it is. ---雨下得很大?!?--的確很大。
    4. only放在句首,強(qiáng)調(diào)狀語(yǔ)(副詞,介詞短語(yǔ)或狀語(yǔ)從句等),全句語(yǔ)序要部分倒裝。例如:
    Only in this way, can you learn English well.你只有用這種方法才能學(xué)好英語(yǔ)。
    Only after being asked three times did he come to the meeting. 他被請(qǐng)了三次才來(lái)開(kāi)會(huì)。
    注意:如果句子為主從復(fù)合句,則主句倒裝,從句不倒裝
    Only when he is seriously ill, does he ever stay in bed. 他只有病得非常嚴(yán)重時(shí)才會(huì)臥床休息。
    三 as, though 引導(dǎo)的倒裝句
    as / though引導(dǎo)的讓步從句必須將表語(yǔ)或狀語(yǔ)提前 (形容詞, 副詞, 分詞, 實(shí)義動(dòng)詞提前)。此時(shí)應(yīng)注意:1) 句首名詞不能帶任何冠詞;2) 句首是實(shí)義動(dòng)詞, 其他助動(dòng)詞放在主語(yǔ)后。如果實(shí)義動(dòng)詞有賓語(yǔ)和狀語(yǔ),隨實(shí)義動(dòng)詞一起放在主語(yǔ)之前。例如:
    Try hard as he will, he never seems able to do the work satisfactorily. 盡管他愿意努力工作,但是他好像從來(lái)都不能令他的工作満意。
    注意: 讓步狀語(yǔ)從句中,有though,although時(shí),后面的主句不能有but,但是 though 和yet可連用。
    四 其他部分倒裝
    1. so… that 句型中的so 位于句首時(shí),需倒裝。例如:
    So frightened was he that he did not dare to move an inch. 他害怕得動(dòng)都不敢動(dòng)。
    2. 在某些表示祝愿的句型中,例如:
    May you all be happy. 望大家開(kāi)心愉快。
    3. 在虛擬語(yǔ)氣條件句中從句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞有were, had, should等詞,可將if 省略,把 were, had, should 移到主語(yǔ)之前,采取部分倒裝。例如:
    Were I you, I would try it again. 如果我是你,我就再試一次。